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說明、議論類文章閱讀方法及訓練一.文章的套路結構:(局限于說明文章,議論文章。)1.結論說明型A.文章開始出現(xiàn)一個結論,后對它進行解釋。B.TS(topicalsentence即主題句)即為結論出現(xiàn);注意特別容易的情況是每一段之主題句是該段首句。C.什么是“判斷句”?---通常很重要,判斷結論說明型靠判斷句,直指主題。a.系表結構:be,remain等。b.含有作者的態(tài)度和評價,注意可能有褒貶詞。2.新老觀點型。A.判斷標志:文章開始不久就出現(xiàn)了老觀點,例如:Itwastraditionallyassumed…Itwasonce/usuallybelieved…Many…believedthat…Many…h(huán)aveargued…Itwasfrequentlyassumedthat…Itwasuniversallyacceptedthat…過去傳統(tǒng)大家一致公認的觀點,都是老觀點。B.TS:陳述新觀點的句子。C.新觀點特征:對同一focus給出不同的解釋。讀到老觀點的時候,應該停下來想一想,新觀點可能是什么樣子,從而往下有目的地尋找。3.現(xiàn)象解釋型。A.判斷標志:首段給出一個自然的或社會的現(xiàn)象,往往很古怪,下文對其做出解釋。B.可能有多種解釋。TS:作者給了正面評價的解釋。C.需要注意的是:a.可能先給出幾個錯誤的(作者持負評價),最后一個才是正確的(正評價)。b.可能所有解釋作者全都不喜歡。4.問題解決,回答型。A.判斷標志:a.手段出現(xiàn)了設問句。b.首段出現(xiàn)了以下詞語:problemdifficultytaskpuzzle等。B.TS:作者給出正評價的解決方案。5.其它類的文章。前半部分是以上四種結構之一,后半部分講了一些與前面無關的內(nèi)容。TS在前面,從前面不從后面。二.做題的幾條原則。1.先讀文章,后做題。也可以先看題再看文章,建議仔細看全文,才能把握主題不至于上當。2.不能憑印象,或自己的知識背景做題。這點作題不能想當然。3.做細節(jié)題:必須找原文語言重現(xiàn),正確選項為原文的精確改寫。(難度大的題目用選項中的關鍵詞語,掃描全文,此外在讀原文時有意識的記一下。三.平常復習的建議1.復雜句式――重點訓練。難句重點訓練:省略,倒裝,復雜從句等。2.生詞,詞組注意熟詞僻義。3.注意對找主題句絕對敏感;4.重點把握:A文章結構;B作者態(tài)度。具體作題思維:1.第一遍讀文章的時候,第一段的1-2句要重讀,可能出現(xiàn)主題,或是1-2句本身是作者要批駁的標把。其后幾段1)例子,注意考inorderto題型,答案或前或后,例子的目的要比例子本身重要。如果細節(jié)題要注意選項有變化,出題老師不會送分給你。2)“:”“--”同義重復“;”相當于順接連詞。3)順接連詞:moreover,furthermore等。a.前后作者態(tài)度一致,可以用于旁證作者態(tài)度;b.前面如果有不認識的動詞或者形容詞,后句還可以作解釋;c.如果全段都沒有結構連詞,則缺省順接關系,段首為主句。4)讓步語氣:?讓步之后必有轉折,轉折部分一定要讀懂。強轉折很可能出題;?如果轉折句沒有讀懂,則回過頭去看讓步部分,取它的相反意思即可讀懂句子。5)觀點說法:具體內(nèi)容可以快速略去,關鍵要把握代表人物作者態(tài)度。作者態(tài)度很重要,很可能出題。2.選項處理1)直選法:精確定位是關鍵。2)正確選項必須是原文的精確改寫:a.主動詞:與原文同義或者近義;b.直接賓語;c.范疇:包括各種狀語(時間,地點等),作用范圍,人物群體等等。3.排除法:1)最重要的是文字對應法;2)先應該縱向掃描選項,如果在講同一對象,則先回原文定位,再做選擇。四.重點語言現(xiàn)象:1.主題句。2.每段的主體詞、關鍵詞(兩三個)。3.強對比(肯定、絕對要出題)1)unlike,incontrastto,bedistinguishfrom2)時間:once,now,new,nowadays,currentideas,until,recently,past,in1950’s3)最高級,唯一性?最高級:most,uttermost,foremost,least,always,never,first,last,all,every,any,each,none,-est?唯一性:only,sole,unique,exclusively,mere關聯(lián)對比詞:a.Unlike(相反)b.Contrastc.Ontheotherhandd.Onthecontrary4.強轉折雖然:however/while但是:but,yet,whereasinfact,actually2.強因果Because/Since/For/冒號/分號表所以:Thus/Hence/Therefore/Leadto/Resultin/Resultfrom/Liein表結論:Conclude/Conclusion/Conclusive表后果:Consequent/Consequence5.強調(diào)詞、強調(diào)性語言1)最高級順序最高級:First頻率最高級:Always/Never程度最高級:Foremost/Uttermost/Utmost2)唯一性Only/Sole(ly)/Unique(ly)/Exclusive(ly)/Alone(后置)3)比較級Morethan/Lessthan/As…as…/Similarto/Thesameas慎重對待題肢中的最高級、比較級6.專有名詞人名、物種(動植物)、化學物質(zhì)、地名Nevertheless-NonethelessRather-InsteadDespite-Inspiteof注意:極端轉折(最后半句是想說的)多重轉折三種標點符號:引號(引用某人原話;表強調(diào);表負評價)——易出題括號、破折號——表插入、補充、解釋6.判斷句(定性結論、提綱挈領)(可能是主題句)1)系動詞、情態(tài)動詞Be/Remain/Seem/Can/Cannot/May/Might2)褒貶詞例:His(brazen/penetrating)view(successfully/curiously)changedourattitude第二部分題目類型一.主題句題型(一)問mainidea,primarypurpose,title,etc1.正確選項必須具備三個特征:①有focus;②無細節(jié);③態(tài)度與原文一致--能找到TS則直接改寫,找不到依據(jù)這三個特征使用排除法2.