Section Directions:Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)LongbeforeManlivedontheEarth,therewerefishes,reptiles,birds,insects,andsomemls.Althoughsomeoftheseanimalswereancestorsofkindslivingtoday,othersarenowextinct,thatis,theyhavenodescendantsalivenow.41. Veryoccasionallytherocksshowimpressionofskin,sothat,apartfromcolor,wecanbuildupareasonablyaccuratepictureofananimalthatdiedmillionsofyearsago.Thekindofrockinwhichtheremainsarefoundlsusmuchaboutthenatureoftheoriginalland,oftenofthentsthatgrewonit,andevenofitsclimate. .Nearlyallofthefossilsthatweknowwerep rocksformedbywateraction,andmostoftheseareofanimalsthatlivedinornearwater.Thusitfollowsthattheremustbemanykindsofmls,birds,andinsectsofwhichweknownothing. .Therewerealsocrab-likecreatures,whosebodieswerecoveredwithahornysubstance.Thebodysegmentseachhadtwopairsoflegs,onepairforwalkingonthesandybottom,theotherforswimming.Theheadwasakindofshieldwithapairofcompoundeyes,oftenwiththousandsoflenses.Theywereusuallyaninchortwolongbutsomewere2feet. .Ofthese,theammonitesareveryinterestingandimportant.Theyhaveascomposedofmanychambers,eachrepresentingatemporaryhomeoftheanimal.Astheyounggrewlargeritgrewanewchamberandsealedoffthepreviousone.ThousandsofthesecanbeseenintherocksontheDorsetCoast. About75millionyearsagotheAgeofReptileswasoverandmostofthegroupsdiedout.Themlsquicklydeveloped,andwecantracetheevolutionofmanyfamiliaranimalssuchastheelephantandhorse.Manyofthelatermls,thoughnowextinct,wereknowntoprimitivemanandwerefeaturedbyhimincavepaintingsandonbonecarvings.sfishhavealonghistoryintherockandmanydifferentkindsareertheless,weknowagreatdealaboutmanyofthembecausetheirbonesandsshavebeenpintherocksasfossils.Fromthemwecanltheirsizeandshape,howtheywalked,thekindoffoodtheyate.firstanimalswithtruebackboneswerethefishes,firstknownintherocksof375millionyearsago.About300millionyearsagotheamphibians,theanimalsabletolivebothonlandandinwater,appeared.Theyweregiant,sometimes8feetlong,andmanyofthemlivedintheswampypoolsinwhichourcoalseam,orlayer,formed.Theamphibiansgaverisetothereptilesandfornearly150millionyearstheseweretheprincipalformsoflifeonland,inthesea,andintheair.bestindexfossilstendtobemarinecreatures.Theseanimalsevolvedrapidlyandspreadoverlargeareasoftheworld.earliestanimalswhoseremainshavebeenfoundwereallverysimplekindsandlivedinthesea.Laterformsaremorecomplex,andamongthesearethesea-lilies,relationsofthestar-fishes,whichhadlongarmsandwereattachedbyalongstalktotheseabed,ortorocks.nananimaldies,thebody,itsbones,ors,mayoftenbecarriedawaybystreamsintolakesortheseaandtheregetcoveredupbymud.Iftheanimallivedintheseaitsbodywouldprobablysinkandbecoveredwithmud.Moreandmoremudwouldfalluponituntilthebonesor eembeddedandp factorscaninfluencehowfossilsarep