11太貴.2有污染.3光對眼睛不好對眼睛好了.2【REDRAINKerala2redrain的三個原因閱讀文章要點：1.volcaniceruption;2.meteoricexplosion;3.sporesoflichens;1redrain,redrain因為和一般的雨差不多，而且雨水成分中沒有火山噴發物；3【TheHohokam】人類的原因里面的物種，而這些動物呢又是人依賴生存的meat，于是人類沒東西吃；：再說在那以前1000年他們一直用得好好的，咋就一下沒了？3乏明確，有工事不等于有，也許只是預防而己；再說沒有其他關于的遺跡留下。ThetopicisaboutthereasontheHohokampeoplewentextinctandvanished.Thecontentofbothmaterialsinreadingandlisteningaredifferent.Thefirstpointisaboutfoodscarcityproblem.Fromthereading,theirrigationsystemtheHohokampeopleusedcausealkalinequalityofthewaterthatleadstoinfertilizationonthelandHowever,thelisteningcontentindicatesthatfallow,themethodofleavinglandunseeded,allowedthelandto efertileagainbyrainwaterwashingawaythesaltywater.Besides,theHohokampeoplehadbeenusingsucharablemethodforthousandsofyears.Thiswasacommonpractice,sothelandwouldnot eunabletofarminashortperiodoftime.Secondly,accordingtothespeaker,thetreementionedwasabletogrowfastwiththenurtureoftheMotherNature.Iftheywereonlyusedformaterialsofsettingupfiresorbuildinghouses,theywouldnotbeusedupeasily.Thislikewiserefutestheauthorfromthepassageinthattheychoppeddowntoomanytreesthattheir“meatsource”,livedon.Inotherwords,whenthoseanimalsdiedout,theHohokampeoplewerecutoffthefood.Atlastfromthereading,Navajogroups,theinvasivepeoplehassuccessfullyoccupiedthecetheHohokampeoplelived.Thusthereweresomefortificationsleftasevidence.Fromthelistening,however,mightnotbeemployedforwars.Maybetheywerejustusedfordefendingagainstinvadingpeopleandtheyneverusedit.Ontopofthat,therewerenothingelseleftexpectthosefences.Thereshouldbemoreevidenceleftiftherewerewars.Allpointsmentionedabove,thespeakerandtheauthorholddifferentviewsonthisissueforhowtheHohokampeoplevanished.4【甲殼蟲】閱讀：AmericanBuryingbeetles大量減少的三個可能的原因/理論2beetle的生活模式需要完整的habitat，人為的環境改造，使得環境破碎，fragmentationofhabitatorDiscontinuity造成其是競爭不過scavengerm 1從pesticide的使用時間來看，根本就不是殺蟲劑引起這個問題的。的northeasternpesticide之前就有beetle'slossMiddleWest，2有些跟其生活模式差不多的beetle沒有，他們同樣受到fragmentationof3reading忽略了這種beetle另外一種特性，他可以在發現食物之后釋放一種氣味chemicalsmell，防止（block)其他動物對食物的探尋，他具有這樣的優勢，不可能競爭不過那些scavengers。ThetopicisabouthowtheAmericanburyingbeetlesgoesextinctinawidescale.Thereadingandlisteningpointsofviewaredifferentinstoit.Tobeginwith,fromthereading,itsaysthatpoisonouspesticide,suchasDDTmadealarge-scalewipeoutinthebeetlealongwithothercreaturesthatarefoodtoAmericanburyingbeetles.Fromthelistening,however,priortotheusageofDDT,therewereunknownreasonsofbeetlelossalready.Inaddition,DDThasbeenusedinseveralpartsoftheUS,especiallyintheMiddleWest,formorethantwentyyears,anditdidnotbringanyextinctiontoothersimilarbeetlesandwhyonlysuchkindofAmericanburyingbeetles?Thus,thereisnodirectcorrelationlinkedbetweenthispesticideandthebeetleSecondly,duetothereadingmaterial,thefragmentationofhabitatledtotheextinctionofthebeetles.However,othersimilarbeetlesandcreatureswerealsoencounteringsuchfragmentationofhabitatbyhumanbehavior.Theyarealsolivinginthesamenature,yettheywerestillstableinnumbers.Inotherwords,suchhumaninterruptionasfragmentationofhabitatisnotthecause.ThereisnoreasontojustsingleoutAmericanburyingbeetlesandwipethemout.Thirdly,theolfactorysensitivityofAmericanburyingbeetlesissuperiorthatitcansmellthefoodasfarastwoaway.However,theauthorindicatesthatotherscavengerstookprevalenceovertheminlocatingfoodbetter,leadingtothescantyoffoodsource.Thismaybesomewhattrue,howeverthereisanotheradvantageforthisspecialbeetle—chemicalweapon-,whichmeansitwillsecretastrongodorthatcanpreventotherscavengersfrom“stealing”it.SuchstrongaciditymakesAmericanburyingbeetlesfeedontheirfoodexclusively.2物還是什么的碎片，然后它們可以datingbacktoXXX年以前，并且speech說250-millionold這么老。第二碎片只在那三個國家被發現過，如果沖擊力那么ThereadingpassagepresentsthreepiecesofevidencetosupportthetheorythatthePermian–TriassicmassextinctionwastriggeredbyameteoriteimpactingEarth.However,thelecturerrejectsthistheorybypointingoutitsThefirstevidenceistherecentdiscoveryofmeteoritefragmentscontainingmineralgrainswhichdatedto250millionyearsago,thesametimewhentheextinctionoccurred.However,thelecturerrejectsthistheoryasunconvincing,arguingthatanysubstancewouldbetransformedcomple yafter250millionyearsofgradualchemicalprocess,sothemineralsnowp inthefragmentsmusthavebeenformedquiterecently.Thesecondevidenceisthescatteredmeteoritefragmentsin and[],indicatingthemagnitudeofadisastrousmeteoriteimpactthatcouldwipeoutalmosttheentirespeciesonEarth.Yetaccordingtothelecture,thefactthatthefragmentswereonlyfoundinthreecountries,andnotintherestoftheworldsuchasEurope,wasactuallyproofthatthemeteoritecollisionwasnotstrongenoughtocausesuchamassiveextinction.ThethirdevidenceisalargecraterfoundoffthecoastofAustralia.Itssizematchesthatofameteorite,indicatingthatitwasanimpactsiteforameteoritecollision.Nevertheless,thelecturerproposesadifferenttheory.HeexinsthatthiscratermayhavebeencausedbyEarth’sinternal ssuchasvolcanicactivities.3閱讀：GM 有好【1】可以導入抗蟲，少用殺蟲劑，有利于保護環境【2】可以耐干旱，在非洲種可以提高農民收入【3】可以讓大米里含更生素a，防止維a缺乏。部分認為gm的好處被夸大了，【2】農民往往用去年的播種，用gm的話就得年年買新，多花的錢【3agm大米高，為什么不建議人們吃Thereadingpassageintroducestothereadersthebenefitsofgeneticallymodifiedcrops,whilethelecturetriestoconvinceusthatthesebenefitsareoverThefirstbenefitisthatGMcropsaregoodfortheenvironmentbecausetheypossesspestresistantgeneswhichcanreducetheneedtousepesticide.However,thelecturerarguesthatifthese genesspreadtowildcrops,theywillgrowoutofcontrolwhichmaybringmoredamagetotheenvironment.ThesecondbenefitisthatGMcropscanincreasefarmers’profitsbecauseGMcropscanproducegoodyieldsevenindryseasons.However,thelecturerpointstothefactthatfarmersofGMcropshavetopayaheavysumofmoneytoGMseedcompanies,andtheyhavetodoitannually.ThisbringsupthecostofgrowingGMcropssignificantly.ThethirdbenefitisthatGMntcanaddimportantnutrientslikevitaminAtothedietofpeoplewholackthosenutrients.However,accordingtothelecture,thenutrientsintroducedthroughGMcropsarefarfromenough.Thecorrectandmoreeffectivewaytodealwithnutrientdeficiencyistoencouragepeopletoeatmorevegetableslikesweetpotatoes.4bee200millionyears1沒化石。沒花沒食物。化石結構可能不是beespeaker反駁1，沒有化石是因為那時候沒樹，無法preserve化石。