英語論文：從英譯漢的實例分析看英漢思維方式差異

-A

Contrastive

Study

of

English-Chinese&n[Abstract]

Due

to

different

cultures,

English

and

Chinese

people

have

formed

their

own

modes

of

thought,

which

influence

their

living

ways

greatly,

especially

their

own

languages.

Mode

of

thought

is

a

very

complicated

abstract

conception

connected

closely

to

philosophy.

In

this

paper

I

will

mainly

concern

on

English

individualism

and

Chinese

entirety,

because

their

difference

is

the

most

distinct

one

existing

in

modes

of

thought.

English

people

prefer

individualism,

which

leads

them

to

subordinate

the

recognized

objects

into

small

parts.

While

Chinese

people

like

entirety,

they

prefer

to

take

the

world

as

a

whole.

Thinking

patterns

have

been

clearly

reflected

on

languages,

as

a

result

of

which

English

is

hypotactic

and

Chinese

is

paratactic.

This

paper

centers

on

the

differences

of

hypotactic

and

paratactic

characteristics

in

languages

and

their

forming

reasons—modes

of

thought.

English

people

prefers

to

make

good

use

of

the

hypotactic

markers

to

link

the

sentence

components,

while

Chinese

usually

try

to

understand

the

world

by

their

own

intuition.

In

this

paper

the

differences

are

explained

through

English-Chinese

translation

and

the

statistics

are

also

given

to

prove

them.

[Key

Words]

comparison;

mode

of

thought;

languages;

English;

Chinese從英譯漢的實例分析看英漢思維方式差異

[摘

要]

根源于不同的文化淵源,英漢兩族人民形成了他們各自的思維模式。這種思維模式的差異深深地影響了他們的各種生活方式,

尤其體現在語言上。思維模式是一個非常復雜抽象的概念,與哲學密切相關。在這篇論文中我將主要闡釋英民族的個體性思維和漢民族的整體性思維,因為它們之間的差異是思維模式中最突出的一面。英民族偏愛個體性思維,這使他們在認識世界時慣于將認知對象劃分為小個體。然而,漢民族偏愛整體性思維,將世界看成一個整體。語言深刻地反映了思維模式的這種差異,因此就形成了英語的形合特征和漢語的意合特征。這篇論文側重闡述語言中的形合和意合特征以及它們各種的形成原因----思維模式。英語民族的人民慣于利用形合標志連接句子成分,而漢民族卻常常應用自身的直覺來體會世界。這篇論文將通過英譯漢的翻譯和統計數據來證實此觀點。

[關

鍵

詞]

英漢思維；對比；語言；英語；漢語

1.

Introduction

The

famous

Whorf

hypothesis

thinks

that

languages

have

determining

effects

on

modes

of

thought,

which

is

formed

relatively

to

languages

and

different

languages

will

bring

on

different

thinking

patterns.[1]p35

Liu

Miqing(劉宓慶)

holds

the

opinion

that

modes

of

thought

has

controlled

over

languages

[2]p35,

and

languages

are

the

concrete

manifestation

of

modes

of

thought.

In

my

opinion,

modes

of

thought

decide

the

use

of

languages,

and

the

reasons

how

languages

are

influenced

by

modes

of

thought

should

be

examined

from

their

relationship.

Modes

of

thought

and

languages

influence

and

reflect

each

other

closely.

“Thinking

patterns,

thought

characteristics

and

thinking

styles

are

the

philosophical

mechanism

of

language

production.

Language

actually

attaches

closely

to

the

thought

that

is

the

profound

mechanism.”[3]

p166

Thinking

patterns

are

the

deep-rooted

mechanism

of

the

forming

and

developing

of

languages,

and

on

the

other

hand

languages

help

to

promote

the

forming

and

developing

of

modes

of

thought.