inrocks.Remainsofanorganismmayberecedbyminerals,dissolvedbyanacidicsolutiontoleaveonlytheirimpression,orsimplyreducedtoamorestableform.Directions:Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41--45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA--Etofillineachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeencedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)ustdon'tknowhowtomotivatethemtodoabetterjob.We’reinabudgetcrunchandIhaveabsoluynofinancialrewardsatmydisposal.Infact,we’llprobablyhavetolaysomepeopleoffinthenearfuture.It'shardformetomakethejobinterestingandchallengingbecauseitisn’tit’sboring,routinepaperwork,andthereisn’tmuchyoucandoaboutit.nally,Ican’tsaytothemthattheirpromotionswillhingeontheexcellenceoftheirpaperwork.Firstofall,theyknowit’snottrue.Iftheirperformanceisadequate,mostaremorelikelytogetpromotedjustbystayingontheacertainnumberofyearsthanforsomespecificoutstandingact.Second,theyweretrainedtodothejobtheydooutinthestreets,nottofilloutforms.Allthroughtheircareeritisthearrestsandinterventionsthatgetnoticed.gotarealproblemwithmyofficers.Theycomeontheasyoung,inexperiencedmen,andwesendthemoutonthestreet,eitherincarsoronabeat.Theyseemtolikethecontacttheyhavewiththepublic,theactioninvolvedincrimeprevention,andtheapprehensionofcriminals.Theyalsolikehelpeopleoutatfires,accidents,andothermepeoplehavesuggestedanumberofthingslikeusingconvictionrecordsasaperformancecriterion.However,weknowthat’snotfair toomanyotherthingsareinvolved.Badpaperworkincreasesthechancethatyouloseincourt,butgoodpaperworkdoesn’tnecessarilymeanyou’llwin.Wetriedsettingupteamcompetitionsbasedontheexcellenceofthereports,buttheguyscaughtontothatprettyquickly.Noonewasgettinganytypeofrewardforwinningthecompetition,andtheyfiguredwhyshouldtheylaborwhentherewasnoblemoccurswhentheygetbacktothestation.Theyhatetodothepaperwork,andbecausetheydislikeit,thejobisfrequentlyputoffordoneinadequay.Thislackofattentionhurtsuslateronwhenwegettocourt.Weneedclear,factualreports.Theymustbehighlydetailedandunambiguous.Assoonasonepartofareportisshowntobeinadequateorincorrect,therestofthereportis.Poorreportingprobablycausesustolosemorecasesthananyotherfactor.Ijustdon’tknowwhattodo.I’vebeengrointhedarkinanumberofyears.AndIhopethatthisseminarwillshedsomelightonthisproblemofmineandhelpmeoutinmyfuturework."rgemetropolitancityernmentwasputtingonanumberofseminarsforadministrators,managersand/orexecutivesofvariousdepartmentsthroughoutthecity.Atoneofthesesessionsthetopictobediscussedwasmotivationhowwecangetpublicservantsmotivatedtodoagoodjob.ThedifficultyofacaptainbecamethecentralfocusoftheGF GFDirections:Youaregoingtoreadatextaboutthetipsonresumewriting,followedbyalistofexamples.ChoosethebestexamplefromthelistA--Fforeachnumberedsubheading(41--45).Thereisoneextraexamplewhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10Themainpurposeofaresumeistoconvinceanemployertograntyouaninterview.Therearetwokinds.Oneisthefamiliar"tombstone"thatlistswhereyouwenttoschoolandwhereyou'veworkedinchronologicalorder.TheotheriswhatIcallthe"functional"resumedescriptive,funtoread,uniquetoyouandmuchmorelikelytolandyouaninterview.It'shandytohavea"tombstone"forcertainoccasions.Butprospectiveemployersthrowawaymostofthoseunrequested"tombstone"lists,preferringtointerviewthequickratherthantheWhatfollowsaretipsonwritingafunctionalresumethatwillgetreadaresumethatmakesyoucomealiveandlookinterestingtoemployers.PutyourselfInordertowritearesumeotherswillreadwithenthusiasm,youhavetofeelimportantaboutSellwhatyoucando,notwhoyouPracticetranslatingyour