第7章神經(jīng)組織NervousTissue第7章神經(jīng)組織NervousTissue1神經(jīng)組織（nervoustissue）由神經(jīng)細(xì)胞和神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞組成為神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的主要組織成分

愛(ài)因斯坦愛(ài)因斯坦2神經(jīng)細(xì)胞（nervecell）約1012個(gè)，也稱神經(jīng)元（neuron），接受刺激、整合信息和傳導(dǎo)沖動(dòng)神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞（neuroglialcell）數(shù)量為神經(jīng)元的10～50倍，對(duì)神經(jīng)元起支持、保護(hù)、營(yíng)養(yǎng)和絕緣等作用組織學(xué)與胚胎學(xué)07神經(jīng)組織課件3胞體：大小形狀不一，5～100μm

細(xì)胞核：位于胞體中央，大而圓，常染色質(zhì)多，著色淺，核仁大細(xì)胞質(zhì)：尼氏體和神經(jīng)原纖維，還有GC、線粒體、溶酶體等細(xì)胞器和脂褐素細(xì)胞膜：含受體、離子通道，為可興奮膜，接受刺激、處理信息、產(chǎn)生并傳導(dǎo)神經(jīng)沖動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)胞體樹(shù)突軸突分類(lèi)圖1－3神經(jīng)元突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞胞體：大小形狀不一，5～100μm結(jié)構(gòu)胞體樹(shù)突軸突分類(lèi)圖4尼氏體（Nisslbody）LM：強(qiáng)嗜堿性，粗塊狀或小顆粒狀EM：RER和游離核糖體功能：合成復(fù)制細(xì)胞器所需的結(jié)構(gòu)蛋白、合成神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)所需的酶類(lèi)、神經(jīng)調(diào)質(zhì)神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)：神經(jīng)元向其它神經(jīng)元或效應(yīng)細(xì)胞傳遞的化學(xué)信息載體，為小分子物質(zhì)神經(jīng)調(diào)質(zhì)：肽類(lèi)，調(diào)節(jié)神經(jīng)元對(duì)神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)的反應(yīng)