Language

is

the

carrier

of

thinking

and

abstraction

of

reality,

and

mode

of

thought

is

the

conscious

activity

in

which

people#39;s

minds

reflect

and

realize

the

objective

reality.[4]p36

The

differences

between

thinking

patterns

are

the

main

reasons

that

result

in

the

differences

of

language

forms,

so

I

think

the

study

of

the

features,

the

transition

and

the

relationship

of

languages

should

be

started

with

the

study

of

modes

of

thought

which

connect

closely

with

the

cultures

and

the

languages.

English-Chinese

modes

of

thought

have

their

own

characteristics

in

thinking

core,

thinking

pattern,

cognition

habits

and

thinking

principles.

As

a

tool

for

communication

the

basic

attribute

of

English

and

Chinese

are

the

same,

so

there

are

many

similarities

during

the

description

and

thinking

with

the

two

languages.

But

because

of

the

influence

of

their

own

cultures,

there

are

many

differences

between

the

two

languages,

and

based

on

different

comparison

foundation

there

are

many

different

kinds

of

results.In

this

paper

English-Chinese

translation

will

be

given

and

analyzed

in

details

in

order

to

understand

the

differences

of

the

modes

of

thought

between

English

and

Chinese

through

their

language

manifestations.

Statistics

will

be

given

to

explain

the

differences

of

English

and

Chinese,

which

is

the

foundation

for

my

analyzing

of

the

differences

of

their

own

thinking

patterns.

As

we

know,

there

are

many

differences

between

the

two

languages,

such

as

hypotaxis

and

parataxis,

passive

and

active,

static

and

dynamic,

imperson

and

person.

But

in

this

passage,

I

will

only

mainly

discuss

from

one

point

which

is

hypotaxis

and

parataxis.

As

Nida

states

in

his

book

that

study

from

linguistics,

the

most

important

different

characteristic

between

Chinese

and

English

is

the

difference

of

parataxis

and

hypotaxis.[5]P13

LiuMiqing

holds

the

opinion

that

hypotaxis

and

parataxis

are

the

“unique

characteristic”

for

English

and

Chinese.[6]P13

The

comparison

of

the

difference

will

be

described

through

statistical

description

and

the

deep-rooted

reasons

of

thinking

patterns

will

also

be

given

to

explain

the

forming

of

the

language

difference.2.

The

example

of

the

English

to

Chinese

translation

2.1

English

original

We

know

that

clean

energy

technologies

have

great

appeal

to

the

developing

world

beyond

the

value

we

in

the

developed

world

attach

to

their

capacity

to

limit

climate

change.

Africa,

for

example,

barely

accounts

for

1%

of

global

greenhouse

gas

emissions.

It’s

not

surprising

then

that

our

partners

on

this

continent

are

more

concerned

with

the

development

potential

of

sustainable

energy.

The

price

volatility

of

Africa’s

hydrocarbon

imports

has

played

havoc

with

each

state’s

economy

over

recent

decades

and

stymied

progress.

REEEP

(Renewable

Energy

and

Energy

Efficiency

Partnership)’s

support

for

proven

renewable

technologies,

such

as

solar

water

heating

and

co-generation

---which

of

course

rely

on

local

products

which

don’t

need

to

be

imported---will

greatly

increase

the

reliability

of

Africa’s

energy

supply,

and

thereby

help

spur

development.

The

creating

of

a

more

even

distribution

of

energy

supply

will,

in

turn,

fuel

new

employment

and

commercial

opportunities,

particularly

in

rural

areas.

Renewable

sources

then

will

help

to

address

the

social

inequality

across

the

globe

that

we

see

in

the

currently

marked

and

unacceptable

difference

between

rich

and

poor

nations

in

terms

of

access

to

and

use

of

energy

supplies.