alitytraits,character, plishmentsandachievementsintoskillareas.Thereareatleastfivethousandskillareasintheworldofwork.Manypeopleclutchwhenaskedtothinkabouttheirabilities.Somethinktheyhavenoneatall!Buteveryonedoes,andoneofyoursmayjustbetheticketanemployerwouldbegladtopunchifonlyyoushowit.Bespecific,beconcrete,andbeRememberthat"brevityisthebestTurnbadnewsintoEverybodyhashaddisappointmentsinwork.Ifyouhavetomentionyours,lookforthepositiveside.NeverIfyou’rereturningtotheworkafterfifteenyearsasaparent,simplywriteashortparagraph(summaryofbackground)inceofachronologyofexperience.Don’tapologizeforworkingatbeingamother;it’sthehardestjobofall.Ifyouhavenospecialtrainingorhighereducation,justdon’tmentioneducation.Thesecretistothinkabouttheselfbeforeyoustartwritingaboutyourself.Takefourorfivehoursoff,notnecessarilyconsecutive,andsimplywritedownevery plishmentinyourlife,onoroffthejob,thatmadeyoufeeleffective.Don’tworryatfirstaboutwhatitallmeans.Studythelistandtrytospotpatterns.Asyoustudyyourlist,youwillcomeclosertothemeaning:identifyingyourmarketableskills.Onceyoudiscoverpatterns,givenamestoyourclusterofplishments(leadershipskills,budgetmanagementskills,childdevelopmentskillsetc.)Trytolistatleastthree plishmentsunderthesameskillsheading.Nowstartwritingyourresumeasifyoumattered.Itmaytakefourdraftsormore,andseveralweeks,beforeyou’rereadytoshowittoastranger(friendsareusuallytookind)forareaction.Whenyou’resatisfied,sendittoaprinter;aprintedresumeisfarsuperiortophotocopies.Itshowsanemployerthatyouregardjobhuntingasseriouswork,worthngright.Isn’tthatthekind you’dwantworkingforAwomanwholostherjobasateacher’saideduetoacutbackinernmentfundingwrote:"Principalofelementaryschoolcitedmeastheonlyteacher’saideshewouldrehireifernmentfundsbecameOneresumeIreceivedincludedthefollowing:"invitedbymysuperiortostraightenoutourorganization'saccountsreceivable.Setuporderlyrepaymentschedule,reconciledaccountsweekly,andimprovedcashflow100percent.Rewardedwithraiseandpromotion."Noticehowthiswomanfocusesonresults,specifieshowshe plishedthem,andmentionsherrewardallin34words.Forexample,ifyouhaveaflairforsaving,managingandinvestingmoney,youhavemoneymanagementskills.Anacquaintancecominedofbeingbiasedwhenlosinganopportunityduetothestatement"Readytolearnthoughnotsowelleducated".Oneofmyformercolleagues,forexample,wrotethreeresumesinthreedifferentstylesinordertofindoutwhichwasmorepreferred.Theresultis,ofcourse,theonethathighlightsskillsandeducationbackground.[F]Awomanoncetoldmeaboutacash-flowcrisisheremployerhadfaced.She’dagreedtoworkwithoutpayforthreemonthsuntilbusinessimproved.Herrewardwasherbackpayplusa20percentbonus.Iaskedwhythatmarvelousstorywasn’tinherresume.Sheanswered,"Itwasn’timportant."Whatshewasreallysayingofcoursewas"I’mnotimportant."Directions:Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextaboutintheacademiccommunity.ChoosethemostsuitableheadingfromthelistA--Fforeachnumberedparagraph(41--45).Thefirstandlastparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)WhattodoasaIdeasshouldalwaysbeIgnorancecanbeisequivalenttotheftTheconsequencesofScholars,writersandteachersinthemodernacademiccommunityhavestrongfeelingsaboutacknowledgingtheuseofanother ’sideas.IntheEnglish-speakingworld,thetermisusedtolabelthepracticeofnotgivingcreditforthesourceofone’sideas.Simplystated,is"thewrongfulappropriationorpurloining,andpublicationasone'sownoftheideas,ortheexpressionofideasofanother." Thepenaltiesforvaryfromsituationtosituation.Inmanyuniversities,thepunishmentmayrangefromfailureinaparticularcoursetoexpulsionfromtheuniversity.Intheliryworld,wherewritersareprotectedfrombyinternationalcopyrightlaws,thepenaltymayrangefromasmallfinetoimprisonmentandaruinedcareer.Protectionofscholarsandwriters,throughthecopyrightlawsandthroughthesocialpressuresoftheacademicandlirycommunities,isarelativelyrecentconcept.Suchsocialpressuresandcopyrightlawsrequirewriterstogivescrupulousattentionto ationoftheirsources. Students,asinexperiencedscholarsthemselves,mustavoidvarioustypesofbybeingself-criticalintheiruseofotherscholars'ideasandbygivingappropriatecreditforthesourceofborrowedideasandwords,otherwisedireconsequencesmayoccur.Thereareatleastthreeclassificationsofasitisrevealedinstudents'inexactnessinidentifyingsourcesproperly.Theyarebyaccident,byignorance,andbyintention. byaccident,oroversight,sometimesistheresultofthewriter’sinabilitytodecideorrememberwheretheideacamefrom.Hemayhavereaditlongago,hearditinalecturesinceforgotten,oracquireditsecond-handorthird-handfromdiscussionswithcolleagues.Hemayalsohavedifficultyindecidingwhethertheideaissuchcommonknowledgethatnoreferencetotheoriginalsourceisneeded.Althoughthistypeofmustbeguardedagainst,itistheleastseriousand,iflessonslearned,canbeexemptfrombeingseverelypunished. throughignoranceissimplyawayofsayingthatinexperiencedwritersoftendonotknowhoworwhentoacknowledgetheirsources.Thetechniquesforation-note-taking,quoting,footnoting,listingbibliography,areeasilylearnedandcanpreventthewriterfrommakingunknowingmistakesoromissionsinhisreferences.Althoughthereisnocopyrightinnews,orinideas,onlyintheexpressionofthem,thewritercannotpleadignorancewhenhissourcesforideasarechallenged. Themostseriouskindofacademicthieveryisbyintention.Thewriter,limitedbyhislazinessanddullness,copiesthethoughtsandlanguageofothersandclaimsthemforhisown.Henotonlysteals,hetriestodeceivethereaderintobelievingtheideasareoriginal.Suchwordsasimmoral,dishonest,offensive,anddespicableareusedtodescribethepracticeofbyTheoppositeofisacknowledgement.Allmatureandtrustworthywritersmakeuseoftheideasofothersbuttheyarecarefultoacknowledgetheirindebtednesstotheirsources.Students,asdeveloscholars,writers,teachers,andprofessionalleaders,shouldrecognizeandassumetheirresponsibilityto allsourcesfromwhichlanguageandthoughtsareborrowed.Othermembersoftheprofessionwillnotonlyrespectthescholarship,theywilladmirethehumilityandhonesty. Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions(41-45),choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Leadingdoctorstodayweighinonthedebateovertheernment’sroleinpromotingpublichealthbydemandingthatministersimpose“fattaxes”onunhealthyfoodandintroducecigarette-stylewarningstochildrenaboutthedangersofapoordiet.Thedemandsfollowcommentsmadelastweekbythehealthsecretary,AndrewLansley,whoinsistedtheernmentcouldn’t peopletomakehealthychoicesandpromisedtobusinessesfrompublichealthregulations.Butseniormedicalfigureswanttostopfast-foodoutletsopeningnearschools,restrictadvertisingofproductshighinfat,saltorsugar,andlimitsponsorshipofsportseventsbyfast-foodproducerssuchasMcDonald’s.TheyarguethaternmentactionisnecessarytocurbBritain’saddictiontounhealthyfoodandhelphaltspiralingratesofobesity,diabetesandheartdisease.ProfessorTerenceStephenson,oftheRoyalCollegeofPaediatricsandChildHealth,saidthattheconsumptionofunhealthyfoodshouldbeseentobejustasdamagingassmokingorexercisedrinking.