突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)結(jié)構(gòu)胞體樹(shù)突軸突分類(lèi)神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞尼氏體（Nisslbody）突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)5神經(jīng)原纖維（neurofibril）LM：在鍍銀染色切片中，呈棕黑色細(xì)絲，交錯(cuò)排列成網(wǎng)，并伸入樹(shù)突和軸突EM：由神經(jīng)絲和微管構(gòu)成。神經(jīng)絲是由神經(jīng)絲蛋白構(gòu)成的中間絲功能：構(gòu)成神經(jīng)元的細(xì)胞骨架，微管還參與物質(zhì)運(yùn)輸突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)結(jié)構(gòu)胞體樹(shù)突軸突分類(lèi)神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞神經(jīng)原纖維（neurofibril）突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢6樹(shù)突（dendrite）每個(gè)神經(jīng)元有一至多個(gè)樹(shù)突，從樹(shù)突干發(fā)出許多分支，樹(shù)突內(nèi)胞質(zhì)的結(jié)構(gòu)與胞體相似在分支上有大量棘狀的短小突起，稱樹(shù)突棘（dendriticspine）功能：極大地?cái)U(kuò)展了神經(jīng)元接受刺激的表面積突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)結(jié)構(gòu)胞體樹(shù)突軸突分類(lèi)神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞樹(shù)突（dendrite）突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神7軸突（axon）每個(gè)神經(jīng)元有一條軸突，由軸丘發(fā)出，此區(qū)無(wú)尼氏體，染色淡比樹(shù)突細(xì)，直徑均一，有側(cè)支呈直角分出。軸突末端的分支較多，形成軸突終末胞膜稱軸膜。起始段軸膜厚，產(chǎn)生神經(jīng)沖動(dòng),沿軸膜向終末傳遞圖4突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)結(jié)構(gòu)胞體樹(shù)突軸突分類(lèi)神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞軸突（axon）圖4突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)結(jié)8胞質(zhì)稱軸質(zhì)，無(wú)尼氏體，含神經(jīng)絲、微管、微絲等，參與物質(zhì)運(yùn)輸①慢速軸突運(yùn)輸：胞體內(nèi)形成的神經(jīng)絲、微絲和微管緩慢向軸突終末延伸②快速順向軸突運(yùn)輸：由胞體向軸突終末快速輸送含神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)和調(diào)質(zhì)的小泡③快速逆向軸突運(yùn)輸：軸突終末的代謝產(chǎn)物、或由軸突終末攝取的物質(zhì)、病毒或毒素運(yùn)輸?shù)桨w神經(jīng)元突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)結(jié)構(gòu)胞體樹(shù)突軸突分類(lèi)神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞胞質(zhì)稱軸質(zhì)，無(wú)尼氏體，含神經(jīng)絲、微管、微絲等，參與物質(zhì)運(yùn)輸神9按神經(jīng)元的突起數(shù)量分三類(lèi)：①多極神經(jīng)元（multipolarneuron）：一個(gè)軸突和多個(gè)樹(shù)突（最多）②雙極神經(jīng)元（bipolarneuron）：一個(gè)樹(shù)突和一個(gè)軸突（很少）③假單極神經(jīng)元（pseudounipolarneuron）：從胞體發(fā)出一個(gè)突起，然后呈Ｔ形分為兩支，周?chē)唬ǚ植嫉街車(chē)鞴伲邮艽碳ぃ瑸闃?shù)突；結(jié)構(gòu)與軸突相似）和中樞突（進(jìn)入CNS,傳出沖動(dòng)，為軸突）圖1神經(jīng)元突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)結(jié)構(gòu)胞體樹(shù)突軸突分類(lèi)神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞按神經(jīng)元的突起數(shù)量分三類(lèi)：圖1神經(jīng)元突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢10按神經(jīng)元的功能分為三類(lèi)：①感覺(jué)神經(jīng)元（sensoryneuron）：又稱傳入神經(jīng)元（afferentneuron），多為假單極神經(jīng)元②運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元（motorneuron）：又稱傳出神經(jīng)元（efferentneuron），一般為多極神經(jīng)元③中間神經(jīng)元（interneuron）：主要為多極神經(jīng)元，位于前兩種神經(jīng)元之間，加工和傳遞信息；占神經(jīng)元總數(shù)99％以上神經(jīng)元突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)結(jié)構(gòu)胞體樹(shù)突軸突分類(lèi)神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞圖5按神經(jīng)元的功能分為三類(lèi)：神經(jīng)元突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖11按神經(jīng)元軸突的長(zhǎng)短分為兩型：①高爾基I

