ListeningComprehensionSectionADirections:InSectionA,youwillheartenshortconversationsbetweentwospeakers.Attheendofeachconversation,aquestionwillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Theconversationsandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaconversationandthequestionaboutit,readthefourpossibleanswersonyourpaper,anddecidewhichoneisthebestanswertothequestionyouhaveheard.A.Atthebus B.AttheC.Atthepost D.AttheA.Librarianand B.TeacherandC.Bossand D.Shop-assistantandA.Itisquite B.It’stime-C.Itisn’tworth D.ItisveryA.Tocominabouther B.TogooverfortheC.Togetsomeelectric D.TohaveherheaterA.Topostponehis B.TobookinanotherhoC.Tostayinthespare D.ToreservearoominA.Accident B.RescueC.ne D.CrashA.Hehassometroublewithhis B.Heisn’tgettingalongwellwiththeC.Hehasn’tregisteredforaproper D.Hecan’tapplythetheorytohisA.Shewentoutofthewaytomeetthe B.ShewaspleasedtotalkwiththeC.Shetookthemanwherehewantedto D.ShemissedthechancetohelptheA.Smithwillkeepthesurprisepartyasecret. B.Lucyhasn’tgotanypromisefromSmith.C.Theyshouldn’thavetoldLucyabouttheparty.D.There’snosecretbetweenSmithandLucy.A.VolunteershavetoconnecttheB.ThemanhasnotimetodovoluntaryC.VoluntaryworkrequiresdevotionofD.ManypeoplehavesignedupforvoluntarySectionDirections:InSectionB,youwillheartwoshortpassages,andyouwillbeaskedthreequestionsoneachofthepassages.Thepassageswillbereadtwice,butthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Whenyouhearaquestion,readthefourpossibleanswersonyourpaperanddecidewhichonewouldbethebestanswertothequestionyouhaveheard.Questions11through13arebasedonthefollowingA.NicklostthebookIvanborrowedfromtheB.ThebookIvanborrowedfromNickwasC.NickandIvan sinMs.Salmon’sD.IvanwasaskedtoreturnthebookbeforefinishingA.SheaskedNickandIvantosolvetheproblembyB.ShegaveNickandIvanthesolutiontotheirproblem C.SheaskedstudentsinsocialstudiesclasstohelpsolvetheD.ShepersuadedIvantopayforthebookthatNicklenttoA.AgoodwaytoresolvesistoturntoyourbestB.NickandIvanwereunsatisfiedwiththesolutiontotheirC.SigninganagreementhelpedtosolveNickandIvan’sD.SocialstudiesclasscanequipstudentswithskillstoresolveQuestions14through16arebasedonthefollowingA.ShewantedtohaveagardensimilartotheirB.HerhusbandwouldliketohaveabeautifulC.ShewasgoingtomaketherentedhouseherownD.ThecommunityrequiredthemtokeepthebackyardA.BygettinginvolvedinngvoluntaryB.BypickingupmailsfortheirC.Bykeeaneyeontheirneighbors’D.ByntingtreesalongthestreetwithA.HerhusbandvolunteeredtoworkintheB.TheytookonnewresponsibilitiesfortheirC.ShewasnningtontanewgardenintheD.SheenjoyedtherelationshiptheybuiltwiththeSectionDirections:InSectionC,youwillheartwolongerconversations.Theconversationswillbereadtwice.Afteryouheareachconversation,youarerequiredtofillinthenumberedblankswiththeinformationyouhaveheard.Writeyouranswersonyouranswersheet.Blanks17through20arebasedonthefollowingName:Name:Essaytopic: wellwithinterestedincomputerProblems:lackof poorat MemoaboutStudents’EssayCompletetheform.WriteONEWORDforeachBlanks21through24arebasedonthefollowingWhycouldn’tthetouristsgooutintooceanasBecauseintheWhatarethetouristslikelytofindinwaternearthemouthofthe Whencanthetouriststakeabathinthebubblinghot.Howlongwillthetrip Completetheform.WriteNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSforeach SectionADirections:Afterreadingthepassagesbelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagescoherentandgrticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.Wehadtoclimbrightupthehill,whichisverysteep,and,whencloseunderit,itseemedtobehigh,butwesoonreachedthetop.Whenwewerethere,wehadlostsightofthelake;andnowourroadwasoverawildland. (go)alittleway,wesawbeforeus,atthedistanceofabouthalfa ,averylargestonebuilding,withahighwallroundit,neitherfieldnortreenear.Thewildlandwasovergrownwithgreygrassthatcattlemightfeedupon.Wecouldnot 26thisbuildingwas.Itappeared27 ithadbeenbuiltstrongtodefendfromstorms;butforwhatpurpose?Williamcalledouttousthatweshouldobservethatcewell,foritwasexactlylikeoneofthesheltersoftheAlps(阿爾卑斯山),28(build)forthereceptionoftravelers,andindeedIhadthoughtit29beso.Thisbuilding,fromitssingularstructureandappearance,madethece,whichisitselfinacountry30Scotland,remarkable.Whenwe31(pass)itandlookedback,threepyramidalmountainsontheoppositesideofLockLomondendedtheview,32incertainkindofweathermightbeverygrand.OurhighlandcompanionhadnotgotenoughEnglishtogiveusanyinformationconcerningthisstrangebuilding.Whatwecouldonlygetfromherwasthatitwasa“largehouse”,whichinAllntsneedwatertogrow.Wateringntsseemslikeasimpletaskbutitactuallyrequiresmanyconsiderations.Forexample,ntsgrowinginareaswithlowrainfallorareas33(expose)todrywindrequiremorewater.Ontheotherhand,ntswhichhaveagoodadaptationtodryconditionsorhavetheabilitytostorewaterintheircellsrequire34（frequent）watering.Thewateringofntsshouldnotbeviewedasaminorprocessingardening35thistaskysanextremelyimportantroleinensuringhealthyntgrowth.Let’sfirsttakeacloserlookatntsgrowingingardens.Sincewateringisacriticalgardeningtask,36accessiblewatersupplyisvital.Agardentapwithahoseofsufficientlengthtoreachthefurthestpartofthegarden37(prefer).Thistendstomakewateringmucheasierandensuresadequatewaterisprovidedforthents.Mostinexperiencedgardenerswaterlittle38veryfrequently.Thisisundesirableasitencouragesshallowrootgrowth.Inaddition,wateringinfullsuncausesleavestolosewaterquicklyfromthesurfaceofthesoil.Therefore,someexperts mend39(install)anautomaticwateringsystem.Asforntsgrowinginpotsorcontainers,theytendtolosewaterrapidly.Onewaytoreducesuchariskis40(group)thentsclosetogethertokeepmoisture.Trytomovethemtoashadyceifyouareawayfromhomeforafewdays.Otherwise,youwillreturnhometoseeyourntsdead.SectionDirections:Completethefollowingpassagebyusingthewordsinthebox.Eachwordcanonlybeusedonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.A.B. C.D.E.F.G.H. I.J.K.Thefortunatepeopleintheworld，theonlyreallyfortunatepeopleintheworldinmymind,arethosewhoseworkisalsotheirpleasure.Theclassisnotalargeone,notnearlysolargeasitisoften41tobe，andauthorsareperhapsoneofthemostimportantelementsinitscomposition.Theyenjoyinthis42atleastarealharmonyoflife.Tomymind,tobeabletomakeyourworkyourpleasureistheoneclassdistinctionintheworldworthstrivingfor;andIdonot43thatotherstendtoenvythosehappyhumanbeingswhofindtheirlivelihoodinthegayeffusions(流露oftheirfancy,towhomeveryhouroflaborisanhourof44andevenaholidayisalmostdeprivation(喪失).Whetheramanwriteswellorill,hasmuchtosayorlittle,ifhecaresaboutwritingatall,hewillappreciatethepleasuresofcomposition.Tositatthetableonasunnymorning,withfourclearhoursofuninterruptible plentyofnicewhitepaperandapenistruehappiness.Withthecompleteabsorptionofthemindupona(n) occupation,whatmoreistherethanthattodesire?Whatdoesitmatterwhathappensoutside？