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安全工程專業文獻翻譯 sAlthoughaccidentinvestigationisanafter-the-factapproachtohazardidentification,itisstillanimportantpartofthisprocess.Attimeshazardsexist,whichnooneseemstorecognizeuntiltheyresultinanaccidentorincident.Incomplicatedaccidentsitmaytakeaninvestigationtoactuallydeterminewhatthecauseoftheaccidentwas.Thisisespeciallytrueincaseswheredeathresultsandfewornowitnessesexist.Anaccidentinvestigationisafact-findingprocessandnotafault-findingprocesswiththepurposeofaffixingblame.Theendofanyresultofanaccidentinvestigationshouldbetoassurethatthetypeofhazardoraccidentdoesnotexistoroccurinthefuture.Yourcompanyshouldhaveaformalizedaccidentinvestigationprocedure,whichisfollowedbyeveryone.Itshouldbespelledoutinwritingandendwithawrittenreportusingasafoundationofyourstandardcompanyaccidentinvestigationform.Itmaybeyourworkers’compensationformoranequivalentfromyourinsurancecarrier.Accidentsandevennearmissesshouldbeinvestigatedbyyourcompanyifyouareintentonidentifyingandpreventinghazardsinyourworkplace.ThousandsofaccidentsoccurthroughouttheUnitedStateseveryday.Thefailureofpeople,equipment,supplies,orsurroundingstobehaveorreactasexpectedcausesmostoftheaccidents.Accident ccurByusingtheinformationroughaninvestigationasimilaroredisastrousaccidentmaybeccidentinvestigationsshouldbewithaccidentpreventioninmindInvestigationsarenottoplaceblame.AnaccidentisanyunplannedeventthatpersonalinjuryorinpropertynthepersonalinjuryrequireseornotreatmentitisminorIfitsinafatalityorinapermanenttotaltpartialortemporarytotallostsabilityitisseriousSimilarlydamagemaybeminororseriouseallaccidentregardlessofthefinjuryordamageAccidentsarepartgroupofeventsthatadverselyhecompletionofataskTheseeventsentsForsimplicitytheproceduresinlatersectionsreferonlytotsTheyarehoweveralsoapplicabletoincidents.1.AccidentPreventionAccidentsareusuallycomplex.Anaccidentmayhave10ormoreeventsthatcanbecauses.Adetailedanalysisofanaccidentwillnormallyrevealthreecauselevels:basic,indirect,anddirect.Atthelowestlevel,anaccidentresultsonlywhenapersonorobjectreceivesanamountofenergyorhazardousmaterialthatcannotbeabsorbedsafely.ThisenergyorhazardousmaterialistheDIRECTCAUSEoftheaccident.Thedirectcauseis lytheresultofoneormoreunsafeactsonsorbothUnsafeactsandconditionsaretheindirectcausesorsymptoms.Inturn,indirectcausesareusuallytraceabletopoormanagementpoliciesanddecisions,ortopersonalorenvironmentalfactors.Thesearethebasiccause.itymostaccidentsarepreventablebyeliminatingoneormorecauses.Accidentinvestigationsdeterminenotonlywhathappened,butalsohowandwhy.Theinformationgainedfromtheseinvestigationscanpreventrecurrenceofsimilarorperhapsmoredisastrousaccident.Accidentinvestigationsareinterestedineacheventaswellasinthesequenceofeventsthatledtoanaccident.Theaccidenttypeisalsoimportanttotheinvestigator.Therecurrenceofaccidentofaparticulartypeorthosewithcommoncausesshowsareasneedingspecialaccidentpreventionemphasis.vestigativeProceduresTheactualproceduresusedinaparticularinvestigationdependonthenatureandresultsoftheaccident.Theagencyhavingjurisdictionoverthelacationdeterminestheadministrativeprocedures.Ingeneral,responsibleofficialswillappointanindividualtobeinchargeoftheinvestigation.Anaccidentinvestigationshouldusemostofthefollowingsteps: specifictaskstoeach(preferablyinwriting).getupdatedinformation.osewhowerepresentbeforethedthosewhoarrivedatthesitertheaccidentKeepaccurateeachinterviewUseataperecorderifdesiredandifapproved.accident.ablecausesdirectindirectbasicstionstopreventatributethereportaccordingtoapplicableinstructions.Aninvestigationisnotcompleteuntilalleportiscompleted.Inpractice,theinvestigationwork, ationsproceedimespentontheinvestigation.3.Fact-FindingInvestigatorcollectsevidencefrommanysourcesduringaninvestigation,getsinformationfromwitnessesandobservationaswellasbyreports,interviewswitnessesassoonaspossibleafteranaccident,inspectstheaccidentsitebeforeanychangesoccur,takesphotographsandmakessketchesoftheaccidentscene,recordsallpertinentdataonmaps,andgetscopiesofallreports.Documentscontainingnormaloperatingproceduresflowdiagrams,maintenancechartsorreportsofdifficultiesorabnormalitiesareparticularlyuseful.Keepcompleteandaccuratenotesinaboundnotebook.Recordpre-accidentconditions,theaccidentsequenceandpost-accidentconditions.Inaddition,documentthelocationofvictims,witnesses,machinery,energysource,andhazardousmaterials.Insomeinvestigation,aparticularphysicalorchemicallaw,principle,orpropertymayexplainasequenceofevents.Includelawsinthenotestakenduringtheinvestigationorinthelateranalysisofdata.Inaddition,gatherdataduringtheinvestigationthatmaylenditselftoanalysisbytheselaws,principles,orproperties.Anappendixinthefinalreportcanincludeanextendeddiscussion.4.Interview conductinterviewsIfpossible,theteamassignedtothistaskshouldincludeanindividualwithalegalbackground.Afterinterviewingallwitnessestheteamshouldanalyzeeachwitness’statement.Theymaywishtoreinterviewoneormorewitnessestoconfirmorclarifykeypoints.Whiletheremaybeinconsistenciesinwitnesses’statement,investigatorsshouldassembletheavailabletestimonyintoalogicalorder.Analyzethisinformationalongwithdatafromtheaccidentsite.Notallpeoplereactinthesamemannermpleawitnesswithincloseproximitytotheaccidentmayhaveanentirelydifferentstoryfromonewhosawitatadistance.Somewitnessesmayalsochangetheirstoriesaftertheyhavediscusseditwithothers.Thereasonforthechangemaybeadditionalclues.Awitnesswhohashadatraumaticexperiencemaynotbeabletorecallthedetailsoftheaccident.Awitnesswhohasavestedinterestintheresultoftheinvestigationmayofferbiasedtestimony.Finallyeyesighthearing,reactiontime,andthegeneralconditionofeachwitnessmayaffecthisorherpowersofobservation.Awitnessmayomitentiresequencesbecauseofafailuretoobservethemorbecausetheirimportancewasnotrealized.5.ReportofInvestigation AsnotedearlieranaccidentonisnotcompleteuntilareportdsubmittedtoproperpecialreportformsarenmanycasesOthersinstancesmayreextendedreportSuchrepotsryelaborateandmayincludeaetitlepageabstracttableofentaryornarrativediscussioncausesandasectiononconclusionsandrecommendations.ccidentinvestigationshouldbeanartofyourwrittensafetyandogramItshouldbeaformalsuccessfulaccidentinvestigationesnotonlywhathappenedbutalsoandwhytheaccidentoccurredtionsareanefforttopreventaperhapsmoredisastroussequenceofucanthenusetheresultingandrecommendationstopreventfutureaccidents.recordsisalsoveryimportanttoizingandreducinghazardsAreviewofntandinjuryrecordsoveraperiodofanhelppinpointthecauseofviewofntsIfacertainworkershowsupaltimesontherecordasbeinginjuredndicatethatthepersonisphysicallyitedforthejobisnotproperlytraineddsbettersupervisionIfoneortwoonsexperienceahighpercentageofcidentinaworkplacetheyshouldberefullyanalyzedandcountermeasuresshould kentoeliminatethecauseIfthereareltipleaccidentinvolvingonemachineorprocessitispossiblethatworkproceduresmustbechangedorthatmaintenanceisneeded.ecordsthatshowmanyaccidentsduringahortperiodoftimewouldsuggestanenvironmentalproblem.dshavebeenidentifiedthentheinformationandsourcemustbeanalyzedtodeterminetheiroriginandthepotentialtoremoveormitigatetheireffectsupontheworkplaceAnalysisofhazardsforcesustotakeaseriouslookatthem.盡管事故調查是一種事后危害識別的方法,它依舊是危害識別的一個重要組成部分。有時系統中存在人們無法識別的危害,直到事故或事件發生才能得以辨識。對于復雜的事故,也許經過事故調查才能真正發現事故原因,這種情況尤其適用于發生人員死亡或缺少目擊者的事故。事故調查是一個不斷發現事實的過程而不是以追責為目的的發現錯誤的過程。一項事故調查的最終結果應當確定危害或事故不存在或以后所有員工都應當去遵守它。這個程序應該以書面方式
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