beefeedonpinetreeThereadingpassageandthelecturepresentcontrastingviewsregardingthehypothesisthatbeesexistedpriorto200millionyearsago.Accordingtothereading,allfossilrecordsofbees,includingtheearliestonefoundinthestateofArizona,datetheexistenceofbeestonomorethan200millionyearsago.However,thelecturerexinsthatthisisbecausetreesdidnotexistuntilaboutthattime,soonlyafterthenwasitpossiblefortreeresinstopreserveafossilizedbee.Clearly,thisdoesnotruleoutthepossibilitythatbeesmayhavepredatedtheexistenceoftree(andtreeresin)andsohaveanancestrylongerthan200millionyears.Furthermore,thereadingpresentsasimilarargument,sayingthatflowersandfloweringntsdidnotexistuntil200millionyearsago,sopollen-dependentbeescouldnothaveexistedbeforethen.However,thelecturerarguesthattheearliestbeesdidnotnecessarilyfeedonflowers.Theycouldhavefedonnon-floweringntssuchaspinetreesorferns,andonlygraduallyevolvedtodependonfloweringnts.Finally,thereadingcautionsthatthefossilnestmightnotbethatofbeesbecausethereisacruciallackofspiralingstructureinthebeechambersthatisprevalentinmodernbeenests.However,thelecturerpointstothesamewater-proofsubstancefoundinboththefossilizedchamberandmodernbeechambers,arguingthatthemakersofthefossilnestwereindeedbees.5Harappancivilizationdecline沒有食物。第三個是水源被污造成一種通過水的流行病，所以就搬遷。不至于導致他decline。第二個是同時期的埃及文明和另一種文明同樣了氣候變化但是都調整了農業有了ThereadingpassageputsforwardthreehypothesestoexinthedeclineoftheHarappancivilization.However,thelecturerchallengesthesehypothesesandusesevidencetoprovethatallofthemarebasedonflawedspeculations.ThefirsthypothesisisthatthedeclineofHarappancivilizationwascausedbyinvasionfromanomadictribe.However,thelecturearguesthattheHarappanculturecoveredahugeexpanseofterritory,soevenifthenomadpeopleinvadedHarappanland,suchinvasionwasconfinedtoasmallnumberofHarappancitiesonly,soit’sunlikelytohaveledtothetotaldestructionoftheHarappanculture.ThesecondhypothesisisthatclimatechangehadledtothecollapseofHarappanagriculture.Withnofoodavailable,theHarappanpeoplehadtoabandontheirhome.Reasonableasitmaysound,thereareflawsinthisargumenttoo,because,asthelectureindicates,theEgyptiancivilization,acontemporaryoftheHarappancivilization,wasabletomakeadjustmenttoitsagricultureandmanagedtocopedwiththesameunhospitableclimatechanges.ThereisnoreasonwhytheHarappanpeoplecouldnothavealsoadaptedsuccessfullytoclimatechange.Thethirdhypothesisputstheblameonwatercontamination,ingthatawater-bornediseasehaddtheHarappanpeopletomigratetootherlocations,leadingtothedeclineoftheentirecivilization.Thistheoryisnotvalidaccordingtothelecture.Theprofessorex insthatHarappanpeoplewereexcellentengineerswhohadcreatedadvancedc systemsthatshouldbecapableofpreventingthetransmissionofdiseasethroughwater.6閱讀：講要meetthedemandofenergy.—個國家應該采用核能發電，但是有些批評(1).Safety,說如果coreoverheat的話會輻射外泄造成對環境生態及人類的危害；和coal;(3).othertechnology，比如風力發電；持normaltemperature，不會有； unprecedentednotreliable，因此需要其他的發電廢當backup，所以還不如用nuclear呢。