大國崛起—中國的海洋權益保障TheRisingofaGreatState—MarineProtectioninChina主講人:張晏瑲博士Speaker:Dr.Yen-ChiangChang(Gavin)山東大學法學院教授Professor,SchoolofLawShandongUniversity,China

2023/2/41Theintroductionoftheoceanlandscope:15millionkm2oceanarea:36millionkm22023/2/42ThehistoricaldevelopmentofthelawofthesearesomniumcommunesmarineseparatismmaritimezoningintegratedmaritimeplanningMareLiberum-GrotiusMareClausum-Selden2023/2/432023/2/44ThecodificationofthelawoftheseaUNCLOSI-1958ConventionontheterritorialseaandthecontiguouszoneConventiononthehighseasConventiononthecontinentalshelfConventiononfishingandconservationofthelivingresourcesonthehighseasUNCLOSII-1960UNCLOSIII-1982ConstitutionoftheOcean2023/2/45Source:R.R.ChurchillandA.V.Lowe,TheLawoftheSea3rded.,ManchesterUniversityPress,1999,p30

2023/2/46Baselines1.Thenormalbaseline:“formeasuringthebreadthoftheterritorialseaisthelow-waterlinealongthecoastasmarkedonthelarge-scalechartsofficiallyrecognisedbythecoastalState.”-§5,UNCLOS2.Thestraightbaseline:maybeusedinlocalitieswherethecoastlineisdeeplyindentedandcutinto,orifthereisafringeofislandsalongthecoastinitsimmediatevicinity.-§7,UNCLOSAnglo-NorwegianFisheriesCase(1951)2023/2/47Theconditionsofusingstraightbaselines:Mustnotdeparttoanyappreciableextentfromthegeneraldirectionofthecoast,andtheseaareaslyingwithinthelinesmustbesufficientlycloselylinkedtothelanddomaintobesubjecttotheregimeofinternalwaters.Maynotbedrawntoorfromlow-tideelevationsunlesslighthousesorsimilarinstallationswhicharepermanentlyabovesealevelhavebeenbuiltonthem.MaynotinsuchawayastocutofffromthehighseasortheterritorialseaofanotherState.2023/2/482023/2/492023/2/410BaselinesforspecialgeographicfeatureBaysRivermonths2023/2/411HarbourworksLow-tideelevations:anaturallyformedareaoflandwhichissurroundedbyandabovewateratlowtidebutsubmergedathightide.-§13(1),UNCLOS2023/2/4122023/2/413Archipelagicbaselinesstraightlinesmaybedrawnaroundtheoutermostpointsofthearchipelagoandsuchlinesformthebaselinefromwhichtheterritorialseaandotherzonesaremeasured.2023/2/414InternalwatersInternal,ornational,orinterior,watersarethosewaterswhichlielandwardofthebaselinefromwhichtheterritorialseaandothermaritimezonesaremeasured.-§8,UNCLOSInternalwatersofamaritimecharactermostlycomprisebays,estuariesandports,andwatersenclosedbystraightbaselines.2023/2/415TheterritorialseaThelimitoftheterritorialseaattwelvenauticalmiles2023/2/416LegalstatusoftheterritorialseaThesovereigntyofStatesovertheirterritorialseas.Q:Howabouttheseabed,subsoilandsuperjacentairspace?Therightofinnocentpassage:Passageisinnocentsolongasitisnotprejudicialtothepeace,goodorderorsecurityofthecoastalState.Q:Whatactionisconsideredtobeprejudicial?Q:Howaboutsubmarine?2023/2/417TherighttodenyandsuspendpassageQ:Dothewarshipsenjoy“therightofinnocentpassage”?Territorialjurisdiction1.Civiljurisdiction2.Criminaljurisdiction3.Administrativejurisdiction

2023/2/418ThecontiguouszoneThecontiguouszonemaynotextendbeyond24nauticalmilesfromthebaselinesfromwhichthebreadthoftheterritorialseaismeasured.-§33,UNCLOSThecoastalStatemayexercisethecontrolnecessarytopreventinfringementofitscustoms,fiscal,immigrationorsanitarylawsandregulationswithinitsterritoryorterritorialsea.2023/2/419StraitsUsedforInternationalNavigationStraits:anarrownaturalpassageorarmofwaterconnectingtwolargerbodiesofwater.Q:Transitpassage?orinnocentpassage?

*astraitbetweenmainlandandaniland?*astraitconnecttootherterritorialsea?*highseasandEEZ?2023/2/420ArchipelagicwatersThesovereigntyofanarchipelagicStateextendstotheairspaceoverthearchipelagicwaters,aswellastotheirbedandsubsoil,andtheresourcescontained

therein.Q:Rightofinnocentpassage?orRightofarchipelagicsealanespassage?2023/2/421ThecontinentalshelfThecontinentalshelfofacoastalStatecomprisestheseabedand

subsoilofthesubmarineareasthatextendbeyonditsterritorialsea

throughoutthenaturalprolongationofitslandterritorytotheouteredgeof

thecontinentalmargin,ortoadistanceof200nauticalmilesfromthe

baselinesfromwhichthebreadthoftheterritorialseaismeasuredwherethe

outeredgeofthecontinentalmargindoesnotextenduptothatdistance.ThecoastalStateexercisesoverthecontinentalshelfsovereign

rightsforthepurposeofexploringitandexploitingitsnaturalresources.2023/2/422TheexclusiveeconomiczoneTheexclusiveeconomiczoneisanareabeyondandadjacenttothe

territorialsea,subjecttothespecificlegalregimeestablishedinthisPart,

underwhichtherightsandjurisdictionofthecoastalStateandtherightsand

freedomsofotherStatesaregovernedbytherelevantprovisionsofthis

Convention.Q:Soverienty?orsovereignrights?*theestablishmentanduseofartificialislands,installationsandstructures*marinescientificresearch*theprotectionandpreservationofthemarineenvironment2023/2/4232023/2/424長：1200KM寬：140~200KM槽底長：840KM寬：36~120KM深：2719M2023/2/4252023/2/4262023/2/427HighseasThehighseasareopentoallStates,

whethercoastalorland-locked.