先看選項的主體動詞,迅速排除干擾項①presentation型的文章present,describe,explain,illustrate,pointout(此只是技巧有時靠不住)②argumentation型的文章evaluate,criticize,refute,challenge,counter,correct--出現(xiàn)了則優(yōu)先選(此只是技巧有時靠不住)(二)問focus:應直接定位TS需要注意以下幾點:后面出現(xiàn)大段無關論述時:主題“從前不從后”;從前面TS已對某事物給了正態(tài)度,末尾再作轉折,說一些毛病,缺點,這是倒讓步,而不是文章的重點,不用考慮!二.作者態(tài)度題型態(tài)度題的做法:判斷依據(jù):1判斷句(系動詞、情態(tài)動詞、褒貶詞)前面兩個好理解,褒貶詞通過找它們對判斷作者態(tài)度很有作用,但前提是要對全文的結構邏輯把握得比較好,單純通過褒貶詞的判斷還是不很保險,但這是一個思路,還是好判斷的。2某些名人說話引號中的形容詞或副詞表評價。所謂名人態(tài)度題分兩種:1.是某人態(tài)度,可能出某人的ATTITUDE。2.是主題的態(tài)度,借名人來造勢。就出現(xiàn)了1作者的意見和名人的一致,要注意全文的起承轉合,比較明顯的詞FOREXAMPLE,such…as自己平常作題時有意識記一下,只要知道下面的話是用來支持觀點的,所以,例子的目的要重要于例子本身,這種題容易丟分。2作者的意見和名人的不一致,有時名人的話只是給文章好開個頭,批的就是它。這就是觀點對立式主題文章的類型,在文中的明顯的詞有:ISTEMPTEDTOSAY,ITISPRESUMELYBELIEVEEDTHAT等,平常作題時有意識記一下,注意觀點對立式這里就一定出現(xiàn)了意思的強轉折,例如HOWER,BUT,WHILE,ONTHECONTRARY等等。而且在闡述作者本身觀點時可能會有褒貶詞,一定要小心。3一些實義動詞表評價,尤其在講原理,或研究的文章中:a.負:failto/overestimate/underestimate/exaggerate/misinterpret/misrepresent/ignore/neglect/overlookb.正:find/discover/show/demonstrate/prove/confirm/determine4)讓步:前半句是假話;后半句是真正要說的,轉折:一般大負小正原則上以大為準兼顧小的,如果選項中只有大的以大為準。a.Itistrue/correct;Ofcourseb.Nodoubt;Undoubtedlyc.助動詞do/may/seem/appear5)從大不從小原則:從全文來講,看前面、開頭或主題講的是什么評價。2.做題注意事項:1)避免極端選項,太激進的選項,請注意極端選項排除法只是個輔助的方法,適用范圍較窄。2)混和評價的正確選項的表達方式:a.…but/and…如:criticalbutadmiring(大正小負)correctbutlimitedcorrectandincompleteb.由修飾詞所限定的評價詞:partially(correct);qualified(approval)(打了折扣的,有限制的);guarded(criticism)(慎重的);tentative(acceptance)(暫時的,嘗試性的)reluctant(criticism)(不情愿的);enthusiasmtemperedbyminorreservation.三.該拿分的定位題:需要重點練習迅速定位,精確改寫的技巧!細節(jié)題目有時考的很偏應盡量拿分。再次,提醒不要用背景知識答題。1.inorderto題型(example的作用)①原文先總結,后example,則應該往前定位。標志:forexample/forinstance/suchas/like②原文先example,后總結歸納,則應該往后定位。標志:thus,hence,conclusion③如果沒有任何標志,則前后為順接關系,一般為先結論后舉例,往前定位。2強對比取非題①簡單強對化unlike,incontrastto,comparedwith②時間強對比:時間可能有變化,比如原文1970S,選項為30DECADESAGO,等等3.態(tài)度題4.主題問TITLE題5.決大多數(shù)細節(jié)題,關鍵看你的敏感度和瞬間記憶,做完主題題再查找也可以。1.第一段詳細讀,集中最高注意力讀,每一句都讀(因為判斷套路60%看第一段能做出個預測)。2.每段首句好好讀,盡可能多的把握其用意,尤其是和文章結構的關系,在這樣結構的文章中充當什么角色。如果這一段是個研究,試驗,則明白它的研究對象,看啟程轉合,凝神靜看。放慢速度。如果這一段寫的是觀點,則一定要讀,不僅要讀,還要思考,思考它在全文中的作用,思考它的啟承轉合!其中重點讀新觀點,舊觀點略!如果這一段講的是個具體的內(nèi)容,進程,事件,原理等,則基本不要讀,知道講什么就夠了!讀轉折詞,這是為了看看是否有意外的觀點!沒有,則可以做題了!遇到however,infact,isdrivento,purposeof,insteadof,not...but...,unlike,contrast等等有指導意義的詞組,要慢讀,并且使勁記住主體詞!例如涉及到誰,反對了什么。全文中forexample,forinstance等不讀。想一下是針對誰舉的例子就可以,記住,例子的目的遠遠比內(nèi)容要重要。末句之重要!因為文章該結束了,作者一般在這個時候必須給讀者一個交待,所以通常講出一些比較有指導意義的話!對于文章末句要予以高度關注,尤其是末斷的讓步!一般不能撼動前面作者一直持續(xù)的態(tài)度,只是作者為了嚴謹客觀起見的闡述。3。同時劃記號如:主題結構類(主題organization各段作用,各段結構,態(tài)度)inorderto題,imply題,所以遇到inorderto一定要筆記;大寫名詞,斜體字,一定要記。強對比(ratherthan,unlike.)列舉3個以上的例句連詞not…but…;notonly…butalso…;nolonger…but等,尤其是unless怎樣怎樣,就更好,一定要筆記。最后還有細節(jié)題。這種題型相對有一些難度,但是如果對段落的把握比較好,就好定。這要求在讀文的時候有意識記住,對瞬間記憶要求高。4.讀完后不急做題,花10秒理一下思路和結構,先做主題題INORDERTO題等和全文有關的題目。5.細節(jié)題目,第二遍查找式閱讀因為對主題把握得好,又記錄了一些細節(jié),所以相對速度還可以。