Thetopicisaboutwhetherornotthenuclearpowerisabetterpowersourceamongotheralternatives.Thereadingandlisteningmaterialholdadifferentviewpointstowardthisdebatedissue.Tobeginwith,thereadingindicatesthattheoverheatingofthenuclearreactorwillreleaseradioactivityinleakagethatdoesgreatharmtonotjusthumanbeings,butthewholeenvironment.However,thespeakerrefutesandsaysthatwiththeadvancedtechnology-PebbleBedReactor--,theproblemcanbesolved.Whenthereactorisabouttooverheat,itwillautomaticallybesloweddowninspeedandtheheatingproblemcanbetackled.Inthesecondce,speakersaysthatnuclearpowerisnotexpensivebasedonthelongterm.However,theauthorclaimsthatthecostofbuildingtheunclearntiswaytoomuchandoilorcoalntisthebetterchoice.Forthispoint,thelisteningindicatesthattheconstructionofunclearntisindeedmoreexpensive,yetthefuel,Uranium,isverycheapincomparisonofthefueltotheoilorcoalnt.Forthelongrun,unclearntsareabetterchoicetothisenergygenerationissue.Thirdly,windpowerseemsagreatalternativeenergysinceitisrenewable.Nevertheless,thespeakerindicatesthatwindpowergeneratedfromwindturbineisfromournatureandthusisnotreliableandstable.Usually,countriesusingsuchpowerallhaveabackuppowernt,whichiswaytootroublesome.Nuclearreactorscangenerateasteadyamountofpowerwithoutanylimitations.Thus,viewedfromtheabovereasons,thereadingandthelisteningare7閱讀：naturalgas8lecturewrittenbookPearlPoet真正作者到底是誰，因為只有一個署名兒在這一個poem的title下面叫什么P.文章就開猜了,有三種可能性。1個被認為可能的人JohnMassey，因為流傳下來的他們的作品的handwriting是2HughHpoemregion第一個理由，過去的作品都是靠copy的，原版被reproduce很多次。所以人們看到的可能只是同一個人手抄copyoriginal的書，不能表明作者相同；會有不同口音dialect，所以那種修辭在不同口音的情況下是不同的；不可能有很多人collection都有這些unique的特性。（3）recyclewater使養蝦時使用的被污染的清水可以使Thistopicisaboutwhetherornotthefishfarmingcescanbedamagingtothefishspecie,waterandthewholenearbyenvironment.Clearly,thecontentsinthereadingandlisteningaredifferent.Firstly,thereadingsaysthatfishfromthefishfarmsproducehigherconcentrationofwastetothenearbywaterresource,whichcausesseriousdamages.However,fromthelistening,itsaysthatfishfarmerscankeepacertainkindofmarineanimals,suchasMollusksthatfeedonthewasteofthefarmfishandthiswilllargelyreducethedegreeofwaterpollutionfishfarmsmake.Inthesecondce,fromthespeaker,scientistscannowgeneticallyalteredthefarmfish;inotherwords,thosefarmfishcannotreproduceagainwithlocalfishgroups.Thisyetisdifferentformthereadingcontentthatindicatestheinctionofthefarmfishandlocalfishwillgeneratephysicallypooreroffspring.Thirdly,thelecturerthinksthatthoseusedwaterfromfishfarmscanbere-usedtogrowakindofntthatisagreatsourceofproteinforbothhumanbeingsandthelivestock;forinstance,theshrimpfarmwaterwasdumpedintotheopenwater,butnowitisusedtocultivatesuchsalt-toleratent.Thereadingcontentlikewisesaysthatfishfarmswasteagreatdealoffreshwaterandthewatercannotbeusedforotherintentionsanylonger.constructwallsinGreatelectricalchargeddevicetoeliminateAsian再引進nativespecies.說這個對ship有影響，cargo要從一個船reload到另一個船上，增加了（3）教授說這種做法總來試過，unpredictableanddangerous.