Unit7

Changeofmeaning

causesofchangetypesofchangemeaningshiftsTheprocessofevolutionThetrendofevolution1.causesofchange

linguisticcognitive

competencebook

borrowed

wordsstoolTheincreaseordecreaseinthemeaningtideSimplifiedwordsEnglishi

figuresofspeechfoxExtra-linguisticSocialdevelopmentSocialenvironmentSocialclassnational

sentimentRacialsentimentgender

differencesyouthculture

social

valuesredtape2.typesofchangechange

inthe

rangeofmeaningcommendatory

andderogatorymeaningsThemeaningoflifeanddeathtransferenceofmeaning1.GeneralisationofmeaningEspecially–generallyConcrete–AbstractTerms--common

wordsproper

noun—commonnoun2.narrowing

of

wordmeaninga.Especially–generallyb.Concrete–Aper

noun—commonnound.Terms--common

wordse.theBorrowedwordf.abbreviation3.Upwordshiftinthemeaningofaword(elevation)

Eg:inn,knight,success…4.Downwardshiftinthemeaningofaword(degradation)Eg:silly,wench,peasant5.Euphemism--About

social

occupation

socialproblem--Aboutillness,aginganddeath--Aboutgenderandreproductive--Aboutpolitics,economy,military,diplomacy6.LexicalrevivalsFromsciencetechnology,music,sports,slang…

7.Lossaccounta.obsolete(廢棄義)---accord,circus…b.Archaicmeaning(過時義)—admire,fan,sit…詞義的轉(zhuǎn)移1.Metaphor2.Metonomy3.Synecdoche4.Synaesthesia5.onomatopoeiaMetaphorDefinitionTheuseofawordorphrasetomeansomethingdifferentfromtheliteralmeaning.Aristotle

themeaningofoneexpressionwastransferredtoanotherexpression.Dr.johnson

heterogeneousideasyokedbyviolence.i.A.Richards

Vehicle(喻體)Tenor(本體)Ground(活動場地)1.n形Alltheworldisastage,andallthemenandwomenmerelyplayers.2.v.形Theboywolfeddownthefoodthemomenthegrabbedit.3.adj形Themountainouswavesswalloweduptheship.4.-of形(a.)a/the+n1+of+n2Thebridgeoffriendship(b.)a+n1+of+a+n2AflowerofagirlMetonymy(借代)Itisafigureofspeechthathastodowiththesubstitutionofnameofonethingforthatofanother.Types1.ContainerforcontainedThekettle’sboiling.2.Possessorforpossessed/attributeWhereareyouparked?3.RepresentedentityforrepresentativeEnglandwontheWorldCupin1966.4.WholeforpartDoyouneedtousethebathroom5.partforwholeTherearetoomanymouthstofeed.6.placeforinstitutionThewhitehousedeniestheallegations.Synecdoche(提喻)Afigureofspeechinwhichapartisusedforthewholeorthewholeforapart.Eg:Graybears(oldmen)Tensails(tenships)Metonymy(借代)Afigureofspeechinwhichonewordorphraseissubstitutedforanotherwithwhichitiscloselyassociated.Eg:Thecrown(aqueen)Thebench(ajudge)Synaesthesia(通感)Toexperiencetwothingsatthesametime.Pathologicalsynaesthetes:havetwoperceptsSynaesthesia:haveoneperceptEg:Asweetmelody(onlyappliestohearingandnottohearing.)今日主講1.擬聲2.詞義的演變過程3.發(fā)展趨勢Onomatopoeia（擬聲）Definition：onomatopoeicwordsareechoicwordswhosesoundreflectthesense1.wordsareformedfromnaturalsounds:rumble(打雷)2.wordsareusedandsometimesadapted,includingvisually,tosuggestasound:splash（濺水的聲音）

Onomatopoeiaoftenusealliterationandassonance

1.Inchildren’sstories:onlyabeetreegoes,‘buzz!Buzz!’2.Incomicbooksandcartoons:wham!Kaboom!3.Inthelanguageofadvertising:all3kodakdisccamerasgobzzt,bzzt,flash,flash4.Whenwriterswanttobuildupaphonaestheticeffect:theslush-slurpofthecreatureemergingformtheBlackLagoon詞義的演變過程Radiation（放射型）Definition：aprocessofsemanticchangeinwhichthereisamultiplicationinthesenseofaword,phrase,orlexeme.Everysubordinatemeaningarecomingfromcentremeaning,buttheyareindependentfromeachother

以hand這個詞為例，除了“手”這個中心意義還有18中其他義項

手猴子的腳鐘表的指針作手，一手造成支配掌管等等雇員手藝才能字跡手跡Developmenttendencies(發(fā)展趨勢)1.meaningbasedintheexternaldescribedsituationtotheinternal(evaluative/perceptual/cognitive)describedsituation.例如Boor(種田人)本不包含貶義，但剝削者為地對種田人進(jìn)行了內(nèi)心的評價，認(rèn)為他們是沒有文化上的粗野鄉(xiāng)巴佬，于是該詞就與”愚昧無知，粗暴，愚蠢”等概念聯(lián)系起來了2.meaningtendtobecomeincreasinglybasedinthespeaker’ssubjectivebelief/state/attitudetowardtheproposition。Apparently原義是外表公開的，而后就帶有說話者的主觀評價。如sheisapparentlydeterminedtopursuethis(她一定會去追求這個，對此我很確信)3.Subsumesmanychangesfromconcretetoabstract例如touch(接觸)本是具體的但發(fā)展成為了觸覺，一種抽象的感覺4.subsumeschangesofthetypeevidencedbythedevelopmentofwhile,whileservesasthenounmeaning“time”,wasreducedbygrammaticalizationtoatemporalconnective,andlateraconcessivepolysemyarose5.domi