“Thirtyyearsago,itwouldhavebeeninconceivabletohaveimaginedabanonsmokingintheworkceorinpubs,andyetthatiswhatwehavenow.Arewewillingtobejustascourageousinrespectofobesity?Iwouldsuggestthatweshouldbe,”saidheleaderoftheUK’schildren’sdoctors.Lansleyhasalarmedhealthnersbysuggestinghewantsindustryratherthanernmentstotakethelead.HesaidthatmanufacturersofcrispsandcandiescouldyacentralroleintheChangeforLifen,thecenterpieceofernmenteffortstoboosthealthyeatingandfitness.HehasalsocriticizedthecelebritychefJamieOliver’shigh-profileattempttoimproveschoollaunchesinEnglandasanexampleofhow“l(fā)ecturing”peoplewasnotthewaytochangetheirStephensonsuggestedpotentialrestrictionscouldincludebanningTVadvertisementsforfoodshighinfat,saltorsugarbefore9pmandlimitingthemonbillboardsorincinemas.“Ifwewerereallybold,wemightevenbegintothinkofhigh-caloriefastfoodinthesamewayas bysettingstrictlimitsonadvertising,productcementandsponsorshipofsportsevents,”hesaid.SuchamovecouldaffectfirmssuchasMcDonald’s,whichsponsorstheyouthcoachingschemerunbytheFootballAssociation.Fast-foodchainsshouldalsostopoffering“inducements”suchastoys,cuteanimalsandphonecredittolureyoungcustomers,Stephensonsaid.ProfessorDineshBhugra,oftheRoyalCollegeofPsychiatrists,said:“Ifchildrenaretaughtabouttheimpactthatfoodhasontheirgrowth,andthatsomethingscanharm,atleastinformationisavailableupfront.”Healsourgedcouncilstoimpose“fast-food-zones”aroundschoolandhospitalsareaswithinwhichtakeawayscannotopen.ADepartmentofHealthspokes said:“Weneedtocreateanewvisionforpublichealthwhereallofsocietyworkstogethertogethealthyandlivelonger.Thisincludescreatinganew‘responsibilitydeal’withbusiness,builtonsocialresponsibility,notstateregulation.Laterthisyear,wewillpublishawhitepapersettingoutexactlyhowwewillachievethis.”Thefoodindustrywillbealarmedthatsuchseniordoctorsbacksuchradicalmoves,especiallythecalltousesomeofthetoughtacticsthathavebeendeployedagainstsmokingoverthelastdecade.“fattaxes”shouldbeimposedonfast-foodproducerssuchasMcDonald’s.AndrewLansleyheld ernmentshouldbanfast-foodoutletsinneighbor-hoodofTerenceStephensonagreed

[C]“l(fā)ecturing”wasaneffectivewaytoimproveschoollunchesinEngland.JamieOliverseemedtobelieve [D]cigarette-stylewarningsshouldbeintroducedtoaboutthedangersofapoorDineshBhugrasuggested [E]theproducersofcrispsandcandiescouldsignificantlytotheChangeforLife proposedthat

