AGLIMPSEOFCHINESECULTURE中國文化概況Chapter10Architecture1.掌握中國古代建筑的特點2.了解中國古代建筑的主要類型3.介紹中國橋梁4.辨認典型的中國風格建筑學習目標1Lead-inActivity2TextStudy3

Discussion&PresentationOverviewLead-inActivityWatch&ThinkWatchthevideoclipanddiscuss:WhatancientChinesearchitectureimpressesyoumost？Arethereanyresidentialhouseswithdistinctfeaturesinyour

hometown？1Lead-inActivity2TextStudy3

Discussion&PresentationOverview1TraditionalChineseArchitecture2ChineseBridge3TypicalChinesestructureandornamentTextStudyCharacteristicsofTraditionalChineseArchitecture

TimberFrameworkPlain,FlexibleandBeautifulLayoutTheBuildingMaterials.ArtisticRoofDesignColorfulPaintingTraditionalChineseArchitectureCharacteristicsofTraditionalChineseArchitectureTimberframeworktimberframeworkasasupporting

structurewallswerenotloadbearing;onlyusedto

separatespacestimberframesupportedmostofthe

weightofthehousewindows,doors,andwallswerenot

restrictedtocertainlocationsCharacteristicsofTraditionalChineseArchitecturePlain,flexibleandbeautifullayout

Chinesestructuresarebasedontheprincipleofbalanceandsymmetry

themainstructureistheaxis

Thesecondarystructureswerepositionedastwowingsoneithersidetoformthemainroomandyard.CharacteristicsofTraditionalChineseArchitectureThebuildingmaterialstimbers,bricksandtiles.theglazedtile:high-grade

buildingmaterial,palacebuilding,largemansionsof

somenoblesandofficialsgraytile:residencesofnobles

andofficialsCharacteristicsofTraditionalChineseArchitecture

Theartisticroofdesignhugeroofswithextendedeavestoensureenoughlightingtoavoidthedampeningofthewallstowardoffevilspiritsintemplezoomorphicornamentscalled

wenshou(吻獸)

atraditionalpractice:placinganimal

figuresonroofridgesCharacteristicsofTraditionalChineseArchitecture

Thecolorfulpaintplaystherolesof

decorationandprotection.initiallyusedonwoodfor

antisepsisLater,itbecamean

architecturalornament

ImperialArchitectureImperialmausoleumsImperialpalacesThemeaningofnumbernine

TraditionalChineseArchitecture

ImperialArchitecture

Imperialmausoleums

representedthehighest

architecturaltechniquesoftheirtimesusuallybuiltagainsthillsormountainsandfaceplains

ImperialArchitectureImperialpalacesemperorslivedadministeredtheircourtthemostrevered,luxurious

andgrandiosearchitectural

types

Imperial

Architecture

Themeaningofnumbernineoddnumbersrepresentyang;evennumbersyinNineisthelargestoddnumberunderten,itwas

regardedanextremelyluckynumber.emperorslikedtomonopolizeittosymbolizetheir

superiorityDesignsrelatedtonineappearedalmostonevery

imperialstructure.BeijingquadranglesShanxicavedwellingsHuizhouresidentialhousesDaibamboohouseCivilianResidential

Housing

SinceChinaisacountryofdiversenaturalenvironmentsandculturaltraditions,itscivilianresidentialhousingfeaturesdiversestyles.

Traditional

Chinese

ArchitectureCivilian

residential

housingBeijingquadrangles(北京四合院)formedbyfourinward-facinghouseslinkedbyenclosingwallstheprincipalroom:familyritualstake

placeanddistinguishedguestsarewelcomedallroomsfaceacourtyardscreenwall:topreventoutsidersfrom

peepinginShanxicavedwellings(窯洞)thenorthwestLoessPlateauofChina；

themiddleandupperreachesofthe

YellowRivernaturalconditionofdryweather,little

rain,coldwinterandlimitedtimberwarminwinterandcoolinsummerEconomical,requirealmostnotimber

inconstructionCivilian

residential

housing

Huizhouresidentialhousesembracedlocalphysicalfeaturesincorporatedfengshuiconceptsandaesthetictrendsblacktiles,whitewallsanddecorationsplacedelegantlyon

upturnedeavesthegarden-stylewithexquisitecarvingsonthedoorsand

windowsdoorframeconstructedwithonestoneratherthanawoodCivilian

residential

housing

overallbuildingcomplexesareroundorsquaresomeinthestyleoflargemansionsorin

theshapeoftheEightTrigrams.usuallythreetofourfloorsthetallestcomplexeshaveuptosixfloorsabuildingholdsmorethan50familiesCivilian

residential

housingHakkacastle-likedwellings(客家土樓)