[7]P269

2.2

The

Chinese

translation

清潔性能源技術因為能夠緩解氣候變化而受到我們發達國家的青睞。同樣，這種技術對發展中國家也有巨大的吸引力，但其價值卻不止于此。例如，非洲的溫室效應排放量勉強占世界總量的1%。因此，我們在本大陸的伙伴更加關注可持續性能源的發展潛能也就不足為奇了。最近幾十年來非洲烴進口價格的不穩定性已經給各國經濟造成了巨大破壞并妨礙了發展。再生性能源與能源效率合作組織（PEEEP）對已證實的再生性能源技術的資助，如太陽能熱水器和熱電聯產技術—當然，這只依賴本地產品，不必進口—將大大增加非洲能源供應的可靠性，從而促進發展。

反過來，建立更均衡的能源供應可以提供新的就業和商業機會，尤其是在農村地區。在能源供應的選擇與使用方面，我們看到富國與貧國之間存在著今人難以接受的顯著差距，再生性能源將有助于消除這種全球性的社會不公。[8]P274-2753.

The

main

aspect

of

the

differences

---hypotaxis

and

parataxis

Resulted

from

different

thinking

patterns

there

are

so

many

different

characteristics

between

English

and

Chinese.

The

complete

study

of

the

language

characteristics

surely

will

require

many

effects

and

time,

so

based

on

my

own

limited

knowledge,

I

will

only

try

to

explain

the

characteristics

of

hypotaxis

and

parataxis

and

their

forming

results.

In

my

own

opinion

the

characteristics

of

hypotaxis

and

parataxis

are

the

most

important

differences,

and

the

analysis

of

them

can

let

us

better

understand

the

two

languages

and

their

own

modes

of

thought.

3.1

The

definitions

of

the

two

concepts

The

differences

of

hypotaxis

and

parataxis

should

be

examined

based

on

the

theory,

and

next

I

will

first

give

a

description

of

their

concepts

and

combine

them

to

the

English-Chinese

translation

analyzing

some

sentences

in

details.

3.1.1

The

definition

of

hypotaxis

The

so

called

hypotaxis

refers

to

the

case

that

the

component

parts

of

a

sentence

are

joined

together

by

using

definite

connectives,

such

as

preposition,

relative

pronouns,

conjunction,

affixes,

etc.[9]P35

3.1.2

The

definition

of

parataxis

Parataxis

means

that

the

component

parts

of

the

sentence

are

placed

in

a

definite

order

to

indicate

their

relationship

without

any

connectives

in

between.

So,

the

syntactic

structure

appears

to

be

somewhat

loose,

but

rather

concise

and

expressive.

[10]P36

3.2

Example

(1)

English

original:

We

know

that

clean

energy

technologies

have

great

appeal

to

the

developing

world

beyond

the

value

we

in

the

developed

world

attach

to

their

capacity

to

limit

climate

change.

Chinese

version:

