高三英語學法指導與基礎訓練一、談談閱讀理解閱讀是高考的重點和難點。閱讀理解在高考試卷中占分40分，如果加上完型填空題（有人稱之為缺詞閱讀）30分，那就是70分，占了將近總分的一半。高考之所以重視閱讀理解，是因為閱讀是一種比較高級的語言能力，它是獲取更綜合、更復雜、更精確信息的必要手段。閱讀能力也是做好其他題型，如聽力、單項填空、短文改錯和書面表達的基本因素。閱讀理解的考核是在語篇中進行的，也易于考查觀察、判斷、推理與綜合的能力。閱讀理解題一般考五篇文章，包括故事、科普文章、新聞報道、議論文和應用文（如廣告、產品說明、電報等）。五篇文章加上所問問題，總單詞量在個左右，要求在35分鐘內完成。閱讀速度平均為每分鐘60個詞。做好閱讀理解題的必備條件:1、能迅速看準每一句的結構，找出主句的主語、謂語和賓語。2、有一定的詞匯量和分辨詞義詞性的能力。3、能靈活運動所學過的語法和詞匯知識，對影響意思理解的復合句、非謂語動詞短語、關聯詞語、后置定語、省略、替代和跳躍等語言現象做出正確判斷。4、有良好的思維能力。會邊看邊加工所得到的信息，從而做出正確的推理判斷，綜合概括，準確理解表面意思和深層含義。5、會精讀，也會跳讀和略讀。6、具有相當的閱讀實踐經驗和良好的語感。7、對英美文化有一定了解。在準備閱讀理解測試時，要明確閱讀的能力是靠大量閱讀的實踐練出來的。有志于提高閱讀水平的同學，應該每天堅持讀三四篇文章,日積月累，才能逐步提高閱讀水平。讀的時候要注意精讀與泛讀相結合。精讀的文章力求弄懂每一句話，每一個詞，必要時要請教老師,翻查詞典。泛讀的文章，一般是難度較小的文章，只求理解文章大意，有些詞甚至句子不懂也沒關系，盡量不查詞典，這樣可以保證一定的速度和量。泛讀對培養語感，提高速度有很大好處?？上в型瑢W不重視泛讀，以為閱讀就是逐字讀，這其實是片面的。二、練習與解析In1901,H.G.Wells,anEnglishwriter,wroteabookdescribingatriptothemoon.Whentheexplores（探險者）landedonthemoon,theydiscoveredthatthemoonwasfullofundergroundcities.Theyexpressedtheirsurprisetothe“moonpeople“theymet.Inturn,the“moonpeople“expressedtheirsurprise.“Why,"theyasked,“areyoutravelingtoouterspacewhenyoudon'tevenuseyourinnerspace?”G.Wellscouldonlyimaginetraveltothemoon.In1969.humanbeingsreallydidlandonthemoon.Peopletodayknowthattherearenoundergroundcitiesonthemoon.However,thequestionthatthe“moonpeople^^askedisstillaninterestingone.Agrowingnumberofscientistsareseriouslythinkingaboutit.Undergroundsystemsarealreadyinplace.Manycitieshaveundergroundcarparks.Insomecities,suchasTokyo,SeoulandMontreal,therearelargeundergroundshoppingareas.The€tChunner,,atunnel（隧道）connectingEnglandandFrance,isnowcomplete.Butwhataboutundergroundcities?Japan'sTaiseiCorporationisdesigninganetworkofundergroundsystems,called“AliceCities."Thedesignersimagineusingsurfacespaceforpublicparksandusingundergroundspaceforflats,offices,shopping,andsoon.Asolardome（太陽能穹頂）wouldcoverthewholecity.Supportersofundergrounddevelopmentsaythatbuildingdownratherthanbuildingupisagoodwaytousetheearth'sspace.Thesurface,theysay,canbeusedforfarms,parks,gardens,andwilderness.H.G.Wells,t4moonpeople"wouldagree.Wouldyou?Theexplorersin11.G.Wells'storyweresurprisedtofindthatthe“moonpeople,,knewsomuchabouttheearthunderstoodtheirlanguageliveinsomanyundergroundcitieswereaheadoftheminspacetechnologyWhatdoestheunderlinedword"it”(Paragraph2)referto?Discoveringthemoon'sinnerspace.Usingtheearth'sinnerspace.Meetingthe“moonpeople”again.Travelingtoouterspace.Whatsortofundergroundsystemsarealreadyherewithus?Offices,shoppingareas,powerstations.Tunnels,carparks,shoppingareas.Gardens,carparks,powerstations.Tunnels,gardens,offices.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?AliceCities—citiesofthefutureSpacetravelwithH.G.WellsEnjoylivingundergroundBuildingdown,notupC2.B3.B4.D.