DaibamboohousethetraditionaldwellingoftheDaipeoplesquareinshape,twostoreys.livingquarters:theupperstorey,supportedbywoodenpoles

andmorethantwometersabovethegroundtheopen-walledlowerstoreyisforraisingdomesticanimals

andforstoragethebuildinghasanoblique(斜的)roof,shapedasanupside

down,coveredwithgrassortiles.theupperstorey:innerbedroomsandanouterlivingroomSome

Ethnic

HousesMongolianyurtsarefelttents.

Woodenpolesarefastenedwith

leatherthongsandstudstoforma

fence-likestructureEachpartoftheyurtisquite

convenienttodisassembleandcarry.Mongolianyurts(蒙古包)Some

Ethnic

HousesthemostpopulardwellingoftheTibetanBuiltmostlyofstoneandearth,theylook

likeblockhouses(diaobao),hencethenameofdiaofangthefirstfloorisoftenusedforlivestock

andpoultrygenerallyofthreestoreysormoreStonechamber(碉房)Some

Ethnic

Houses1TraditionalChineseArchitecture2ChineseBridge3TypicalChinesestructureandornamentTextStudy

Chinese

BridgeChinahasinheritedinnumerablebridgesfromherpast.Inthesouthernregionsofriversandlakes,the、landscapeisdottedwithbridgesofvarioussizesand

descriptions.distinctivecharacteristics,varyingbuildingmaterialsand

differentforms

Chinese

Bridge

The

Stone

Arch

Bridge(石拱橋)

TheZigzagBridge(曲折橋)ThePavilionBridge(亭橋)

The

Stone

Arch

Bridge

Lvrenqiao

thefirstChinesestonearchbridgenamedLvrenqiao

wasbuiltround282inLuoyang32The

Stone

Arch

BridgethemostfamousstonearchbridgeinChinaspanstheJiaoheRiverinZhaoxianCounty，HebeiProvincebuiltintheyearof605bythemason(石匠)LiChunisstillbeingusedtoday,makingitoneofthebridgeswith

thelongestservicelifeintheworld

AnjiBridge/ZhaozhouBridgeLugouqiao/MarcoPoloBridgeovertheYongdingRiverbuiltintheyearsfrom1189to1192inthe

southwestofBeijing265metreslongandcomprises11arches

withspansrangingfrom16to21.6metresthestonelionsengravedonthe

balustrades(扶欄)onbothsidesthe501stonelions:livelyandexquisite

withdifferentexpressionsandposturesThe

Stone

Arch

Bridge

foundinsomegardensorsuburbanparks.giveaninterestingscenicfeaturetolakesandponds.mayhavethree,fiveormorezigzagsoftenbuiltoverthesurfaceofaquietlake,formingasmallscenicareaprovidingsightseerswithaplaceofrest,ashelterfromthesunandrain.

The

Zigzag

Bridge(曲折橋)TheFive-PavilionBridge

inYangzhou,JiangsuProvincebuiltin1757,hasfivepavilionresemblingabeltwornon

thenarrowwaistofSlenderWestLakeonepavilionishigherthantheotherfour,twooneachside

inperfectsymmetry.themiddlepavilionistheonlydouble-eavedstructure.allpavilionshavetheirfourcornersupturned,withrowsof

tilesunderacrownroof.The

Pavilion

Bridge

builtin1912alsoknownasWind-and-RainBridge,overtheLinxiRiverin

theDongAutonomousCountyoftheGuangxiZhuang

AutonomousRegionwoodenbody,77.6metreslongand3.75metreswide,rests

onpiersbuiltentirelyoflargestoneblocksstandingabovearefivepagoda-likepavilionsconnectedby

alongcoveredcorridorTheChengyangBridgeThe

Pavilion

Bridge

38Anotherwell-knownpavilionbridge,builtin1916,isChengyangBridge,alsoknownasWind-and-RainBridge,ontheLinxiRiverintheDongAutonomousCountyoftheGuangxiZhuangAutonomousRegion.Itswoodenbody,70metreslongby10metreswide,restsonpiersbuiltentirelyoflargestoneblocks.Standingabovearefivepagoda-likepavilionsconnectedbyalongcoveredcorridorformingacoveredbridge.1TraditionalChineseArchitecture2ChineseBridgestudytext3TypicalChinesestructureandornamentThereisavarietyoftypicalChinesestructuresandornamentsandeachexemplifiesChina’sricharchitecturalheritage.ChineseStoneLionsHuabiaoPavilionsPagodasPaifangTypicalChinesestructureandornamentTypicalChinesestructureandornamentChineseStoneLionsThelionisregardedasthekingofanimalsandruleroftheforestInChina.