實戰(zhàn)演練:(1)Withonlyabout1,000pandasleftintheworld,Chinaisdesperatelytryingtoclone(克隆)theanimalandsavetheendangeredspecies(物種).That’samovesimilartowhataTexasA&MUniversityresearchershavebeenundertakingforthepastfiveyearsinaprojectcalled“Noah’sArk”.Noah’sArkisaimedatcollectingeggs,embryos(胚胎),semenandDNAofendangeredanimalsandstoringtheminliquidnitrogen.Ifcertainspeciesshouldbecomeextinct,Dr.DuaneKraemer,aprofessorinTexasA&M’sCollegeofVeterinaryMedicine,saystherewouldbeenoughofthebasicbuildingblockstoreintroducethespeciesinthefuture.Itisestimatedthatasmanyas2,000speciesofmammals,birdsreptileswillbecomeextinctinover100years.Thepanda,nativeonlytoChina,isindangerofbecomingextinctinthenext25years.Thisweek,ChinesescientistssaidtheygrewanembryobyintroducingcellsfromadeadfemalepandaintotheeggcellsofaJapanesewhiterabbit.Theyarenowtryingtoimplanttheembryointoahostanimal.Theentireprocedurecouldtakefromthreetofiveyearstocomplete.“Thenucleartransfer(核子移植)ofonespeciestoanotherisnoteasy,andthelackofavailable(capableofbeingused)pandaeggscouldbeamajorproblem,”Kraemerbelieves.“Theywillprobablyhavetodoseveralhundredtransferstoresultinonepregnancy(havingababy).Ittakesalongtimeandit’sdifficult,butthiscouldbegroundbreakingscienceifitworks.Theyarecertainlynotputtinganylivepandasatrisk,soitisworththeeffort,”addsKraemer,whoisoneoftheleadersoftheProjectatTexasA&M,thefirst-everattemptatcloningadog.“Theyaretryingtodosomethingthat’sneverbeendone,andthisisverysimilartoourworkinNoah’sArk.We’rebothtryingtosaveanimalsthatfaceextinction.Icertainlyappreciatetheireffortandthere’salotwecanlearnfromwhattheyareattemptingtodo.It’saresearchthatisverymuchneeded.”1.Theaimof“Noah’sArk”projectisto_______.A.makeeffortstoclonetheendangeredpandasB.saveendangeredanimalsfromdyingoutC.collectDNAofendangeredanimalstostudyD.transferthenuclearofoneanimaltoanother2.AccordingtoProfessorKraemer,themajorproblemincloningpandaswouldbethelackof_______.A.availablepandaeggsB.hostanimalsC.qualifiedresearchersD.enoughmoney3.Thebesttitleforthepassagemaybe_______.A.China’sSuccessinPandasCloningB.TheFirstClonedPandaintheWorldC.ExploringthePossibilitytoClonePandasD.China—theNativePlaceofPandasForever4.Fromthepassageweknowthat_______.A.KraemerandhisteamhavesucceededincloningadogB.scientiststrytoimplantapanda’seggintoarabbitC.KraemerwillworkwithChinesescientistsincloneresearchesD.abouttwothousandofspecieswillprobablydieoutinacentury【答案與解析】本文講述中國正在竭力克隆瀕臨絕種的熊貓,這和TexasA&MUniversity的Noah\'sArk(諾亞方舟)工程極為相似,都是想拯救瀕臨滅絕的動物。1.B。語義理解題。從第2段內(nèi)容可知,“諾亞方舟”工程的目標是把瀕臨滅絕的動物的蛋(卵)、胚胎、精液和DNA儲存在液體氮中,如果某一種動物瀕臨滅絕時,將來可以重現(xiàn)這一動物。2.A。細節(jié)題。從第6段第1句話Thenucleartransfer(核子移植)ofonespeciestoanotherisnoteasy,andthelackofavailable(capableofbeingused)pandaeggscouldbeamajorproblem可以做出正確判斷。3.C。主旨題。從文章內(nèi)容來看,無論是中國還是世界克隆熊貓還沒有成功,所以排除A、B項;D項內(nèi)容明顯與文章內(nèi)容不符,故排除。所以“探索克隆熊貓的可能性”應該是這篇文章的標題。4.D。判斷題。此題B項的干擾性較強,但由于它沒有說明是Chinesescientists,所以應排除。A、C項明顯與原文不符。根據(jù)文章第3段第1句可知答案非D莫屬。