而且利用toxicchemical之后可能會導致wholeecosystemThereadingsaysthatthethreemethodsusedcanpreventAsiancarpsfromenteringtheGreatLakes;however,thelisteningpassagerefutestheideaandthinkstheycannotworkwell.Tobeginwith,inthelisteningcontent,itsaysthatitwillcostanextraexpenseforshipandcargomovementstotheshipssincethosewallsdonotjustconstrainfishbutalsofactoriesthatarebuiltnearthelake.However,thereadingcontentindicatesthatconstructingthewallincertainpartofthelakebuildanareaoflimitationforthefishanditalsoignorestheeconomicbenefitsofthecommercialactivitiesnearby.Secondly,theelectricitychargeddevice,formthelisteningcontent,cannoteffectivelydiscourageAsiancarpsenteringthelake.Itistruethattheelectronicfieldcandeterfishmovingintothelake,yetthelakeishugeandthefishcanstill“swim”totheothersideofthelakewherethereisnosuchdeviceemployed.However,thereadingindicatestheelectronicdevicewillcreateapowerelectronicfieldthateliminatesallthecarptryingtomoveintothelake.canbecarriedouttokillAsiancarpsinthefirststep;oncethenumberofthefishdecreases,thesecondstep—introducingthenativespeciescanincreasethechancesofsurvivalforthem.However,thelisteningcontentcompleycontradictstheargumentandindicatesthatsuchtoxicsubstancemethodhasneverbeenusedinthesimilarsituation,sothisistoodangerousandunpredictable.Maybeitwillleadtoanenvironmentaldisasterthatwillmakethesituationevenworse.Inconclusion,fromthelisteningcontent,thethreemethodstryingtostopAsiancarpsenteringtheGreatLakearenotvaluabletothisissue.Thus,thecontentbothinthereadingandlisteningiscontradictory.11命中指數：五星級)T-Rex恐龍能跑嗎？腿骨結構 類似（3）MMT恐龍是親戚，如果M恐龍能跑，那么T恐龍自然也能跑；TherehasbeensomecontroversyoverwhetherornotT.rexcouldrunfast.ThereadingpassageprovidesthreepiecesofevidencetoprovethatT.rexwasafastrunner.However,thelecturerarguesthatnoneoftheevidenceisconvincing.First,thereadingsuggeststhatT.rexmusthavebeenacapablerunnerbecauseitfedonherbivorousanimalwhichcouldrunveryfast.However,thelecturerarguesthatthismaynotserveasvalidproof,becauseT.rexhadveryacutesenseofsmellsotheycoulddetectandscavengeonthedeadbodiesofsmallanimalsinsteadofhavingtochasethem.Secondly,thereadingdrawscomparisonbetweenthelegbonesofT.rexandafastrunningtiger.Yetthelecturerrejectssuchcomparison.Hearguesthatinspiteofthesimilarity,thebonesofT.rexweretoofragiletosustainthehighpressurecausedbyhigh-speedrunning.Finally,fossilevidenceshowsthatT.rexhadtwopowerfullegsandlargetoes.RelativesoftheT.rexthatsharedthesefeatures,likethe[M-],werefastrunners.Againthisisdisprovedbytheprofessor,whoarguesthatinordertorun,aT.rexwouldhaveneededtocarry86%ofitshugebodymassassupportivemusclesinitslegs,whichcouldnothavebeenpossible.1在Rhoneriver發現了一個bust閱讀：passage里面認為是羅馬的一個leader－西澤大帝，原 styleofhair；發現雕塑的地點在一條河，以前人們想銷毀它，因為有新的leader上任，留著它是不respect。：lecture完全反駁這個觀點，原因有三。 Slimnoseandlongleg有用的雕塑都往河里扔，舉了一個叫Neptune的雕塑，是古羅馬的一個神。