解答本題時，可從開頭段中theexplorers登上月球后的發現找出線索：…theydiscoveredthatthemoonwasfullofundergroundcities,也就是本題題干與選項C結合而成的說法：Theexplorers***tofindthatthe“moonpeople“livedinsomanyundergroundcitieso.注意此句重心在后，強調的是：…youdon'tevenuseyourinnerspace,也即選項B所說的Usingtheearth'sinnerspaceo.通過跳讀迅速將探索范圍縮小到第3日，其主題句即為Undergroundsystemsarealreadyinplace,然后列出這些systems的名稱：carparks,largeundergroundshoppingareas,atunnelo.短文開頭explorers與moonpeople之間的對話中即已點明useinnerspace,也就是builddown這一主題；結尾段中則更為明確地將全文主題(undergrounddevelopm6nt)解釋為buildingdownratherthanbuildingupisagoodwaytousetheearth'sspace,,由此可以確定本題答案為D。(2)LONDON(Reuters)—Organicfruit,deliveredrighttothedoorstep.ThatiswhatGabrielGoldprefers,andheiswillingtopayforit.Ifthisisnotpossible,the26-year-oldcomputertechnicianwillspendtheextramoneyatthesupermarkettobuyorganicfood."Organicproduceisalwaysbetter,Goldsaid."Thefoodisfreeofpesticides(農藥),andyouaregenerallysupportingfamilyfarmsinsteadoflargefarms.Andmoreoftenthannotitislocally(本地)grownandseasonal,soitismoretasty.”Goldisoneofagrowingnumberofshoppersbuyingintotheorganictrend,andsupermarketsacrossBritainarecountingonmorelikehimastheygrowtheirorganicfoodbusiness.Buthowmanyshoppersreallyknowwhattheyaregetting,andwhyaretheywillingtopayahigherpricefororganicproduce?MarketresearchshowsthatGoldandotherswhobuyorganicfoodcangenerallygiveclearreasonsfortheirpreferences-buttheirknowledgeoforganicfoodisfarfromcomplete.Forexample,smallamountsofpesticidescanbeusedonorganicproducts.AndaboutthreequartersoforganicfoodinBritainisnotlocalbutimported(進口)tomeetgrowingdemand."Thedemandfororganicfoodisincreasingbyaboutonethirdeveryyear,soitisaveryfastgrowingmarket,saidSueFlock,aspecialistinthislineofbusiness.MoreandmorepeopleinBritainarebuyingorganicfoodbecause.theyaregettingrichertheycangetthefoodanywheretheyconsiderthefoodfreeofpollutiontheylikehome-grownfruitWhichofthefollowingstatementsistruetothefactsaboutmostorganicproducesoldinBritain?Itgrowsindoorsallyearround.ItisproducedoutsideBritain.Itisgrownonfamilyfarms.Itisproducedonlargefarms.Whatisthemeaningof"theorganictrend^^asthewordsareusedinthetext?growinginterestinorganicfoodbetterqualityoforganicfoodrisingmarketfororganicfoodhigherpricesoforganicfoodWhatisthebesttitleforthisnewsstory?Organicfood—healthy,orjustforthewealthy?ThemakingoforganicfoodinBritainOrganicfood—toimportornot?GoodqualitiesoforganicfoodC2.B3.A4.A.Gold的話代表了英國消費者的認識,“???Thefoodisfreeofpesticides…”也就是:theyconsiderthefoodfreeofpollution..短文中與MostorganicproducesoldinBritain產地相關的內容，排除干擾選項，選定最佳答案。.本題四個選項中均包含organicfood（與主題相關，錯誤選項因而會構成干擾)，但從所在句看，buyingintotheorganictrend的主語是(agrowingnumberof)shoppers,越來越多的人開始購買這種食品，當然意味著(theshoppers)haveshownagrowinginterestinorganicfoodo選項A表達的正是這樣一種形勢，應為最佳答案。.Organicfood—healthy(雖與人們所知有些出入,但大體如此);orjustforthewealthy?短文中有shoppersarewillingtopayahigherpricefororganicproduce,與此相符。如何解答閱讀理解中的問題在準備閱讀理解測試時，要對經常出現的問題進行總結。