型神經(jīng)元（GolgitypeIneuron）：是具有長(zhǎng)軸突(可長(zhǎng)達(dá)1米以上)的大神經(jīng)元②高爾基II型神經(jīng)元（GolgitypeIIneuron）：是具有短軸突(僅數(shù)微米)的小神經(jīng)元（多）神經(jīng)元突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)結(jié)構(gòu)胞體樹(shù)突軸突分類(lèi)神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞按神經(jīng)元軸突的長(zhǎng)短分為兩型：神經(jīng)元突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神12按神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)和調(diào)質(zhì)的化學(xué)性質(zhì)分類(lèi)：①膽堿能神經(jīng)元（乙酰膽堿）②去甲腎上腺素能神經(jīng)元（去甲腎上腺素）③胺能神經(jīng)元（多巴胺、5-羥色胺）④氨基酸能神經(jīng)元（Υ-氨基丁酸、甘氨酸、谷氨酸）⑤肽能神經(jīng)元（神經(jīng)肽：腦啡肽、Ｐ物質(zhì)、神經(jīng)降壓素）一氧化氮（NO）也是一種神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)神經(jīng)元突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)結(jié)構(gòu)胞體樹(shù)突軸突分類(lèi)神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞按神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)和調(diào)質(zhì)的化學(xué)性質(zhì)分類(lèi)：神經(jīng)元突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末13神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞(neuralstemcells)分布：腦和脊髓的室管膜下區(qū)、大腦海馬形態(tài)：類(lèi)似星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞標(biāo)記物：巢蛋白(nestin)功能：在特定環(huán)境下增殖分化為神經(jīng)元、星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞和少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞，替換正常凋亡的細(xì)胞或參與損傷修復(fù)神經(jīng)元突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)結(jié)構(gòu)胞體樹(shù)突軸突分類(lèi)神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞(neuralstemcells)神經(jīng)元突觸14突觸（synapse）：神經(jīng)元與神經(jīng)元之間、神經(jīng)元與效應(yīng)細(xì)胞之間傳遞信息的部位最常見(jiàn)一個(gè)神經(jīng)元的軸突終末與另一個(gè)神經(jīng)元的樹(shù)突、樹(shù)突棘或胞體連接，分別形成軸-樹(shù)、軸-棘或軸-體突觸分類(lèi)：化學(xué)突觸－以神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)作為傳遞信息的媒介電突觸－縫隙連接，傳遞生物電流突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)圖6神經(jīng)元突觸（synapse）：神經(jīng)元與神經(jīng)元之間、神經(jīng)元與效應(yīng)細(xì)胞15結(jié)構(gòu)：由突觸前成分、突觸間隙、突觸后成分構(gòu)成突觸前成分:即突觸小體，為神經(jīng)元的軸突終末，呈球狀膨大；內(nèi)有突觸小泡（synapticvesicle），含神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)或調(diào)質(zhì)；突觸前膜較厚，含鈣離子通道突觸后成分：突觸后膜含神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)和調(diào)質(zhì)的受體圖7-9突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)元結(jié)構(gòu)：由突觸前成分、突觸間隙、突觸后成分構(gòu)成圖7-9突觸神經(jīng)16圖10-15在神經(jīng)元與神經(jīng)元之間，神經(jīng)元與非神經(jīng)細(xì)胞之間，除突觸部位以外，都被神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞分隔、絕緣，以保證信息傳遞的專一性和不受干擾中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞：有四種，在HE染色切片中，除室管膜細(xì)胞外，不易區(qū)分，用不同的鍍銀染色法則能顯示各種細(xì)胞的全貌星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞室管膜細(xì)胞突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)元圖10-15在神經(jīng)元與神經(jīng)元之間，神經(jīng)元與非神經(jīng)細(xì)胞之間，除17星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞（astrocyte）體大，呈星形多突起,核圓或卵圓形，胞質(zhì)內(nèi)含膠質(zhì)絲（膠質(zhì)原纖維酸性蛋白構(gòu)成的中間絲）功能：①支持和絕緣②突起末端可擴(kuò)大形成腳板，在腦和脊髓表面構(gòu)成膠質(zhì)界膜；在血管周?chē)纬缮窠?jīng)膠質(zhì)膜，參與構(gòu)成血-腦屏障③分泌神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子④組織損傷時(shí)，細(xì)胞增生形成膠質(zhì)瘢痕圖16突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞室管膜細(xì)胞神經(jīng)元星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞（astrocyte）圖16突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)18※血-腦屏障（blood-brainbarrier）構(gòu)成：連續(xù)毛細(xì)血管的內(nèi)皮（細(xì)胞間有緊密連接）；基膜；神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)膜功能：阻止血液中某些物質(zhì)進(jìn)入腦，選擇性允許營(yíng)養(yǎng)和代謝產(chǎn)物通過(guò)，維持腦內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)定圖17、18突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞室管膜細(xì)胞神經(jīng)元※血-腦屏障（blood-brainbarrier）圖119少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞（oligodendrocyte）分布：神經(jīng)元胞體附近及軸突周?chē)w較小，突起較少；突起末端擴(kuò)展成扁平薄膜，包卷神經(jīng)元的軸突形成髓鞘功能：是中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的髓鞘形成細(xì)胞突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞室管膜細(xì)胞神經(jīng)元突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)20小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞（microglia）最小，胞體細(xì)長(zhǎng)或橢圓，核小、染色深；突起細(xì)長(zhǎng)有分支，表面有許多棘突由血液?jiǎn)魏思?xì)胞遷入演變而成，在中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)損傷時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榫奘杉?xì)胞，具有吞噬作用突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞室管膜細(xì)胞神經(jīng)元小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞（microglia）突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)21室管膜細(xì)胞（ependymalcell）襯在腦室和脊髓中央管的腔面，形成單層上皮，即室管膜（ependyma）呈立方或柱狀，游離面有微絨毛，少數(shù)細(xì)胞有纖毛；部分細(xì)胞的基底面有細(xì)長(zhǎng)的突起伸向深部參與產(chǎn)生腦脊液（于脈絡(luò)叢）突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞室管膜細(xì)胞神經(jīng)元突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)22施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞（Schwanncell）參與PNS中神經(jīng)纖維的構(gòu)成，于有髓神經(jīng)纖維和無(wú)髓神經(jīng)纖維中的施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞的形態(tài)和功能有所差異施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞的外表面有基膜分泌神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子,促進(jìn)受損傷的神經(jīng)元存活及其軸突再生突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞室管膜細(xì)胞神經(jīng)元突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)23衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞（satellitecell）是神經(jīng)節(jié)內(nèi)包裹神經(jīng)元胞體的一層扁平或立方形細(xì)胞核圓，染色質(zhì)較濃密；細(xì)胞外表面有基膜圖19突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞室管膜細(xì)胞神經(jīng)元圖19突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞少突24PNS神經(jīng)纖維CNS神經(jīng)纖維神經(jīng)神經(jīng)纖維（nervefiber）由神經(jīng)元的長(zhǎng)軸突及包繞它的神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞構(gòu)成分類(lèi)：有髓神經(jīng)纖維（myelinatednervefiber）無(wú)髓神經(jīng)纖維（unmyelinatednervefiber）突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)元PNS神經(jīng)纖維CNS神經(jīng)纖維神經(jīng)神經(jīng)纖維（nerve25PNS的有髓神經(jīng)纖維施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞呈長(zhǎng)卷筒狀套在軸突外；相鄰施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞間的狹窄處稱郎飛結(jié)(Ranviernode)，相鄰兩個(gè)郎飛結(jié)間的一段神經(jīng)纖維稱結(jié)間體(internode)，一個(gè)結(jié)間體的外圍部分即為一個(gè)施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞圖20-26突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)PNS神經(jīng)纖維CNS神經(jīng)纖維神經(jīng)神經(jīng)元圖20-26突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)PNS神26施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞的結(jié)構(gòu)分三層：中層為髓鞘（myelinsheath），以髓鞘為界胞質(zhì)分為內(nèi)側(cè)胞質(zhì)和外側(cè)胞質(zhì)。內(nèi)側(cè)胞質(zhì)極薄，光鏡下難分辨；外側(cè)胞質(zhì)略厚，核位于其中髓鞘由多層細(xì)胞膜同心卷繞形成，電鏡下呈明暗相間的板層狀；含大量髓磷脂（myelin）和少量蛋白質(zhì)；鋨酸固定標(biāo)本上，可見(jiàn)髓鞘切跡，為內(nèi)、外側(cè)胞質(zhì)間的狹窄通道突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)PNS神經(jīng)纖維CNS神經(jīng)纖維神經(jīng)神經(jīng)元施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞的結(jié)構(gòu)分三層：中層為髓鞘（myelinsheath27PNS的無(wú)髓神經(jīng)纖維施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞為不規(guī)則的長(zhǎng)柱狀，表面有數(shù)量不等、深淺不同的縱行凹溝，縱溝內(nèi)有較細(xì)的軸突，施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞的膜不形成髓鞘一條無(wú)髓神經(jīng)纖維可含多條軸突由于相鄰的施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞銜接緊密，無(wú)郎飛結(jié)圖27突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)PNS神經(jīng)纖維CNS神經(jīng)纖維神經(jīng)神經(jīng)元PNS的無(wú)髓神經(jīng)纖維圖27突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和28CNS的有髓神經(jīng)纖維結(jié)構(gòu)：與PNS的相似，但是由少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞形成髓鞘少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的多個(gè)突起末端形成扁平薄膜，可包卷多個(gè)軸突，其胞體位于神經(jīng)纖維之間神經(jīng)纖維外表面無(wú)基膜，髓鞘內(nèi)無(wú)切跡圖28突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)PNS神經(jīng)纖維CNS神經(jīng)纖維神經(jīng)神經(jīng)元圖28突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)PNS神經(jīng)纖維29CNS的無(wú)髓神經(jīng)纖維軸突外面沒(méi)有特異性的神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞包裹，軸突裸露地走行于有髓神經(jīng)纖維或神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞之間突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)PNS神經(jīng)纖維CNS神經(jīng)纖維神經(jīng)神經(jīng)元突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)PNS神經(jīng)纖維CNS30神經(jīng)纖維的功能傳導(dǎo)神經(jīng)沖動(dòng)，電流的傳導(dǎo)在軸膜進(jìn)行有髓神經(jīng)纖維的神經(jīng)沖動(dòng)在郎飛結(jié)間呈跳躍式傳導(dǎo)，故傳導(dǎo)速度快無(wú)髓神經(jīng)纖維的神經(jīng)沖動(dòng)沿軸膜連續(xù)傳導(dǎo)，故傳導(dǎo)速度慢突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)PNS神經(jīng)纖維CNS神經(jīng)纖維神經(jīng)神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)纖維的功能突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)PNS31周?chē)窠?jīng)系統(tǒng)的神經(jīng)纖維集合在一起，構(gòu)成神經(jīng)（nerve），分布到全身各器官多數(shù)神經(jīng)兼含感覺(jué)神經(jīng)纖維、運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)纖維及自主神經(jīng)纖維圖29－31突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)PNS神經(jīng)纖維CNS神經(jīng)纖維神經(jīng)神經(jīng)元圖29－31突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)PNS神32神經(jīng)外膜（epineurium）：包裹在一條神經(jīng)表面的結(jié)締組織神經(jīng)束膜（perineurium）：位于神經(jīng)纖維束表面，由幾層扁平細(xì)胞圍成。細(xì)胞間有緊密連接，對(duì)進(jìn)出神經(jīng)纖維束的物質(zhì)起屏障作用神經(jīng)內(nèi)膜（endoneurium）：每條神經(jīng)纖維表面的薄層結(jié)締組織突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)PNS神經(jīng)纖維CNS神經(jīng)纖維神經(jīng)神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)外膜（epineurium）：包裹在一條神經(jīng)表面的結(jié)締組33神經(jīng)末梢（nerveendings）概念：周?chē)窠?jīng)纖維的終末，遍布全身分類(lèi)：感覺(jué)神經(jīng)末梢－游離神經(jīng)末梢、觸覺(jué)小體、環(huán)層小體、肌梭運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)末梢－軀體運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)末梢（運(yùn)動(dòng)終板）、內(nèi)臟運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)末梢感覺(jué)神經(jīng)末梢運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)末梢突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)元感覺(jué)神經(jīng)末梢運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)末梢突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神34是感覺(jué)神經(jīng)元（假單極神經(jīng)元）的周?chē)荒┒耍惺墉h(huán)境刺激并轉(zhuǎn)化為神經(jīng)沖動(dòng)1.游離神經(jīng)末梢為感覺(jué)神經(jīng)纖維終末分支，分布于表皮、角膜、各種結(jié)締組織；感受溫度、應(yīng)力和某些化學(xué)物質(zhì)的刺激，參與產(chǎn)生冷、熱、輕觸和痛覺(jué)圖32突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)感覺(jué)神經(jīng)末梢運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)元是感覺(jué)神經(jīng)元（假單極神經(jīng)元）的周?chē)荒┒耍惺墉h(huán)境刺激并352.觸覺(jué)小體（tactilecorpuscle）分布：真皮乳頭，于手指最多結(jié)構(gòu)：卵圓形，長(zhǎng)軸與皮膚表面垂直；小體外包結(jié)締組織被囊，內(nèi)有許多橫列的扁平細(xì)胞；感覺(jué)神經(jīng)纖維末梢盤(pán)繞在扁平細(xì)胞間功能：感受應(yīng)力刺激，參與產(chǎn)生觸覺(jué)圖33-35突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)感覺(jué)神經(jīng)末梢運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)元圖33-35突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)感覺(jué)神經(jīng)末363.環(huán)層小體（lamellacorpuscle）分布：皮下組織、腹膜、腸系膜、韌帶、關(guān)節(jié)囊等處結(jié)構(gòu)：體大，圓或卵圓形，中央有一均質(zhì)狀圓柱體，內(nèi)含神經(jīng)纖維末梢，周?chē)鄬颖馄郊?xì)胞呈同心圓排列功能：感受較強(qiáng)的應(yīng)力，參與產(chǎn)生壓覺(jué)和振動(dòng)覺(jué)圖36、37突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)感覺(jué)神經(jīng)末梢運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)元圖36、37突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)感覺(jué)神經(jīng)末374.