TheHouseofCommonsmaydowhatitlikes,andsomaytheHouseofLords.Thebottommaybe cleanoutoftheAmericanmarket.Theheathen(異)mayshow angerineverypartoftheglobe.Nevermind,forfourhours,atanyrate,wewill ourselvesfromacommon,ill- erned,and ReadingComprehensionSectionADirections:ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.Earlyintheageofaffluence(富裕)thatfollowedWorldWarII,anAmericaneconomicystdeclared,“Ourenormouslyproductiveeconomydemandsthatwemakeconsumptionourwayoflife,thatwechangethebuyinganduseofgoodsintohabits,thatweseekour51satisfactionourself-satisfactioninconsumption.Weneedthingsconsumed,burnedup,wornout,recedatanever52rate.”Americanshave53tothecall,andmuchoftheworldhasfollowed.Consumptionhas eacentralpartoflifeinindustriallandsandisevendeeplyrootedinsocial54.Opinionsurveysintheworld’stwolargesteconomies,JapanandtheUnitedStates,showconsumeristdefinitionsofsuccess ingverypopular.Overconsumptionbythefortunateintheworldisanenvironmentalproblem55inseveritybyanythingbutperhapspopulationgrowth.Theirincreasingexploitationof56toexhaustorunalblyspoilss,soils,water,airandIronically(有諷刺意味的),highconsumptionmaybea57blessinginhumanterms,too.Thetime-honoredvaluesofhonestyofcharacter,goodwork,friendship,familyandcommunityhaveoftenbeen58intherushtoriches.Thus,manypeopleintheindustriallandshaveasensethattheirworldofplentyissomehowhollow.Withthe59ofaconsumeristculture,theyalsothinkthattheyhavebeen60attemptingtosatisfywhatareessentiallysocial,psychologicalandspiritualneedswithmaterial61,theoppositeofoverconsumption—povertyisno62toeitherenvironmentalorhumanproblems.Itismuchworseforpeopleandbadforthenaturalworldtoo.Peasantswhohavenothingleftcut-and-burntheirwayintotherainsofLatinAmerica,andhungrynomads(游牧民)turntheiranimalsoutontoAfricangrassland,reducingitto63.Ifenvironmental64resultswhenpeoplehaveeithertoolittleortoomuch,wearetowonderhowmuchisenough.Whatlevelofconsumptioncantheearthsupport?Whendoeshavingmore65toaddnoticeablytohumansatisfaction?51.A.B.C.D.52.A.B.C.D.53.A.B.C.D.54.A.B.C.D.55.A.B.C.D.56.A.B.C.D.57.A.B.C.D.58.A.B.C.D.59.A.B.C.D.60.A.B.C.D.61.A.AsaB.ForC.OfD.Fromthen62.A.B.C.D.63.A.B.C.D.64.A.B.C.D.65.A.B.C.D.SectionDirections:Readthefollowingthreepassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.Nottoomanydecadesagoitseemed“obviousbothtothegeneralpublicandtosociologiststhatmodernsocietyhaschangedpeople’snaturalrelations,loosenedtheirresponsibilitiestorelativesandneighbors,andsubstitutedintheircelooserelationshipswithpassingacquaintances(相識之人).However,inrecentyearsagrowingbodyofresearchhasrevealedthatthe“obvious”isnottrue.Itseemsthatifyouareacityresident,youtypicallyknowasmallerproportionofyourneighborsthanyoudoifyouarearesidentofasmallercommunity.But,forthemostpart,thisfacthasfewsignificantconsequences.ItdoesnotnecessarilyfollowthatifknowfewofyourneighborsyouwillknownooneEveninverylargecities,peoplemaintainclosesocialtieswithinsmall,privatesocialworlds.Indeed,thenumberandqualityofmeaningfulrelationshipsdonotdifferbetweenmoreandlessurbanpeople.Small-townresidentsaremoreinvolvedwithrelativesthanbig-cityresidentsare.Yetcityresidentsmakeupforitbydevelofriendshipswithpeoplewhosharesimilarinterestsandactivities.Urbanismmayproduceadifferentstyleoflife,butthequalityoflifedoesnotdifferbetweentownandcity.Norareresidentsoflargecommunitiesmorelikelytodisypsychologicalsymptomsofstressoralienation,afeelingofnotbelonging,thanresidentsofsmallercommunitiesare.However,cityresidentsdoworrymoreaboutcrime,andthisleadsthemtoadistrustofstrangers.Thesefindingsdonotimplythaturbanismmakeslittleornodifference.Ifneighborsarestrangerstooneanother,theyarelesslikelytosweepthesidewalkofanelderlycouplelivingnextdoororkeepaneyeoutforyoungtroublemakers.Moreover,asWirthsuggested,theremaybealinkbetweenacommunity’spopulationsizeanditssocialheterogeneity(多樣性).Forinstance,sociologistshavefoundmuchevidencethatthesizeofacommunityisassociatedwithbadbehaviorincludinggambling,drugs,etc.Large-cityresidentsarealsomorelikelythansmall-townresidentstohaveacosmopolitan(見識廣的)outlook,todisylessresponsibilitytotraditionalfamilyroles,tovoteforleftistpoliticalcandidates,andtobewillingtoacceptnontraditionalreligiousgroupsandunpopularpoliticalgroups.Everythingconsidered,heterogeneityandunusualbehaviorseemtobe esoflargepopulationsize.Accordingtoparagraph1,itwasonceacommonbeliefthatpeopleinmodernsociety tendedtoacquaintthemselveswithpeoplepassingcouldn’tdevelopverycloserelationshipswithboregreatresponsibilitiestoneighborsandusuallyhadmorefriendsthansmall-townOneoftheconsequencesofurbanismisthatthecityresidents sufferfromthelackof B.lowerthequalityofC.showlittleconcernforother esuspiciousofeachWecanlearnfromthepassagethatthebiggeracommunityis, themoreopen-mindedpeople B.themoresimilaritsinterestsC.themorelikelyitistodisy D.thebetterthequalityoflifeWhatisthepassagemainlyAdvantagesanddisadvantagesoflivinginbigcitiesorsmallMinordifferencesin alrelationsbetweencitiesandThepositiverolethaturbanismhasbeenyinginourmodernThestrongfeelingofalienationthatcityresidentsareWeofferseveraldistinctoptionsforyoutochoosetheticketthatsuitsyouTICKETStandard20Returnwith60daysofoutwardSameday25Ticketcannotbealteredor40Childrenbetween4and25StudentcardmustbeSenior25SeniorscardmustbeGroups(10—2515DiscountoneachsectionoftheRailpass,TouristCard,OnlyonediscountmayapplytoeachCHANGESANDTicketsmayberefundednotlater5minutesbeforethedepartureofthetrainforachargeof15%oftheticketprice,orthejourneymaybechangedtoanotherdayforachargeof10%oftheticketprice.(Notapplicabletosamedayreturns.)CHANGESFORSAMEDAYYoumaychangeyourticketoncewithoutchargeforajourneyonthesamedayastheoriginalticket.INFORMATIONOFINTERESTTOWhenyoubuyyourticket,itisuptoyoutocheckthatthedatesandtimeofthejourneyonitareexactlyasyourequested.Ticketcontrolandaccesstoeachtrain tformwillbeopenuntil2minutesbeforedepartureofthetrain.Eachtravelermaytakeonesuitcaseandoneitemofhandluggage.Youmayalsocheckin15kgsofluggagenotlaterthan30minutesbeforedeparture,atnoextracharge.Ifyouwouldliketocharteratrain,ormakereservationsforover25passengerstravelingtogether,calltheSalesDepartment.OURTIMETABLEISIfthearrivalofyourtrainatyoudestinationisdelayedbymorethan5minutesaccordingtothetimetable,wewillrefundthefullpriceofyourticketifthedelayiscausedbyour Howmuchwillapassengerpayifhewantstoalterhistickettothreedays25%oftheoriginal B.20%oftheoriginalC.15%oftheoriginal D.10%oftheoriginalThelimitofluggageforasinglepassengeris Onesuitcase,onehandbagandone15kgscheck-inOnehandbag,twopiecesof15kgscheck-inOnehandbagandtwopiecesof30kgscheck-inOnesuitcase,onehandbagandone30kgscheck-inWhatdoestheTrainStudents,children,seniorcitizensandgroupscanget25%discountoftheoriginalPassengersgetthefullpriceoftheticketsbackifthetrainisdelayedoverfiveSame-day-returnscanbefullyrefundediftheyarecancelledtwominutesbeforePeoplewithGlobe-trotterticketscantakeanykindofthediscountslistedintheHowdopredators(獵食動物)affectpopulationsoftheprey(獵物)animals?Theanswerisnotassimpleasmightbethought.Themoose(麋鹿)reachedIsleRoyaleinLakeSuperiorbycrossingoverwintericeandbredlythereinisolationwithoutpredators.Whenwolveslaterreachedtheisland,naturalistswidelyassumedthatthewolveswouldyakeyroleincontrollingthemoosepopulation.Carefulstudieshavedemonstrated,howeverthatthisisnotthecase.Thewolveseatmostlyoldordiseasedanimalsthatwouldnotsurvivelonganyway.Ingeneral,themoosepopulationiscontrolledbyfoodavailability,diseaseandotherfactorsratherthanbywolves.Whenexperimentalpopulationsaresetupundersimplelaboratoryconditions,thepredatoroftenwipesoutitspreyandthen