高考中的閱讀理解問題，主要涉及文章中的知識細節，概括中心意思，猜測陌生詞語的意思和推理判斷。測試問題方式采用多項選擇題型，每題給出四個備選答案，要求從中選出一個最佳答案。例如：考查主題思想或段落大意Thestorymainlytellsus.Thebesttitleofthispassageshouldbe.推理判斷測試題Wecaninferfromthepassage.Wecanconcludefromthepassage.應對閱讀理解測試時的注意事項.如有的文章帶標題，應仔細看標題。標題是文章主題的高度概括，它可以給我們一些啟示和線索。.先快速瀏覽一下全文，大概了解一下這是記敘文還是科普文章，中文注釋的單詞是什么意思，這一步要快。.仔細看原文，凡人物與數字或地名可用筆作個記號，沒弄明白的地方也可劃個線，以便看完全文再重讀。讀時要注意弄明白句子的主謂結構，同時在大腦中加工所得到的信息。.看完文章，即可做題。要注意四個選項都看看，不要只看了一兩個就作出判斷。對有把握的題，在做完判斷后就不要折回原文核對了。但對沒有把握的題則應把相關的句或段重看一次。.判斷詞義詞性時要注意結合上下文。人家考的是在特定的環境下的意思。.概括中心意思時，要注意不可離題太遠，太籠統，但也不要只概括一段或幾句的意思。段落大意一般常與該段首句或尾句有關。.問及對某個問題的看法與態度，要記住是在問作者態度，而不是問你作為中國學生的想法。.考查文章細節的問題一定要在原文中找到出處。.如時間夠，還應復讀全文，核對各題答案，完成未定之題。要注意各題的答案要邏輯一致，不能自相矛盾。練習與解析（1）Treasurehunts（尋寶）haveexcitedpeople'simaginationforhundredsofyearsbothinreallifeandinbookssuchasRobertLouisStevenson'sTreasureIsland.KitWilliams,amodernwriter,hadtheideaofcombiningtherealexcitementofatreasurehuntwithclues（線索）foundinabookwhenhewroteachildren'sstory,Masquerade,in1979.Thebookwasaboutahare,andamonthbeforeitcameoutWilliamsburiedagoldhareinaparkinBedfordshire.Thebookcontainedalargenumberofcluestohelpreadersfindthehare,butWilliamsputinalotof“redherrings”,orfalseclues,tomisleadthem.KenRoberts,themanwhofoundthehare,hadbeenlookingforitfornearlytwoyears.Althoughhehadbeensearchinginthewrongareamostofthetime,hefounditbylogic（邏輯）,notbyluck.Hissuccesscamefromthefactthathehadgainedanimportantclueatthestart.Hehadrealizedthatthewords:"OneofSixtoEight“underthefirstpictureinthebookconnectedthehareinsomewaytoKatherineofAragon,thefirstofHenryVIITssixwives.Evenhere,however,Williamshadsucceededinmisleadinghim.KenknewthatKatherineofAragonhaddiedatKimboltoninCambridgeshirein1536andthoughtthatWilliamshadburiedtheharethere.Hehadbeendiggingthereforoverayearbeforeanewideaoccurredtohim.HefoundoutthatKitWilliamshadspenthischildhoodnearAmpthill,inBedforshire,andthoughtthathemusthaveburiedthehareinaplaceheknewwell,buthestillcouldnotseetheconnectionwithKatherineofAragon,untilonedayhecameacrosstwostonecrossesinAmpthillParkandlearntthattheyhadbeenbuiltinherhonorin1772.Eventhenhissearchhadnotcometoanend.ItwasonlyafterhehadspentseveralnightsdiggingaroundthecrossthathedecidedtowritetoKitWilliamstofindoutifhewaswastinghistimethere.Williamsencouragedhimtocontinue,andonFebruary24th1982,hefoundthetreasure.Itwasworth￡；3000inthebeginning,buttheexcitementithadcausedsinceitsburialmadeitmuchmorevaluable.1.Theunderlinedword"them”(paragraph1)referstoA.Anexcitinghistoricalevent.B.Amoderntreasurehunt.C.TheattractionofMasquerade.D.Theimportanceoflogicalthinking..D最重要的線索為them之前的動詞mislead,由其語義可以斷定，其后為“人”而非“物”，答案為readers(of-).C循序查找另外三個與故事相關的線索，體會本文作者描述幸運讀者KenRoberts尋寶過程時的語氣變化：其中，第二段第3句為HissuccessCcimefromthefactthathehadgainedanimportantclueatthestart…而后聯系到“OneofSixtoEight”也就是Katheri