Thelectureandthereadingpassagebothtalkaboutalife-sizemarblebust,foundduringanarchaeologicalexcavationandretrievedfromthebedoftheriverRhone.WhiletheauthorofthepassageattributesthisbusttoJuliusCaesar,thelecturerrefuteseachoftheargumentspresentedinthereading.First,thestyleoftheportraitcouldnotbeusedasevidencetoshowthatthisbustwasthatofJuliusCaesar.AlthoughthebustwasmadeinastyleverypopularduringCaesar’stime,thisstyletobepopularmanyyearsafterCaesardied.Therefore,thisbustcouldverywellhavebeenmadeinamuchlatertimeforsomeoneotherthanCaesar.Second,thesimilaritiesbetweenthebustandtheportraitofCaesaronsilvercoinswereratherlimitedtothehaironly.Inotherfeaturessuchastheneckandthenose,therearemanyobviousdifferences.IfthebustwasCaesar’s,thenitshouldhavelookedthesameinallfeaturestootherportraitsofCaesar.Finally,thelocationwherethebustwasfoundcouldnotproveanything.ArchaeologicalstudyalsoexcavatedotheritemsfromthesameceincludingasculpturefortheGodofNeptune.Thisindicatesthatpeoplecouldhavethrownthingsintotheriverbecausetheyhave uselessratherthanbecauseofpoliticalreasons,aswhatthereadingsuggests.2閱讀ToBuildCrossingsforwildlifecrossings;theyarenottrainedtomakeuseofcrossings很浪費錢啊Financial而且theareasaffectedbyroadorbyotherhumandevelopmentthathavealreadybeendamagedtoomuch.Notalongtermstrategy.因棲息地都壞掉，不要(無法)crossings,這樣可以保護動物待在同一個區，雖然這樣也許會讓population下降。:閱讀crossings，但是他們是可以學習的嘛，比如十年后，他們就會用教授說不浪費錢啊，動物和人之間的collisions不僅對動物，對人類也造成了很大，很多人都受傷了還是怎么的，說考慮到這些因素，建crossings能保護人類啊。教授說動物們待在一個保護區里不能去別的地方，數量當然下降了，crossingsCastingdoubtsontheissuewhetherornotwildlifecrossingsshouldbemadeforthegreatestbenefitsofhumanbeingsandwildlifecreatures,thespeakerholdsacontrarytothereadingpassage.Thefirstpointisaboutwhethertheanimalscanusethecrossingsanditmeansthatifanimalsdonotknowhowtomakeuseofthecrossings,itisnotadvantageoustothebuildingn;however,fromthelisteningpassage,itsaysthatanimalscanbetrainedtousetheman-madecrossings.Forexample,thebearandwolvescasesinthelisteningthattheycanmakeuseofthecrossingsaftercertaintime,suchasadecadeco-existingwiththecrossings.(weixin:laoxikou)Thereadingpassageneverthelessholdsthatthosewildlifeanimalscannotusethecrossingsandthebuildingnwillbeinvalid.Secondly,accordingtothespeaker,itisnotafinancialwasteforbuildingwildlifecrossings.Iftherearenocrossingsbuilt,thedamagecanbemadenotjusttoanimals,buttovehiclesandtohumans.Buildingwildlifecrossingsisconducivetomutualbenefits;thusitisnotwastingmoney.Thislikewiserefutestheauthorfromthepassageinthatbuildingwildlifecrossingsisatotalwasteofmoney;itwillnothelphumanstosavemoneyontheaccidents.Thirdly,thespeakerthinksthatbuildingwildlifecrossingscanactuallyhelpanimalsolvethefragmentationproblembycreatinglinksandbridgesthat ethemainbarrierssuchroadsandotherhumandevelopmentsothatanimalcanhavefullaccesstoalltheirterritories.Thiscanprovidethemmoreopportunitiestosurvive,thriveandgrowastheyhavemorechancestofindfoodandreproduce.Yet,thereadingindicatesitisbettertokeepwildlifeanimalsinareaswheretheycanbetterbeprotected.Inshort,thepointsputforthaboutthewildlifecrossingsinthereadingandlisteningarecontradictory.3hydroelectricdamReading:hydroelectricpowerntsthreelowlowthewaterpathsprotectwildlifeLecture:accountoftheresearchcostforselectinglocationandbuildingcost,thecostofhydroelectricntsisnotlowhydroelectricntsproducethesameamountofgreenhousegasesasfossilfuelntwaterpathscannotprotectallfishes,anexampleinEngland,akindoffishcannotusethewaterpathassalmondo.Besuspiciousofwhetherhydroelectricpowerisadvantageoustouscomparedwithotherpower,thespeakerholdsacontrarytothereadingpassage.Thefirstpointisaboutthecostanditmeansthatpriortoadamcanbebuilt,manystudieshavetoberesearchedandmadesureiftherockaroundthepotentialdamcansupporttheheavyandmassiveconstruction.