AAPBiologychaptercellwallPageEvolutionEvolutionofLandspecialadaptationsforlifeondryprotectionfromdrying=waxygasexchange(throughspspecialadaptationsforlifeondrywater&nutrientconductingfromroots/soiltoxylem&protectionforPage 1seedlandplants子植物pollen&flowers&fruitpollen&vascularsystem=waterPageAncestralfloweringTThreemajornonvasular,seedlessvasular,andseededBryophytes苔蘚1stlandTracheophytes維管植物:containvascularPage BBryophytes:1stlandBryophytes:mosses苔蘚&liverwortsnowatertransportnotruestems,rootsandPageBBryophytes:mosses&truevascularvasculartissuesenableplanttothriveonlandbyfacilitatingthetransportandstorageofwaterandPagevavasculartissuesmovewater&mineralsupfromrootsdeadcellsatfunctionalmaturityonlycellwallsneedemptypipestoefficientlymovetranspirationalPageXXylemtwotracheids管胞:longandthin,withvessellelements導管shortandthick,withpartiallyperforated穿孔endwall.PagePagePageWWaterenterstheplantthroughtherootsrootshaircarrywaterandincreasethesurfaceareasforabsorption.rootPagePPhloem韌皮部food-conductingcarrysugars&nutrientsthroughoutLivingcellsatfunctionalcellmembrane,controloflosetheirnucleus,ribosomes&moreroomforspecializedtransportofliquidfood(sucrose)Pagepphloemsievetubes篩管sieveplates—endwalls—haveporestofacilitateflowoffluidbetweencellsnucleatedcellsconnectedtothesieve-helpsievePagePagePageTTheseeded Gymnosperm:FirstseedplantsAngiosperm:FirstfloweringPagevascularxylem,phloem,roots,nakedseeds(nowoodyperennialplant多年生植物meaningtheyliveyearafterPagevavascularxylem,phloem,roots,seedsinsidefruitorPageAngiospermAngiospermcanbedevidedintotwoclasses:monocotsanddicots2cotyledons(seedleaveswithnetworkofwoodyplantstreesbeansmonocots葉1leaveswithparallelgrasses, ,PageMMonocots&MMonocots&PagePPageLLifecycleofzygotePagePPagemmalegametophyte=pollengrain(haploid)spermnucleitraveldownpollentubefemalegametophyte=ovarysac(haploid)3n2nnewsporophyteinseed generation孢子體世代whenthehaploidgametes-eggsandsperms-uniteduringfertilization,azygoteisformed. generation配子體世代theplantproducessporesthroughPagebryophytesbryophytes&inbryophytes苔蘚racheophytesthesporophytestageisdominantandthegametophytegenerationisreducedinsize.PagepplantSpecificregionsofgrowthmeristems分生組織(unspecialized,activelydividingcells)regeneratenewapical頂端shootgrowthinlengthprimarygrowthapicalrootgrowthinlengthprimarylateralmeristemgrowthingirthsecondarygrowthPageAApicalPagepprimarygrowthapicalmeristemslocatedinthetipsofrootsandstems.increasethelengthofaplantPagepprimarygrowthsesecondarygrowthgrowthinthickens&strengthensolderpartofcorkcambium木栓形成組織makesbarkgrowingringaroundvascularcambiummakesxylem&growingringaroundPageccorkvascularPagePhloemproducedtotheXylemproducedtothePagelastyear’streetreeringsthewaytodeterminetheageofcomposedofdeadxylem,representthetree'sannualgrpwth.PagespspecialstructuresinPageRootsRootsanchorplantinsoil,absorbminerals&water,&storefoodfibrousrootsmatofthinrootsthatspreadtaproots1largeverticalalsoproducesmanysmalllateral,orbranchrootsroothairsincreaseabsorptivesurfaceareaPageshshootstembudsterminalorapicalaxillarybudsflowerbuds&PageMModifiedstolons匍匐莖(strawberries)rhizome根莖Pagetuberbulb鱗莖FunctionofenergyCHOgasPageMModifiedtendrils卷須spines刺Page43succulent多肉 coloredleavesPageepidermis表皮:anouterprotectivecortex皮質amiddleregionwhichstoresstrachandother e中柱theinnercylinderwhichcontainsxylemsandPage中中柱髓PageWWaterflowthroughapoplast質外體途 porouscell–watercanflowthroughcellwallroute¬enter途 throughplasmodesmata胞間PagePagePPagePagePageCControllingtherouteofwaterinEndodermiscelllayersurroundingvascularcylinderoflinedwithimpermeableCasparianstripPagePagePageFunctionofenergyCHOgasPageofmodifiedleaves carpel心皮/ PageppollenmalePageoovulepolarnuclei胚egg反足助細doubledoublefertilizationPagePagePagePPagePagePage1P1PagePagePagePageeepicotyl上胚軸atthetipofthestemsandehypocotyl下胚軸thestemsbelowtheetheradicle胚根embryonicPageNNutritionalmeanautonomousplantssunasanenergyinorganiccompoundsasrawmaterialswaterPageNNutrientLackofessentialexhibitspecificdependentonfunctionofdependentonsolubilityofPageMMagnesiumchlorosis=yellowingofWhy?Whatismagnesium’sPagePageNNitrogenplantscanonlytakeupnitrate(NO3-NitrogencyclebytracepathofnitrogenPagePagePPhotoperiodismandControlofFloweringshort-dayplant短日照itapparentlyrequiredalightperiodshorterthanacriticallengthtoflower,whichgenerallyflowerinlatesummer,fall,orwinter.Pagellong-dayplant長日照植物plantsfloweronlywhenthelightperiodislongerthanacertainnumberofhours,whichgenerallyflowerinlatespringorearlysummer.PageDDay-neutralplants,suchastomatoesandrice,areunaffectedbyphotoperiodandflowerwhentheyreachacertainstageofmaturity,regardlessofdaylength.Pagevevegetativepropagation營養繁殖/floweringplantsreproducepartsoftheparentplantsuchastheroots,stems,orleavescanproduceeanotherplant.tubers塊莖,runners壓條,bulbs鱗莖,andgraftingPagebbulbs:PagerrunnersPagePagePagegraftingPagetypesofvegetativetypesofvegetativeshortstemshorizontalstemsabovetheundergroundcutastemandattachittoacloselyralatedplantseedlessttropismsAnygrowthresponsethatresultsinplantorganscurvingtowardorawayfromstimuliiscalledatropismThegrowthofashoottowardlightorawayfromitiscalledPageGGravitropism向重力性isthebendingofanorganinresponsetogravity.Rootsshowpositivegravitropism,andstemsshownegativegravitropism.PagetropismtropismisaturningresponsetoaGravitropism:gravityPagePPlanthormonesauxin生長gibberellinsabscisicacid脫落andPageAuxinAuxincellgrowthtowardsasymmetricaldistributioncellsondarkersideelongatefasterthancellsonbrightersid