(2)Wantaglanceofthefutureofhealthcare?Takealookatthewaythevariousnetworksofpeopleaboutpatientcarearebeingconnectedtooneanother,andhowthisnewconnectivityisbeingexploitedtodelivermedicinetothepatient—nomatterwhereheorshemaybe.Onlinedoctorsofferingadvicebasedonnormalsymptoms(癥狀)arethemostobviousexample.Increasingly,however,remotediagnosis(遠程診斷)willbebasedonrealphysiologicaldata(生理數(shù)據(jù))fromtheactualpatient.AgroupfromtheUniversityofKentuckyhasshownthatbyusingpersonaldataassistanceplusamobilephone,itisperfectlypracticaltosendapatient’simportantsignsoverthetelephone.Withthiskindofequipment,thecryaskingwhethertherewasadoctorinthehousecouldwellbeathingofthepast.Othermedicaltechnologygroupsareworkingonapplyingtelemedicinetorural(countryside)care.Andatleastoneteamwantstousetelemedicineasatoolfordisasterneed—especiallyafterearthquakes.Onthewhole,thetrendistowardsprovidingglobalaccesstomedicaldataandexperts’opinions.Butthereisoneproblem.Bandwidth(寬帶)isthelimitingfactorforsendingcomplex(復雜的)medicalpicturesaroundtheworld—CTphotosbeingoneofthebiggestbandwidthusers.Communicationsatellitesmaybeabletodealwiththeshort-termneedsduringdisasterssuchasearthquakesorwars.Butmedicineislookingtowardsboththesecond-generationInternetandthird-generationmobilephonesforthefutureofremotemedicalservice.Doctorshavemettodiscusscomputer-basedtoolsformedicaldiagnosis,trainingandtelemedicine.Withthefallingpriceofbroadbandcommunications,thenewtechnologiesshouldstartanewtimewhentelemedicineandthesharingofmedicalinformation,experts’opinionsanddiagnosisarecommon.1.Thewriterchieflytalksabout_______.A.theuseoftelemedicineB.theon-lineddoctorsC.medicalcareandtreatmentD.communicationimprovement2.Thebasisofremotediagnosiswillbe_______.A.personaldataassistanceB.somewordsofapatientC.realphysiologicalinformationD.medicalpicturesfromtheInternet3.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtothetext?A.Patientsdon’tneeddoctorsinhospitalsanymore.B.Itisimpossibletosendapatient’ssignsoverthetelephone.C.Manyteamsusetelemedicinedealingwithdisastersnow.D.Broadbandcommunicationswillbecomecheaperinthefuture.4.The“problem”inthefourthparagraphreferstothefactthat_______.A.bandwidthisn’tbigenoughtosendcomplexmedicalpicturesB.thesecond-generationofInternethasnotbecomepopularyetC.communicationsatellitescanonlydealwithshort-termneedsD.thereisnotenoughequipmentforspreadingthemedicalcare【答案與解析】本文主要講述人們將來可以通過網(wǎng)上看病,醫(yī)生可以根據(jù)病人的生理數(shù)據(jù)做出遠程診斷。隨著第二代因特網(wǎng)和第三代移動手機為將來的遠程醫(yī)療服務,尤其是寬帶網(wǎng)交流價格的下降,遠程醫(yī)療和醫(yī)藥信息、專家意見和診斷共享將成為家常便飯。1.A。主旨題。第2段和第3段的內(nèi)容,可知最佳答案為A。2.C。細節(jié)題。從第2段第2句話中的…remotediagnosis(遠程診斷)willbebasedonrealphysiologicaldata(生理數(shù)據(jù))fromtheactualpatient可以做出正確判斷。3.D。判斷題。網(wǎng)上可以看病并不就是說病人去醫(yī)院不需要醫(yī)生,排除A項;通過電話發(fā)送病人的信息是可行的,排除B項;現(xiàn)在至少有一個醫(yī)療隊想用遠程醫(yī)療來治療疾病,C項也不對;根據(jù)文章最后一句話Withthefallingpriceofbroadbandcommunications,thenewtechnologiesshouldstartanewtimewhentelemedicineandthesharingofmedicalinformation,experts’opinionsanddiagnosisarecommon可以肯定答案是D。4.A。推斷題。根據(jù)第4段第2句話Bandwidth(寬帶)isthelimitingfactorforsendingcomplex(復雜)medicalpicturesaroundtheworld—CTphotosbeingoneofthebiggestbandwidthusers可知答案為A。