（ID:zhuxugame0725）Thedamscannotbebuiltjustanywherenearariversource.Inaddition,thecostofbuildingadamisenormous.Thisisnotcostcutting.However,thereadingthinksdamsarebuiltrightinthesourceanddonotneedextrafueltotransportthepower,soitismoreinexpensive.Secondly,accordingtothespeaker,eventhoughtheoperationofsuchntdoesnotgenerategreenhousegases,hydroelectricntscratefloodedareasthatmakelargeamountsofntmaterialto poseanddecay.Thisis"thesource"ofproducinggreenhousegaseslikecarbondioxideandmethane.Fortropicalareaswherevegetationisdensest,thedamagetotheenvironmentisjustthesamecomparedtocoalnts.Thislikewiserefutestheauthorfromthepassageinthathydroelectricntsdonotcauseharmfulgasestothesurroundings.Thethirdpointisregardingthewildlife.Itistruethatsalmoncanbesavedintheresearchbecausetheyarestrongandgetupstreamfromthedam.ThisisnotthecaseforotherkindsoffishinEngland.Thefishcannotmoveverticallyuptobypassthedam.Tobemoreconcise,hydroelectricntsstillcausenegativeejectswildlife.Thus,allpointsfromthereadingpassagearedifferentfromthosestatedinthelisteningcontent.stones，第一種理論是風吹動的，因為存在關于山谷里有大風的，且天下雨的時候，muddy很變得很平，適合讓風吹動石頭。第二個理論是水晚上結冰，石頭就能動了。第三個理論是人類惡搞的，比如麥田圈就是。：沒有風強到能吹到石頭，并且給了張，石頭陷在muddy里，按writer的理論，石頭不應該陷下去的。這里沙漠，水根本不夠，并且沙漠里溫度太高，就算晚上能結冰，白天就化了，沒法搬動石頭。（3）如果是人干的，那一定會留下痕跡，這種muddy里，沒有人能做到不留痕跡。Thereadingpassagetriestoexinwhysomestonesindesertareasshowsignsofmovingslowlyacrossthesurface.However,allthethreetheoriesproposedinthereadingarerefutedbythelecturer.Thefirsttheoryisthatthestonesaremovedbythesofwinds.Thisismadepossiblebypowerfulwindstormsinthevalleyandmuddyandslipperysurfacesonrainydays.However,theprofessorarguesthatwindsstrongenoughtomovearockhaveneverbeenrecordedonEarth.Furthermore,there’sevidenceshowingthatpartofthestonesisbeneaththemuddysurface,indicatingthatthestonesarenotslidingonthesurface.Thesecondtheoryisthattherocksmovebecauseofthefloatingicesheetsthatsurroundtherocks.However,thistheoryisalsonotpossiblebecause,asthespeakersays,thedesertareaisextremelydry,soitlackstheamountofwatertoformlargeicesheets.Eventhoughicecouldpossiblyformduringthenightwhenthetemperaturedrops,duringthedaytheicewouldmelt.Therefore,icesheetscouldnothavebeenthesaty.Finally,thereisthepossibilitythathumanoranimalinterventionratherthannaturalsmadethishappen.However,ifthisweretrue,theprofessorsays,thentherewouldhavebeentracesleftofhumansoranimalsmovingtherocks,andthesetraceswouldnothavebeeneasilyremovedinsuchmuddyces.Yetthefactisthatneitherthetracesofhumansnorthoseofhorsesexistnearthemovingrocks.Sothehumaninterventiontheoryishighlyunlikely.5講congestionpricing。說為了緩解交通擁堵，想要在city中的某個區域，這樣就能緩解一下。閱讀文章支持，三個理由：這樣做可以improvetime(主要就是說節省時間)可以改善環境improvethatarea'senvironment收的fee可以用于revenuethecity可以再修路，修橋等等lecture中，professor否定了這個觀點。 