parentsshouldsetgoodexamplesfortheirchildrenbykeeahealthydietathome. ernmentshouldstrengthenthesenseofresponsi-bilityamongbusinesses.4142434445OnthenorthbankoftheOhioRiversitsEvansville,Ind.,homeofDavidWilliams,52,andariverboatcasino(acewheregamblinggamesareyed).Duringseveralyearsofgamblinginthatcasino,Williams,astateauditorearning$35,000ayear,lostapproximay$175,000.Hehadnevergambledbeforethecasinosenthimacouponfor$20worthofgambling.Hevisitedthecasino,lostthe$20andleft.Onhissecondvisithelost$800.Thecasinoissuedtohim,asagoodcustomer,a“FunCard”,whichwhenusedinthecasinoearnspointsformealsanddrinks,andenablesthecasinototracktheuser’sgamblingactivities.ForWilliams,these ewhathecallselectronicmorphine. .In1997helost$21,000tooneslotmachineintwodays.InMarch1997helost$72,186.Hesometimesyedtwoslotmachinesatatime,allnight,untiltheboatlockedat5am.,thenwentbackaboardwhenthecasinoopenedat9am.Nowheissuingthecasino,chargingthatitshouldhaverefusedhispatronagebecauseitknewhewasaddicted.Itdidknowhehadaproblem.InMarch1998,afriendofWilliams’sgothiminvoluntarilyconfinedtoatreatmentcenterforaddictions,andwrotetoinformthecasinoofWilliams’sgamblers.ThecasinoincludedaphotoofWilliamsamongthoseofbannedgamblers,andwrotetohima“ceaseadmissions”letter.Notingthe“medical/psychological”natureofproblemgamblingbehaviors,thelettersaidthatbeforebeingreadmittedtothecasinohewouldhavetopresentmedical/psychologicalinformationdemonstratingthatpatronizingthecasinowouldposenothreattohissafetyorwell-being. TheWallStreetJournalreportsthatthecasinohas24signswarning:“Enjoythefun...andalwaysbetwithyourhead,notoverit”.Everyentranceticketlistsatoll-numberforcounselingfromthenaDepartmentofMentalHealth.Nevertheless,Williams’ssuitchargesthatthecasino,knowinghewas“helplesslyaddictedtogambling”,intentionallyworkedto“l(fā)ure”himto“engageinconductagainsthiswill”well. TheeditionoftheDiagnosticandStatisticalManualofMentalDisorderssays“pathologicalgambling”involvespersistent,recurringanduncontrollablepursuitlessofmoneythanofthethrilloftakingrisksinquestofawindfall..Pushedbyscience,orwhatclaimstobescience,societyisreclassifyingwhatoncewereconsideredcharacterflawsormoralfailingsas alitydisordersakintophysicaldisabilities. Forty-fourstateshavelotteries,29havecasinos,andmostofthesestatesaretovaryingdegreesdependentonyoumightsayaddictedto revenuesfromwagering.AndsincethefirstInternetgamblingsitewascreatedin1995,competitionforgamblers’dollarshas intense.TheOct.28issueofNewsweekreportedthat2milliongamblerspatronize1,800virtualcasinoseveryweek.With$3.5billionbeinglostonInternetwagersthisyear,gamblinghasographyastheWeb’smostprofitableAlthoughnosuchevidencewaspresented,thecasino’smarketingdepartmenttopepperhimwithmailings.AndheenteredthecasinoandusedhisFunCardwithoutbeingItisunclearwhatluringwasrequired,givenhiscompulsivebehavior.Andinwhatsensewashiswilloperative?Bythetimehehadlost$5,000hesaidtohimselfthatifhecouldgetbacktoeven,hewouldGamblinghasbeenacommonfeatureofAmericanlifeforever,butforalongtimeitwasbroadlyconsideredasin,orasocialdisease.Nowitisasocial:themostimportantandaggressivepromoterofgamblinginAmericaisernment.DavidWilliams’ssuitshouldtroublethisgamblingnation.Butdon’tbetonItisworrisomethatsocietyismedicalizingmoreandmorebehavioralproblems,oftendefiningasaddictionswhatearlier,sternergenerationsexinedasweaknessofwill.Theanonymous,lonely,undistractednatureofonlinegamblingisespeciallyconductivetocompulsivebehavior.ButeveniftheernmentknewhowtomoveagainstInternetgambling,whatwouldbeitsgroundsforngso?2015Howdoesyourreadingproceed?Clearlyyoutrytocomprehend,inthesenseofidentifyingmeaningsforindividualwordsandworkingoutrelationshipsbetweenthem,drawingonyourimplicitknowledgeofEnglishgrr.