肌梭（musclespindle）分布：骨骼肌內(nèi)結(jié)構(gòu)：梭形，表面有結(jié)締組織被囊；內(nèi)含數(shù)條細(xì)的梭內(nèi)肌纖維，核成串排列或集中在肌纖維中段；感覺(jué)神經(jīng)末梢纏繞肌纖維中段，運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)末梢分布在肌纖維兩端功能：為本體感受器，感受骨骼肌的舒縮狀態(tài)，參與調(diào)節(jié)骨骼肌活動(dòng)圖38－40突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)感覺(jué)神經(jīng)末梢運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)元4.肌梭（musclespindle）圖38－40突觸神經(jīng)38是運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元的軸突在肌組織和腺體的終末結(jié)構(gòu)，支配肌纖維的收縮和腺體的分泌1.軀體運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)末梢（運(yùn)動(dòng)終板motorendplate）：分布：骨骼肌LM：運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元軸突末端反復(fù)分支，每一分支呈葡萄狀終末與一條骨骼肌纖維形成突觸；又稱神經(jīng)肌連接圖41-43突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)感覺(jué)神經(jīng)末梢運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)元是運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元的軸突在肌組織和腺體的終末結(jié)構(gòu)，支配肌纖維的39EM：骨骼肌纖維表面凹陷為淺槽，槽底肌膜即突觸后膜，有許多皺褶；軸突終末即突觸小體，嵌入淺槽，突觸小泡內(nèi)含乙酰膽堿功能：支配骨骼肌收縮運(yùn)動(dòng)單位：一個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元及其支配的全部骨骼肌纖維突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)感覺(jué)神經(jīng)末梢運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)元突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)感覺(jué)神經(jīng)末梢運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)末402.內(nèi)臟運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)末梢分布：心肌,內(nèi)臟及血管平滑肌,腺體結(jié)構(gòu)：無(wú)髓神經(jīng)纖維分支末段呈串珠樣膨體，貼附于細(xì)胞表面或穿行于細(xì)胞之間，與細(xì)胞建立突觸功能：控制或調(diào)節(jié)肌細(xì)胞收縮、腺體分泌圖45突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)感覺(jué)神經(jīng)末梢運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)元圖45突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)感覺(jué)神經(jīng)末梢運(yùn)動(dòng)41神經(jīng)組織的構(gòu)成神經(jīng)元的光鏡與電鏡結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)（樹(shù)突、軸突、尼氏體、神經(jīng)原纖維）、功能及分類(lèi)突觸的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能有髓與無(wú)髓神經(jīng)纖維的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能特點(diǎn)神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的分類(lèi)、形態(tài)特點(diǎn)和主要功能各種運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)末梢和感覺(jué)神經(jīng)末梢的一般結(jié)構(gòu)和作用本章重點(diǎn)神經(jīng)組織的構(gòu)成本章重點(diǎn)42圖1神經(jīng)元的主要形態(tài)圖1神經(jīng)元的主要形態(tài)43圖2脊髓運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元光鏡圖圖2脊髓運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元光鏡圖44圖3神經(jīng)元中的神經(jīng)原纖維(鍍銀染色)圖3神經(jīng)元中的神經(jīng)原纖維(鍍銀染色)45圖4運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元結(jié)構(gòu)模式圖圖4運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元結(jié)構(gòu)模式圖46圖1神經(jīng)元的主要形態(tài)圖1神經(jīng)元的主要形態(tài)47圖5脊髓及神經(jīng)(示三種神經(jīng)元的關(guān)系)圖5脊髓及神經(jīng)(示三種神經(jīng)元的關(guān)系)48圖6神經(jīng)元及其突觸超微結(jié)構(gòu)模式圖圖6神經(jīng)元及其突觸超微結(jié)構(gòu)模式圖49圖7神經(jīng)元胞體表面的突觸小體(鍍銀染色)圖7神經(jīng)元胞體表面的突觸小體(鍍銀染色)50圖8突觸超微結(jié)構(gòu)模式圖圖8突觸超微結(jié)構(gòu)模式圖51圖9突觸電鏡圖圖9突觸電鏡圖52圖10中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞圖10中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞53圖11星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞光鏡圖(鍍銀染色)圖11星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞光鏡圖(鍍銀染色)54圖12培養(yǎng)的星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞免疫細(xì)胞化學(xué)（熒光素標(biāo)記）示膠質(zhì)原纖維酸性蛋白陽(yáng)性圖12培養(yǎng)的星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞免疫細(xì)胞化學(xué)（熒光素標(biāo)記）示膠55圖13少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞光鏡圖(鍍銀染色)圖13少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞光鏡圖(鍍銀染色)56圖14小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞光鏡圖(鍍銀染色)圖14小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞光鏡圖(鍍銀染色)57圖15三種神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞光鏡圖(鍍銀染色)