他認為這樣做有些不愿意花錢走這個區域就得繞路，更浪費時間。舉了個例子：送快遞的，他們要，所以送快遞的時候會變長。在區里面環境可能會好點，但是周圍的車相對就會增多，noiseandairpollution就會多。所以不是整個city都能環境變好有的人不能afford這個費用了，就會去坐subway，就得出的錢Theofcongestionpricingisendinsomeurbanareasinordertoalleviatetrafficcongestion.Thereadingpassageexinsthebenefitsofcongestionpricing,whilethelecturewarnsthatthishasanumberofnegativeeffects.Thereadingsuggeststhatcongestionpricingreducestrafficsodriverscanreachtheirdestinationinlesstime.However,thelecturercontendsthatnotallpeoplewillfindittime-saving.Somedriverswillgoroundthepricingzoneinordertoavoidcongestionsurcharges.Forexample,deliverydriverswilltakealongerroutetoavoidthisadditionalcost,sothedeliverytimeisThesecondbenefitmentionedinthereadingisthatcongestionpricingimprovesurbanenvironment.However,thelecturerpointsoutthatthismaybetrueforareaswithinthechargingzonebecausethereislesstrafficthere.（ID:zhuxugame0725）Butinthesurroundingareas,pollutionandnoisemay eworseasaresultofincreasedleveloftrafficthatmovestothoseareas.Finally,accordingtothereading,congestionchargesareasourceofcityrevenuewhichcanbeusedbytheernmenttoimprovepublicfacilitiessuchasroadsandbridges.Yetthelecturerarguesthatthiswillleadsomepeopletoswitchfromdrivingtousingpublictransportationsuchasthesubway.Thiswillentailanadditionalcostforsubwaymaintenance,whichmayevenexceedtherevenuefromcongestionpricing.Thereforethewillnothelpimproveroadsand1壁畫所以畫出來的狩獵場景就是為了保證打獵順利而作：反駁閱讀，給出理由是：里有大量的這個magicalpower在不同的文化中有不同的含義啊，insomecase，這是一種儀式，actuallythemagicalpowertheirancestorsbelieveinisthattheycancommunicatewiththeanimalslivingThereadingpassageexinsthepurposeofprehistoricpaintingsfoundinLascauxCaveinFrance.Accordingtothereading,thesepaintingswerecreatedbythepainterswiththehopeoffindinggoodlucktoensuresuccessfulhunting.However,thelecturerdisagreeswiththisFirst,thereadingstatesthattherearelargeanimalsinsomepaintingsdepictedasbeingwoundedbyspearsandarrows,suggestingthattheseanimalswerehuntedbythepainters.（關聯里對動物圖案有一定介紹）However,thelecturerpointsoutthatthereareotherpaintingsthatdepictsmallanimalssuchascatsandreindeers,whichprehistoricpeopledidnothunt.Moreover,someanimalsinthepaintingsdonotappeartohavebeenwounded.Sothesepaintingsmaynotberelatedwithhunting.Second,humanfigureswithanimalheadsmaynotbeproofthatthepaintingswererelatedwithhunting.Accordingtothelecturer,somehumanfiguresdonotappearinthepaintingtobestanding;someareevenslee.Theywereclearlynothuntinginsuchahorizontalposition,soitisprobablynottruethatthehumansinthepaintingsarewearinganimalheadsasacamouflagewhilehunting.Thethirdtheoryinthereadingproposesthatthepainterscreatedthesepaintingsbecausetheybelievedthatthesepaintingsmighthavemagicalpowers.Butthelecturerarguesthatthismagicalpowermighthavenothingtodowithhunting.Thepaintersmighthavebelievedthattheycouldcommunicatewiththeirancestors’spiritsthroughthesepaintedanimals.2閱讀：有段時間大型動物，是因為人類活動的關系。原因有三：人類出現和大動物同死吧。：候的人類沒有保存肉的方法，所以不太可能去hunt大動物；同時期小動物也死了不少。Beingskepticalaboutthetheoryoftherelationbet