(3)ScientistsareuncoveringthesecretsoftwoportcitieslostunderthewatersoftheMediterraneanSea,aresearchersaidyesterday.HerakleionandMenouthiswererichandproudcitiesuntilsomethingreducedthemtorubble(碎石)andburiedtheminthemudbeneath30feetofseawater,FrenchunderwaterexplorerFranckGoddiosaidattheAmericanGeophysicalUnionconference.“Thisisamysterythatisongoing,”saidGoddio,afounderoftheEuropeanInstituteofMarineArcheology,aParis-basedunderwaterresearchorganizationbackedbythewealthyHiltiFoundationofLiechtenstein(列支敦士登基金會).ThedestructionofthetwinportcitieshashauntedGoddioeversincehehappeneduponthesiteabout15milesfromAlexandriawhileexploringsunkenshipsfromNapoleon’sfleet.Goddioandhisgroupofexpertdivers,marinearcheologists(海洋考古學家)andothers,areusinghighpoweredvacuums,satellitenavigationsystemsandsophisticatedsonar(聲納)toexcavate(挖掘)thesunkencitiesfromunderneathacarpetofsiltaboutonemeter(threefeet)high.Wallsofshops,remainsofstreetsandgoldartifactshavebeenfoundandrecovered.Someexpertsbelievethattheportcitiesweredestroyedbyaseriesofmassiveearthquakes,muchlikethequakesscientistsbelievefelledTroy(特洛伊城),Jerichoandotherancientcities.Theuniformdirectionofthecollapsedcolumnsandwallssuggestanearthquake,Goddiosaid,butnofaultlineshavebeenfoundnearby.Otherresearchersbelieveamassivewave,causedbyeitheranoffshoreearthquakeoradistantunderwaterlandslide,couldexplainthecatastrophe.StillothersthinkrisingseasandashiftintheNileRiveroutletdoomedthecities.“Theargument,asyoucansee,continues,”Goddiosaid.1.ThereasonwhythetwoportcitiesdisappearedunderthewatersofMediterraneanSeaisthat______.A.thetwoportcitiesweredestroyedbyhugeearthquakesB.thedisappearanceofthetwoportcitieswascausedbyunderwaterlandslideC.risingseasandashiftintheNileRiveroutletdoomedthecitiesD.thestorydidn’ttellusatall2.Fromthestorywecandrawaconclusionthat_______.A.thetwoportcitieswerefamousfortheirwealthandthemysteryB.thetwocitiesbelongedtoFranceC.somemysteriouscreaturesfromotherplanetsdestroyedthetwocitiesD.theAmericanGeophysicalUnionconferencewasonceheldinoneofthetwocities3.Thisarticleisprobablyfrom_______.A.ascientificmagazineB.areporttothegovernmentC.aschooltextbookD.ascientificreportinanewspaper(1—3DBD)【答案與解析】本文報道了人們對法國地中海中的兩座城市沉如海底的各種推測。1.D。推斷題。文章只對城市下沉的原因作了一些推測但未作出結論。由此可推知此題答案為D。2.B。推斷題。根據(jù)文章中所提到的與之相關的名稱,如:FrenchunderwaterexplorerFranckGoddio,aParis-basedunderwaterresearchorganization,Napoleon’sfleet可推知此題答案為B。3.D。推斷題。文章討論地中海中的兩座城市下沉的原因,顯然與地質(zhì)科學有關,故選D。注意不宜選A,一個顯然的因素是第1段中出現(xiàn)的yesterday。(4)Motherhoodmaymakewomensmarterandmayhelppreventdementia(癡呆)inoldagebybathingthebraininprotectivehormones(荷爾蒙),U.S.reseachersreportedonThursday.Testsonratsshowthatthosewhoraisetwoormorelittersofpupsdoconsiderablybetterintestsofmemoryandskillsthanratswhohavenobabies,andtheirbrainsshowchangesthatsuggesttheymaybeprotectedagainstdiseasessuchasAlzheimer’s(早老癡呆癥).UniversityofRichmondpsychologyprofessorCraigKinsleybelieveshisfindingswilltranslateintohumans.“Ourresearchshowsthatthehormonesofpregnancy(懷孕)areprotectingthebrain,includingestrogen(雌激素),whichweknowhasmanyneuroprotective(保護神經(jīng)的)effects,”Kinsleysaid.“It’sratdatabuthumansaremammalsjustliketheseanimalsaremammals,”headdedinatelephoneinterview.