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分子生物學（雙語）1GenesAreDNA分子生物學（雙語）1GenesAreDNAFigureCO:Xchromosomeinblue?ScienceVU/DOE/VisualsUnlimitedFigureCO:XchromosomeinbluFIGURESO:PartI:GenesandChromosomesPhotocourtesyofS.V.Flores,A.Mena,andB.F.McAllister.UsedwithpermissionofBryantMcAllister,DepartmentofBiology,UniversityofIowa.FIGURESO:PartI:GenesandCFIGURECO:GenesareDNA?Mopic/ShutterStock,Inc.FIGURECO:GenesareDNA?MopiFIGURE01:AbriefhistoryofgeneticsFIGURE01:AbriefhistoryofFIGURE02:AgenecodesforanRNA,whichmaycodeforproteinFIGURE02:AgenecodesforanDNAastheGeneticMaterialPneumococcuspathogenicitytranferredtonormalstrainbytransformationT2bacteriophagegeneticmaterialisDNATransfectionofeukaryoticcellswithTK+DNAastheGeneticMaterialPneFIGURE03:GriffithexperimentFIGURE03:GriffithexperimentFIGURE04:TheDNAofS-typebacteriacantransformR-typebacteriaintothesameS-typeFIGURE04:TheDNAofS-typebFIGURE06:ThegeneticmaterialofphageT2isDNAFIGURE06:ThegeneticmateriaFIGURE07:EukaryoticcellscanacquireanewphenotypeastheresultoftransfectionFIGURE07:EukaryoticcellscaBasicDNAStructureNucleotide–phosphate,sugar,baseBases–pyrimidinesandpurinesPhosphodiesterbonds–phosphate/sugarbackbone5’to3’direction,antiparalleldoublehelixBasepairingMinorversusmajorgrooveinB-DNA3.4nmand10.4basepairsperturnAlternativeDNAstructuresBasicDNAStructureNucleotideFIGURE08:ApolynucleotidechainFIGURE08:ApolynucleotidechFIGURE12:Flatbasepairslieperpendiculartothesugar-phosphatebackboneFIGURE12:FlatbasepairslieFIGURE14:BasepairingprovidesthemechanismforreplicatingDNAFIGURE14:BasepairingprovidFIGURE13:ThetwostrandsofDNAformadoublehelix?PhotodiscFIGURE13:ThetwostrandsofDNAReplicationBasicsOriginsofreplicationSemi-conservativeDenaturation,annealing,extensionDNAPolymerasesproofreadingmutationsDNAReplicationBasicsOriginsFIGURE15:ReplicationofDNAissemiconservativeFIGURE15:ReplicationofDNAFIGURE16:ThereplicationforkFIGURE16:ThereplicationforFIGURE17:AnendonucleasecleavesabondwithinanucleicacidFIGURE17:AnendonucleasecleFIGURE18:AnexonucleaseremovesbasesoneatatimeFIGURE18:AnexonucleaseremoGeneExpressionTranscriptionReversetranscriptionRNAprocessingTranslationPost-translationalmodificationsGeneExpressionTranscriptionFIGURE19:ThecentraldogmaFIGURE19:ThecentraldogmaControlofGeneExpressionProcessesaffectedbycontrolComplexityfromcontrolRegulatoryelementscis-actingtrans-actingControlofGeneExpressionProcFIGURE20:NucleicacidsallreplicatebysynthesisofcomplementarystrandsFIGURE20:NucleicacidsallrFIGURE21:TheamountofnucleicacidinthegenomevariesoveranenormousrangeFIGURE21:TheamountofnucleFIGURE22:BasepairingFIGURE22:BasepairingHybridizationNucleicacidshybridizebybasepairingDenaturationisdstossTmdependsonsequenceRenaturationisdstossDependsoncomplementarityIntermolecularorintramolecularHybridizationisthekeytomanymethodsHybridizationNucleicacidshybFIGURE23:DenaturedsinglestrandsofDNAcanrenaturetogivetheduplexformFIGURE23:DenaturedsinglestFIGURE24:FilterhybridizationFIGURE24:FilterhybridizatioMutationsPointmutationsTransitionsversustransversionsChemicalmutagensormisincorporationReversionsInsertionsanddeletionsFrameshiftsOnegene,onepolypeptideLoss-of-functionorgain-of-functionComplementationofmutationsmeansdifferentgenesMutationsPointmutationsFIGURE25:MutationratesFIGURE25:MutationratesFIGURE26:MutationscanbeinducedbychemicalmodificationofabaseFIGURE26:MutationscanbeinFIGURE27:MutationscanbeinducedFIGURE27:MutationscanbeinFIGURE28:Pointmutationsandinsertionscanrevert,butdeletionscannotrevertFIGURE28:PointmutationsandFIGURE29:

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