Asymbolofpowerandgrandeur.

Alionornamentcanofferprotectionfromevilspirits.

infrontoftraditionalpalacehalls,oldgovernmentoffices,temples

Themaleisontheleft,hisright

pawrestingonaball,andthelionessontheright,herleftpaw

fondlingacub.Theballsymbolizestheunityof

theempire;thecubwiththe

lionessrepresentsthrivingoffspring.Alsousedtoindicatetheranksof

officialsinancienttimeTypicalChinesestructureandornamentHuabiaoornamentalorsymboliccolumnerectedinfrontofapalace

ortombsorotherplacesusuallycarvedwithdragonandauspiciouscloudsatypicalhuabiaohasaroundoroctagonalbaseanda

trabsverse-engravedstoneslabonitstop.founctionedasaroadsignalsousedtorecordcriticismagainstkingsandministerbecameapureornamenterectedinfrontofbuildingsTypical

Chinese

structure

and

ornamentTypical

Chinese

structure

and

ornamentbuiltofwood,stoneorbamboothefloormayadoptthesquare,triangular,hexagonal,octagonal,five-petalflowerorfanshape.havecolumnstosupporttheroof,butnowalls.inparksoratscenicspots,arebuilteitheronslopestocommandpanoramic(全景的)viewsorbythelakesidetocreateintriguing(有魅力的)imagesinthewaterPavilions

Typical

Chinese

structure

and

ornamentTypical

Chinese

structure

and

ornamentinvarioussizesandshapes.Someresembletowers,otherspavilionsandothersare

similartopyramids.Somestandalone,andothershavebeenbuiltinclusters.Tower-stylepagodas(樓閣塔)Multi-eavedpagodas(密檐式塔)Pavilion(orone-story)pagodasLamaistpagodas(喇嘛塔)PagodasTypical

Chinese

structure

and

ornamentPagodasTower-stylepagodas(樓閣塔)

Multi-storeytowersYingCountyWoodenPagoda(應縣木

塔):theoldestandtallestofthistype;

inShanxiProvince.Builtin1056,67.1-meter-high;

octagonalstructureoffivestories49Pagodas

Multi-eavedpagodas(密檐式塔)Namescomefromthemanytiersof

closelyseteavesatthetopofthestructures.Mostlybuiltofbricksandstones.Withoutdoorsorwindowsbuthaveholes

toletinlight.TheearliestexampleisatSongyueTemple

onMountSongshaninHenanProvince.Built

in509,stands40metershighandhas12

sidescappedby15tiersofeaves.Pagodas

Pavilionorone-storypagodas

Usedastombsforabbotsand

otherhigh-rankingmonks.Theearliestofthesestillexisting

isSimenPagodaatShentong

TempleinShangdongProvince

(about1,400-year-old)square,withasingleroofandone

dooroneachside.

Lamaistpagodas(喇嘛塔)

similartoIndianstupa([佛教]舍利塔).dome-shapedstructuresseton

largepyramidalplatforms.onefamousexample:theWhite

PagodainBeihaiParkinBeijing.PagodasPaifang(牌坊)

alsocalledpailouAnarchwayusuallymadefromfinewoodorstoneWellpaintedandwithglazedtilessometimesmoralinscriptionsbysomecalligraphersarecarvedintothe

middlebeam.usuallystandindowntownareas;theentrancesof

mausoleums,temples,bridgesandparks.Buildtocommemoratehistoricaleventsandimportant

figuresTypicalChinesestructureandornamentTypicalChinesestructureandornament541Lead-inActivity2TextStudy3

Discussion&PresentationOverviewDiscussionFillinthefollowingblankswiththeinformationyoulearnfromthereadingtext.1TheancientChineseused

extensivelyasabuildingmateria