國外CC復合材料摩擦學的研究現狀Introduction

Carbon-carbon(C/C)compositeshaveexcellentmechanicalandthermalproperties,makingthemsuitableforhigh-performanceapplicationssuchasaerospaceengineeringandsportsequipment.However,thetribologicalbehaviorofC/Ccompositesiscomplexandoftenreliesonthematerialprocessing,fiberorientation,andoperatingconditions.Inthisreview,wesummarizetherecentresearcheffortsfocusingonthetribologicalbehaviorofC/Ccomposites,includingfriction,wear,andlubrication.

FrictionbehaviorofC/Ccomposites

ThefrictionbehaviorofC/Ccompositesislargelyinfluencedbythemicrostructure,composition,andsurfaceroughnessofthematerial.SeveralstudieshaveinvestigatedthedryslidingfrictionbehaviorofC/Ccompositesagainstvariousmaterialssuchassteel,aluminum,andceramic.IthasbeenobservedthatC/Ccompositesexhibitlowfrictioncoefficientsandexcellentwearresistanceduetotheirhighthermalconductivityandlowthermalexpansioncoefficient.

Inadditiontodrysliding,thefrictionbehaviorofC/Ccompositesunderdifferentlubricationregimeshasalsobeenstudiedextensively.Researchershaveexaminedtheeffectofdifferentlubricantssuchaswater,oil,andsolid-lubricantsonthefrictionbehaviorofC/Ccomposites.TheresultsindicatethatC/Ccompositesexhibitexcellentanti-wearpropertieswhenlubricatedwithsolid-lubricants.

WearbehaviorofC/Ccomposites

ThewearbehaviorofC/Ccompositesdependsonseveralfactors,includingthematerialcomposition,fiberorientation,slidingspeed,andcontactpressure.ThewearresistanceofC/Ccompositesisgenerallyhighduetotheirhighhardnessandlowcoefficientoffriction.However,undercertainconditions,severewearandsurfacedamagecanoccur,leadingtoadecreaseinthematerial'smechanicalproperties.

SeveralstudieshaveinvestigatedthewearbehaviorofC/Ccompositesunderdifferentconditions,includingdrysliding,lubricatedsliding,andabrasivewear.Indrysliding,thewearrateofC/Ccompositesisgenerallylowduetotheformationofaprotectivetransferlayeronthematerialsurface.Inlubricatedsliding,thewearrateofC/Ccompositescanbefurtherreducedbytheintroductionofsolid-lubricants.Inabrasivewear,C/Ccompositesexhibithighwearresistanceduetothehighhardnessandsuperiormechanicalpropertiesofthematerial.

LubricationofC/Ccomposites

TheadditionoflubricantscansignificantlyimprovethetribologicalbehaviorofC/Ccomposites.Severaltypesoflubricantshavebeeninvestigated,includingliquidlubricantssuchaswaterandoil,andsolid-lubricantssuchasgraphiteandmolybdenumdisulfide.

Solid-lubricantshavereceivedsignificantattentionduetotheirabilitytoreducefrictionandwearevenunderextremeconditions.Researchershaveinvestigatedtheeffectofdifferentsolid-lubricantsonthetribologicalbehaviorofC/Ccompositesandhaveobservedasignificantdecreaseinfrictionandwearrates.

Conclusions

Inconclusion,thetribologicalbehaviorofC/Ccompositescontinuestobeanactiveareaofresearch.Thematerial'smicrostructure,composition,andsurfaceroughnessplaysignificantrolesindeterminingthefrictionandwearbehavior.Theadditionoflubricants,especiallysolid-lubricants,cansignificantlyimprovethetribologicalperformanceofC/Ccomposites.FutureresearcheffortsshouldfocusonacomprehensiveunderstandingoftheunderlyingmechanismsgoverningthetribologicalbehaviorofC/Ccomposites,whichcanleadtothedevelopmentofnext-generationhigh-performancematerials.Inadditiontothefactorsmentionedabove,thetribologicalbehaviorofC/Ccompositescanalsobeinfluencedbytheoperatingconditions,suchastemperature,humidity,andatmosphere.Forexample,athightemperatures,theoxidationofC/Ccompositescanformacarbonaceouslayer,whichcanactasaprotectivefilmandreducewear.Ontheotherhand,inwetenvironments,thewaterabsorptionofC/Ccompositescanleadtoadecreaseinmechanicalpropertiesandwearresistance.