清潔性能源技術因為能夠緩解氣候變化而受到我們發達國家的青睞。同樣，這種技術對發展中國家也有巨大的吸引力，但其價值卻不止于此。基于C8051F單片機直流電動機反饋控制系統的設計與研究基于單片機的嵌入式Web服務器的研究MOTOROLA單片機MC68HC（8）05PV8/A內嵌EEPROM的工藝和制程方法及對良率的影響研究基于模糊控制的電阻釬焊單片機溫度控制系統的研制基于MCS-51系列單片機的通用控制模塊的研究基于單片機實現的供暖系統最佳啟停自校正（STR）調節器單片機控制的二級倒立擺系統的研究基于增強型51系列單片機的TCP/IP協議棧的實現基于單片機的蓄電池自動監測系統基于32位嵌入式單片機系統的圖像采集與處理技術的研究基于單片機的作物營養診斷專家系統的研究基于單片機的交流伺服電機運動控制系統研究與開發基于單片機的泵管內壁硬度測試儀的研制基于單片機的自動找平控制系統研究基于C8051F040單片機的嵌入式系統開發基于單片機的液壓動力系統狀態監測儀開發模糊Smith智能控制方法的研究及其單片機實現一種基于單片機的軸快流CO〈,2〉激光器的手持控制面板的研制基于雙單片機沖床數控系統的研究基于CYGNAL單片機的在線間歇式濁度儀的研制基于單片機的噴油泵試驗臺控制器的研制基于單片機的軟起動器的研究和設計基于單片機控制的高速快走絲電火花線切割機床短循環走絲方式研究基于單片機的機電產品控制系統開發基于PIC單片機的智能手機充電器基于單片機的實時內核設計及其應用研究基于單片機的遠程抄表系統的設計與研究基于單片機的煙氣二氧化硫濃度檢測儀的研制基于微型光譜儀的單片機系統單片機系統軟件構件開發的技術研究基于單片機的液體點滴速度自動檢測儀的研制基于單片機系統的多功能溫度測量儀的研制基于PIC單片機的電能采集終端的設計和應用基于單片機的光纖光柵解調儀的研制氣壓式線性摩擦焊機單片機控制系統的研制基于單片機的數字磁通門傳感器基于單片機的旋轉變壓器-數字轉換器的研究基于單片機的光纖Bragg光柵解調系統的研究單片機控制的便攜式多功能乳腺治療儀的研制基于C8051F020單片機的多生理信號檢測儀基于單片機的電機運動控制系統設計Pico專用單片機核的可測性設計研究基于MCS-51單片機的熱量計基于雙單片機的智能遙測微型氣象站MCS-51單片機構建機器人的實踐研究基于單片機的輪軌力檢測基于單片機的GPS定位儀的研究與實現基于單片機的電液伺服控制系統用于單片機系統的MMC卡文件系統研制基于單片機的時控和計數系統性能優化的研究基于單片機和CPLD的粗光柵位移測量系統研究單片機控制的后備式方波UPS提升高職學生單片機應用能力的探究基于單片機控制的自動低頻減載裝置研究基于單片機控制的水下焊接電源的研究基于單片機的多通道數據采集系統基于uPSD3234單片機的氚表面污染測量儀的研制基于單片機的紅外測油儀的研究96系列單片機仿真器研究與設計基于單片機的單晶金剛石刀具刃磨設備的數控改造基于單片機的溫度智能控制系統的設計與實現基于MSP430單片機的電梯門機控制器的研制基于單片機的氣體測漏儀的研究基于三菱M16C/6N系列單片機的CAN/USB協議轉換器基于單片機和DSP的變壓器油色譜在線監測技術研究基于單片機的膛壁溫度報警系統設計基于AVR單片機的低壓無功補償控制器的設計基于單片機船舶電力推進電機監測系統基于單片機網絡的振動信號的采集系統基于單片機的大容量數據存儲技術的應用研究基于單片機的疊圖機研究與教學方法實踐基于單片機嵌入式Web服務器技術的研究及實現基于AT89S52單片機的通用數據采集系統基于單片機的多道脈沖幅度分析儀研究機器人旋轉電弧傳感角焊縫跟蹤單片機控制系統基于單片機的控制系統在PLC虛擬教學實驗中的應用研究基于單片機系統的網絡通信研究與應用基于PIC16F877單片機的莫爾斯碼自動譯碼系統設計與研究基于單片機的模糊控制器在工業電阻爐上的應用研究基于雙單片機沖床數控系統的研究與開發基于Cygnal單片機的μC/OS-Ⅱ的研究基于單片機的一體化智能差示掃描量熱儀系統研究基于TCP/IP協議的單片機與Internet互聯的研究與實現變頻調速液壓電梯單片機控制器的研究基于單片機γ-免疫計數器自動換樣功能的研究與實現基于單片機的倒立擺控制系統設計與實現單片機嵌入式以太網防盜報警系統基于51單片機的嵌入式Internet系統的設計與實現單片機監測系統在擠壓機上的應用MSP430單片機在智能水表系統上的研究與應用基于單片機的嵌入式系統中TCP/IP協議棧的實現與應用單片機在高樓恒壓供水系統中的應用基于ATmega16單片機的流量控制器的開發\t