“Theygothroughpregnancyandhormonalchanges.”KinsleysaidhehopedpublichealthofficialsandresearcherswilllooktoseeifhavinghadchildrenprotectsawomanfromAlzheimer’sandotherformsofage-relatedbraindecline.“Whenpeoplethinkaboutpregnancy,theythinkaboutwhathappenstobabiesandthemotherfromtheneckdown,”saidKinsley,whopresentedhisfindingstotheannualmeetingoftheSocietyofNeuroscienceinOrlando,Florida.“Theydonotrealizethathormonesarewashingonthebrain.Ifyoulookatfemaleanimalswhohavenevergonethroughpregnancy,theyactdifferentlytowardyoung.Butifshegoesthroughpregnancy,shewillsacrificeherlifeforherinfant—thatisagreatchangeinherbehaviorthatshowedingeneticalterations(改變)tothebrain.”1.Howdoscientistsknow“Motherhoodmaymakewomensmarter”?A.Someresearchershavetoldthem.B.Manywomensayso.C.Theyknowitbyexperimentingonrats.D.Theyknowitthroughtheirownexperience.2.Whatdoesthephrase“l(fā)ittersofpups”meaninthesecondparagraph?A.Babyrats.B.Animals.C.Oldrats.D.Grown-uprats.3.Whatcanprotectthebrainofawomanaccordingtothepassage?A.Estrogen.B.Thehormonesofpregnancy.C.Moreexercise.D.Takingcareofchildren.4.“It’sratdatabuthumansaremammalsjustliketheseanimalsaremammals.”Whatdoesthesentencesuggest?A.Theexperimentsontheratshavenothingtodowithhumans.B.Theexperimentsontheratsareveryimportantforanimals.C.Theexperimentsontheratsaremuchthesameonhumans.D.Theexperimentsontheratsaremuchthesameonotheranimals.5.Whichtitleisthebestforthispassage?A.DoYouWanttoBeSmarter?B.MotherhoodMakesWomenSmarterC.MysteriousHormonesD.AnImportantStudy【答案與解析】本文介紹了一個觀點:母性特點能使婦女變得更加聰明靈敏。1.C。細節(jié)題。根據(jù)Testsonratsshow…可知科學家是通過做老鼠實驗得出這個結論的。2.A。詞義猜測題。后面的對比whohavenobabies,實際上提供了一個相反的情況,所以我們可以推測thosewhoraisetwoormorelittersofpups中的littersofpups指的是“剛出生不久的小老鼠”。3.B。細節(jié)題。根據(jù)文章第3段中的…thehormonesofpregnancy(懷孕)areprotectingthebrain可得出答案。4.C。句意理解題。科學家通過用老鼠做實驗來說明人的問題。因為人和老鼠都屬于哺乳動物,很多生理機能都相同。5.B。主旨題。短文第1句Motherhoodmaymakewomensmarter是主題句,據(jù)此我們可以得出答案。(5)Togetcashoutinthe21stcentury,youwon’tneedabankcard,aPIN(個人識別編號)orevenhavetomoveafinger.Youwillsimplyhavetolookthecashmachinestraightintheeye,declaresNationalCashRegisters,amultinationalcompanythatmakesautomatedtellermachines,orATMs.NCRhasshownitsfirstexamplemachinethatisbelievedtobethefutureofbanking.InsteadofaskingyouforyourPINonascreen,theSuperTeller-Stellaforshort,asksyouorallythroughaloudspeakertolookstraightaheadwhileaninfraredcameraturnstoyourhead,thenyoureye,andfinallytakesaninfraredphotographofyouriris(虹膜).Foridentification(識別)purposes,anirispictureisbetterthanafingerprint,witharound256noticeablecharacteristicscomparedwith40forfingerprints.Thismeansthatthechancesofsomeoneelsebeingrecognizedinyourplaceisabout1in1020.Onceyou’vebeenidentified,Stellagreetsyoubynameandsays:“Wouldyoulikecashorastatement?”Aninfraredportallowsthemachinetosendabankstatementstraighttoyourpocketcomputer.1.Whatdoesthispassagemainlytalkabout?A.AnewmedicalinstrumentB.Anewtypeoftalkingmachine.C.Anewtypeofcashmachine.D.NationalCashRegister2.Whatisthisnewmachinecalled?A.StellaB.ATMC.PIND.NCR3.Whenyouwanttogetcashoutinthe21stcentury,youwill_______.A.needabankcardB.havetoputinyourPINC.moveyourfingerD.justlookdirectlyatthetellermachine【答案解析】本文介紹了自動取款機的新型的識別儲戶方法。