Furthermore,themanufacturingprocessofC/Ccompositescanalsoaffecttheirtribologicalbehavior.Forinstance,theadditionofreinforcements,suchasSiCorBN,canenhancethemechanicalpropertiesandwearresistanceofC/Ccomposites.Theprocessingmethod,suchasthetypesandamountsofpyrolysisgasesusedduringthecarbonizationprocess,canalsoaffectthemicrostructureandpropertiesofC/Ccomposites.

Overall,thetribologicalbehaviorofC/Ccompositesisacomplexandmultifacetedphenomenonthatrequiresacomprehensiveunderstandingofthematerialproperties,operatingconditions,andmanufacturingprocess.Nevertheless,C/Ccompositescontinuetobeapromisingmaterialforhigh-performanceapplicationsduetotheirexcellentmechanicalandthermalproperties,andongoingresearcheffortsinthisfieldcanleadtofurtherimprovementsintheirtribologicalbehavior.AnotherimportantfactorthatcaninfluencethetribologicalbehaviorofC/Ccompositesisthedesignofthematerial.ThepropertiesofC/Ccompositescanbetailoredbycontrollingthefiberarchitecture,matrixcomposition,andprocessingconditions.Forexample,theuseofunidirectionalcarbonfiberscanimprovethetensileandcompressivestrengthofC/Ccomposites,whiletheuseofwovenorbraidedfabricscanenhancetheirtoughnessandimpactresistance.Additionally,theincorporationofadifferenttypeofcarbon,suchaspitchorresin,caninfluencethemicrostructureandpropertiesofthematerial.

ThesurfaceroughnessandmorphologyofC/Ccompositescanalsoaffecttheirtribologicalbehavior.Smoothersurfacescanreducefrictionandwear,whileroughersurfacescanimprovetheadhesionbetweenthematerialandthecounterface,leadingtoahigherwearrate.Surfacetreatments,suchaspolishing,coating,orchemicalmodification,canbeemployedtomodifythesurfacepropertiesofC/Ccompositesandimprovetheirtribologicalperformance.

Finally,thetribologicalbehaviorofC/Ccompositescanalsobeinfluencedbythetypeandnatureofthecounterfaceorlubricantusedintheapplication.ThecompatibilitybetweentheC/Ccompositeandthecounterfacecanaffectthefrictionandwearproperties,whilethepresenceofalubricantcanreduceslidingfrictionandprotectthesurfacefromwear.However,theselectionofasuitablelubricantcanbechallenging,assomelubricantsmayreactwiththeC/Ccompositeandaffectitsproperties.

Inconclusion,thetribologicalbehaviorofC/Ccompositesisacomplexandmultifactorialphenomenonthatrequiresacomprehensiveunderstandingofthematerialproperties,operatingconditions,anddesignparameters.Byconsideringthesefactors,itispossibletooptimizethetribologicalperformanceofC/Ccompositesandenabletheiruseinawiderangeofhigh-performanceapplications.Inrecentyears,C/Ccompositeshavebeenwidelyusedinvarioushigh-performanceapplications,suchasaerospace,automotive,andindustrialsectors,duetotheirexcellentmechanicalandthermalproperties.However,theirtribologicalbehaviorremainsamajorchallengefortheirsuccessfulapplicationinthesefields.Therefore,extensiveresearchisbeingconductedtounderstandtheunderlyingmechanismsandoptimizethetribologicalperformanceofC/Ccomposites.

OneoftheapproachestoimprovingthetribologicalbehaviorofC/Ccompositesisthedevelopmentofnewmaterialsandcompositeswithenhancedproperties.Forinstance,theuseofnanomaterials,suchasgrapheneandcarbonnanotubes,asreinforcementinC/Ccompositescanimprovetheirstrength,stiffness,andtribologicalproperties.Otherapproachesinvolvethemodificationoftheprocessingconditions,suchastheuseofhigh-temperaturetreatments,toimprovethemicrostructureandpropertiesofC/Ccomposites.

AnotherpromisingapproachtoimprovingthetribologicalbehaviorofC/Ccompositesistheincorporationofnanoparticlesorothersolidlubricantsintothematrixorassurfacecoatings.Thesesolidlubricantscanreducefrictionbyformingaprotectivelayeronthesurfaceofthematerialorbyenhancingtheformationoftransferfilmsbetweentheslidingsurfaces.Additionally,theuseofself-lubricatingandadaptivematerials,suchasmaterialswithahierarchicalstructureorstimuli-responsivecoatings,canimprovethetribologicalperformanceofC/Ccomposites.