esextinctitself.However,ifsafeareaslikethosepreyanimalshaveinthewildareprovided,thepreypopulationdropstolowlevelbutnotextinction.Lowpreypopulationlevelsthenprovideinadequatefoodforthepredators,causingthepredatorpopulationtodecrease.Whenthisoccurs,thepreypopulationcanrebound.Inthissituationthepredatorandpreypopulationmaycontinueinthiscyclicalpatternforsometime.Populationcyclesarecharacteristicofsmallmls,andtheysometimesappeartobebroughtaboutbypredators.EcologistsstudyingharepopulationshavefoundthattheNorthAmericansnowshoeharefollowsaroughlyten-yearcycle.Twofactorsappeartobegeneratingthecycle:foodntsandpredators.Thepreferredfoodsofsnowshoeharesaretenderwillowbranches.Astheharepopulationincreases,thetyofthesebranchesdecreases,forcingtheharestofeedonlow-qualityhigh-fiberfood.Lowerbirthratesandlowgrowthratesfollow,sothereisacorrespondingdeclineinharety.Oncetheharepopulationhasdeclined,ittakestwotothreeyearsforthetyofbranchestorecover.AkeypredatorofthesnowshoehareistheCanadalynx.TheCanadalynxshowsaten-yearcycleofabundance(大量thatparallelstheabundancecycleofhares.Asharenumbersfall,sodolynxnumbers,astheirfoodsupplydecreased.Predatorsareanessentialfactorinmaintainingcommunitiesthatarerichanddiversespecies.Withoutpredators,thespeciesthatisthebestcompetitorforfood,shelter,andotherenvironmentalresourcestendstodominateandexcludethespecieswithwhichitcompetes.Thisphenomenonisknownas“competitorexclusionHoweverifthecommunitycontainsapredatorofthestrongestcompetitorspecies,thenthepopulationofthatcompetitoriscontrolled.Thuseventhelesscompetitivespeciesareabletosurvive.Fromthestandpointofdiversity(多樣性),itisusuallyamistaketoeliminateamajorpredatorfromacommunity.TheauthorusestheexampleofthemooseandwolvesonIsleRoyaleto provideevidencethatpredatorsinfluencepreyquestionthebeliefintheeffectofpredatorsonpreydemonstratepredatorpopulationgrowsfasterthanthatoftheprovethatthestudiesofisolatedpopulationstendtobeTheword“rebound”inthepassageisclosestinmeaning B.C. D.WhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtotheLaboratoryresultscan’texinthechangesinpredatorandpreypopulationsoftheThegrowthofharepopulationmayleadtoacorrespondingincreaseinitsbirthTheexperimentalenvironmentscanpromotethegrowthofpredatorandpreyTheexistenceofamajorpredatorinacommunityisathreattothediversityofWhatcanweconcludefromthepassageaboutthecycleoftheCanadaWhenharenumbersdecrease,lynxnumbersIthasagreateffectonthenumberofsnowshoeItcloselyfollowsthecycleofthesnowshoeItisnotdirectlyrelatedtotheavailabilityoflynxWhatisthebesttitleofthisWhatrolepredatorsyinkeecompetitorWhetherpredatorshaveanimpactonpreyAstudyofthepopulationsofthepredatorandpreyContributingfactorsofthechangesinanimalSectionDirections:Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.Courageisaqualitywecherish.Yetonlyla yhasitbeenstudiedsystematicallytotrytodefinewhatitisandisnot,whereitcomesfromandwhyweloveitsomuch.“Couragehelpstodefinetheexcellent ,”writeGeorgeKateb,apoliticaltheoristatPrincetonUniversity.“Oneoftheworstcriticismintheworldistobecalledacoward,aquitetimid Formanype