1.C。主旨題。閱讀全文可知本文介紹的是新型取款機的設計原理及工作方式,故選C。2.A。細節(jié)題。根據(jù)InsteadofaskingyouforyourPINonascreen,theSuperTeller-Stellaforshort,asksyouorally…及Onceyou’vebeenidentified,Stellagreetsyoubynameandsays…可知答案為A。3.D。細節(jié)題。根據(jù)Togetcashoutinthe21stcentury,youwon’tneedabankcard,aPINorevenhavetomoveafinger.Youwillsimplyhavetolookthecashmachinestraightintheeye,…可知僅僅徑直看著取款機就可以了,故選答案D。(6)Weatherchangeswhenthetemperatureandtheamountofwaterintheatmospherechange.Wecanseeandfeelwatercomingfromtheatmospherewhenwehaverain.Butthewatermustsomehowgetbacktotheatmosphere.Meteorologistscallthisthewatercycle.Therearemanystagesinthewatercycle.Rainfallswhenwatervapourincloudscondenses(凝結).Dropsofwaterformandfalltotheground.Thewatersoaksintothegroundandfeedsstreamsandrivers.Alotofrainfallsintothesea.Theheatofthesunevaporatessomeofthewaterinthegroundandintherivers,lakes,andthesea.Itchangestheliquidwaterintowatervapour.Thevapourrisesontotheair.Watervapourisnormallyinvisible.Onaverydamporhumidday,however,youcansometimesseewatervapourrisingfromapuddle(水坑)orpondinamist(薄霧)abovethewater.Watervapouralsogetsintotheairfromlivingthings.Treesandotherplantstakeinwaterthroughtheirrootsandgiveoffwatervapourfromtheirleaves.Peopleandlandanimalsdrinkwaterandbreatheoutwatervapour.Inallthesewaysthewaterreturnstotheair.Thereitgatherstoformcloudsandcondensestoformrain.Therainfallstoearth,andthecyclestartsagain.Itcontinuesevenifsnoworhail(冰雹)fallinsteadbecausebotheventuallymelttoformwater.Theamountofwatervapourintheairdependsonthetemperature.Theairismoremoist(潮濕)inthetropics(熱帶)thaninthecoldpolarregions.1.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?A.Watercycle.B.Watervapour.C.Howrainforms.D.Water,vapour,rain.2.Howmanywaysofthewaterreturningtotheairarediscussedinthetext?A.Two.B.Three.C.Four.D.Five.3.Whetherwatervapourcanbeseenornotdependson_______.A.howmuchwaterisevaporatedB.howgoodyoureyesareC.inwhichwaywaterisevaporatedD.climateorweather4.Fromthepassagewegettoknow_______.A.thereismorewatervapourintheairinthetropicsthanincoldpolarregionsB.thereismorewatervapourintheairincoldpolarregionthaninthetropicsC.itgetsmoreraininthetropicsthanincoldpolarregionsbecausethereislessvapourD.theamountofwatervapourintheairdependsonhowoftenitrains【答案與解析】本文闡述了水循環(huán)的全過程。1.A。主旨題。文章第1段,特別是最后一句Meteorologistscallthisthewatercycle.已點明主題。2.B。判斷題。讀完第2段,不難發(fā)現(xiàn)水返回空中的方式有3種:第1種是太陽蒸發(fā)地面上的水使之變成水蒸氣返回空中;第2種是樹和植物釋放出的水蒸氣;第3種是人和動物呼出的水蒸氣。3.D。語義理解題。從第2段第9句話Onaverydamporhumidday,however,youcansometimesseewatervapourrisingfromapuddle(水坑)orpondinamist(薄霧)abovethewater.可以找到為什么。4.A。判斷題。根據(jù)最后一句話Theairismoremoist(潮濕)inthetropics(熱帶)thaninthecoldpolarregions可知答案。