(41) Youbegintoinferacontextforthetext,forinstance,bymakingdecisionsaboutwhatkindofspeecheventisinvolved:Whoismakingtheutnce,towhom,whenandwhere.Thewaysofreadingindicatedherearewithoutdoubtkindsofcomprehension.Buttheyshowcomprehensiontoconsistnotjustofpassiveassimilationbutofactiveengagementininferenceandproblem-solving.Youinferinformationyoufeelthewriterhasinvitedyoutograspbypresentingyouwithspecificevidenceandclues.(42)Conceivedinthisway,comprehensionwillnotfollowexactlythesametrackforeachreader.Whatisinquestionisnottheretrievalofanabsolute,fixedor“true”meaningthatcanbereadoffandcheckedforaccuracy,orsometimelessrelationofthetexttotheworld.(43)Suchbackgroundmaterialinevitablyreflectswhoweare.Thisdoesn’t,however,makeinterpretationmerelyrelativeorevenpointless.Preciselybecausereadersfromdifferenthistoricalperiods,cesandsocialexperiencesproducedifferentbutoverlapreadingsofthesamewordsonthepage–includingfortextsthatengagewithfundamentalhumanconcerns–debatesabouttextscanyanimportantroleinsocialdiscussionofbeliefsandvalues.HowwereadagiventextalsodependstosomeextentonourparticularinterestinreadingSuchdimensionsofreadingsuggest–asothersintroducedlaterinthebookwillalsodo–thatwebringanimplicit(oftenunacknowledged)agendatoanyactofreading.Itdoesn’tthennecessarilyfollowthatonekindofreadingisfuller,moreadvancedormoreworthwhilethananother.Ideally,differentkindsofreadinginformeachother,andactasusefulreferencepointsforandcounterbalancestooneanother.Together,theymakeupthereadingcomponentofyouroveralllicy,orrelationshiptoyoursurroundingtextualenvironment.Arewestudyingthattextandtryingtorespondinawaythatfulfilstherequirementofagivencourse?Readingitsimplyforpleasure?Skimmingitforinformation?WaysofreadingonatrainorinbedarelikelytodifferconsiderablyfromreadinginaseminarFactorssuchastheceandperiodinwhichwearereading,ourgender,ethnicity,ageandsocialclasswillencourageustowardscertaininterpretationsbutatthesametimeobscureorevencloseoffothers.Ifyouareunfamiliarwithwordsoridioms,youguessattheirmeaning,usingcluespresentedinthecontext.Ontheassumptionthattheywill erelevantlater,youmakeamentalnoteofdiscourseentitiesaswellaspossiblelinksbetweenthem.Ineffect,youtrytoreconstructthelikelymeaningsoreffectsthatanygivensentence,imageorreferencemighthavehad:Thesemightbetheonestheauthorintended.Youmakefurtherinferences,forinstance,abouthowthetextmaybesignificanttoyou,oraboutitsvalidity–inferencesthatformthebasisofa alresponseforwhichtheauthorwillinevitablybefarlessresponsible.Inys,novelsandnarrativepoems,charactersspeakasconstructscreatedbytheauthor,notnecessarilyasmouthpiecesfortheauthor’sownthoughts.Rather,weascribemeaningstotextsonthebasisofinctionbetweenwhatwemightcalltextualandcontextualmaterial:betweenkindsoforganizationorpatterningweperceiveinatext’sformalstructures(soespeciallyitslanguagestructures)andvariouskindsofbackground,socialknowledge,beliefandattitudethatwebringtothetext.Thefirstandmoreimportantistheconsumer’sgrowingpreferenceforeatingout:theconsumptionoffoodanddrinkincesotherthanhomeshasrisenfromabout32percentoftotalconsumptionin1995to35percentin2000andisexpectedtoapproach38percentby2005.Thisdevelopmentisboostingwholesaledem