(7)Technologyistheapplication(應用)ofknowledgetoproduction.Thankstomoderntechnology,wehavebeenabletoincreasegreatlytheefficiencyofourworkforce.Newmachinesandnewmethodshavehelpedcutdowntimeandexpensewhileincreasingoveralloutput.Thishasmeantmoreproductionandahigherstandardofliving.FormostofusinAmerica,moderntechnologyisthoughtofasthereasonwhywecanhavecarsandtelevisionsets.However,technologyhasalsoincreasedtheamountoffoodavailabletous,bymeansofmodernfarmingmachineryandanimalbreedingtechniques,andhasextendedourlifespanvia(通過)medicaltechnology.Willmankindcontinuetolivelongerandhaveahigherqualityoflife?Inlargemeasuretheanswerdependsontechnologyandourabilitytouseitwidely.Ifwekeepmakingprogressaswehaveoverthepastfiftyyears,theanswerisdefinitelyyes.Theadvancementoftechnologydependsuponresearchanddevelopment,andthelateststatistics(統(tǒng)計)showthattheUnitedStatesiscontinuingtopumpbillionsofdollarsannually(每年)intosuchefforts.Sowhilewearerunningoutofsomescarceresources(少的資源)wemaywellfindtechnologicalsubstitutes(代用品)formanyofthemthroughourresearchprograms.Therefore,inthefinalanalysisthethreemajorfactorsofproduction(land,laborandcapital)areallinfluencedbytechnology.Whenweneednewskills,ontechniquesinmedicine,peoplewillstartdevelopingnewtechnologytomeetthoseneeds.Asequipmentprovestobesloworinefficient,newmachineswillbeinvented.Technologyrespondstoourneedsinhelpingusmaintainourstandardofliving.1.Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?A.ThedefinitionoftechnologyB.ModerntechnologyC.TheapplicationoftechnologyD.Thedevelopmentoftechnology2.Whichisthemainideaofthepassage?A.Moderntechnologyisthekeytotheimprovementofstandardofliving.B.Thethreemajorfactorsofproduction(land,laborandcapital)areallinfluencedbytechnology.C.Technologyistheresponsetoourneeds.D.TheUnitedStatesismakinggreateffortstoadvanceitstechnology.3.Accordingtothepassage,peoplecanlivealonglifewiththehelpof_______.A.higherqualityoflifeB.medicaltechnologyC.modernfarmingmachineryD.technologicalsubstitute【答案與解析】“科學技術是生產(chǎn)力”是這篇文章的主題。1.B。主旨題。文章的主要筆墨是用在科學技術的作用上,所以答案應選B。2.A。主旨題。文章最后一句Technologyrespondstoourneedsinhelpingusmaintainourstandardofliving就是主題句。3.B。判斷題。從文章第2段第2句話…theanswerdependsontechnologyandourabilitytouseitwidely可以肯定答案選B。(8)Spacetravelisdefinitelybadforastronauts’bones,reducingtheirbonedensity(密度)afteronlyamonthofweightlessness,accordingtoFrenchresearchpublishedonFriday.LaurenceVicoandhisfellowworkersatStEtienneUniversitycalledformoreresearchintotheeffectsofmicrogravity,aftertheirstudyof15astronautsfromtheRussianMIRstationshowedbonelosscontinuedthroughoutspaceflights.“Bonelosswasespeciallystrikinginfourastronauts,”thescientistsreportedintheLancetMedicalJournal.Theymeasuredthebonemineraldensity(BMD)ofbonesintheforearm(前臂)andlowerlegoftheastronautswhohadspentonetosixmonthsinspace.TheBMDlosswassignificantinthetibia(脛骨)ofthelowerleg,aweight-bearingbone,butbarelychangedintheradius(橈骨)oftheforearm.“Ourresultsindicatetheneedtoinvestigatenotonlydifferentbones,butalsodifferentareasofthesamebonesincenotallsitesoftheskeleton(骨架)aresimilarlyaffectedbyspaceco
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