左圖為小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞,右上為少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞,右下為星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞圖15三種神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞光鏡圖(鍍銀染色)

左圖為小膠質(zhì)58圖16中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)

細(xì)胞模式圖圖16中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)

細(xì)胞模式圖59圖17血－腦屏障模式圖圖17血－腦屏障模式圖60圖18血－腦屏障電鏡圖圖18血－腦屏障電鏡圖61圖16中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)

細(xì)胞模式圖圖16中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)

細(xì)胞模式圖62圖19脊神經(jīng)節(jié)1節(jié)細(xì)胞↑衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞圖19脊神經(jīng)節(jié)1節(jié)細(xì)胞↑衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞63圖20運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元及神經(jīng)纖維結(jié)構(gòu)模式圖圖20運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元及神經(jīng)纖維結(jié)構(gòu)模式圖64圖21周?chē)窠?jīng)纖維圖21周?chē)窠?jīng)纖維65圖22有髓神經(jīng)纖維束縱切面光鏡圖

(1軸突2髓鞘3施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞核4郎飛節(jié))圖22有髓神經(jīng)纖維束縱切面光鏡圖

(1軸突2髓鞘3施66圖23有髓神經(jīng)纖維束橫切面光鏡圖

（1軸突2髓鞘3施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞核4神經(jīng)束膜）圖23有髓神經(jīng)纖維束橫切面光鏡圖

（1軸突2髓鞘3施67圖24有髓神經(jīng)纖維橫切面電鏡圖1軸突2施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞內(nèi)側(cè)胞質(zhì)3髓鞘4施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞外側(cè)胞質(zhì)

圖24有髓神經(jīng)纖維橫切面電鏡圖68圖25郎飛結(jié)與髓鞘切跡模式圖圖25郎飛結(jié)與髓鞘切跡模式圖69圖26周?chē)窠?jīng)纖維髓鞘形成

及其超微結(jié)構(gòu)模式圖圖26周?chē)窠?jīng)纖維髓鞘形成

及其超微結(jié)構(gòu)模式圖70圖27無(wú)髓神經(jīng)纖維橫切面模式圖

n施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞核a軸突圖27無(wú)髓神經(jīng)纖維橫切面模式圖

n施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞核a軸突71圖28少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞與中樞有髓神經(jīng)纖維關(guān)系模式圖圖28少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞與中樞有髓神經(jīng)纖維關(guān)系模式圖72圖29神經(jīng)橫切面模式圖神經(jīng)纖維脂肪組織血管神經(jīng)外膜神經(jīng)束膜圖29神經(jīng)橫切面模式圖神經(jīng)纖維脂肪組織血管神經(jīng)外膜神經(jīng)束73圖30神經(jīng)橫切面圖30神經(jīng)橫切面74圖31神經(jīng)橫切面（局部）

1神經(jīng)外膜2神經(jīng)纖維束↑神經(jīng)束膜

圖31神經(jīng)橫切面（局部）

1神經(jīng)外膜2神經(jīng)纖維束↑75圖32游離神經(jīng)末梢(左:模式圖右:光鏡圖)圖32游離神經(jīng)末梢(左:模式圖右:光鏡圖)76圖33觸覺(jué)小體光鏡圖(手掌皮膚)→圖33觸覺(jué)小體光鏡圖(手掌皮膚)→77圖34觸覺(jué)小體光鏡圖圖34觸覺(jué)小體光鏡圖78圖35觸覺(jué)小體(左:模式圖右:光鏡圖，鍍銀染色)圖35觸覺(jué)小體(左:模式圖右:光鏡圖，鍍銀染色)79圖36環(huán)層小體模式圖圖36環(huán)層小體模式圖80圖37環(huán)層小體光鏡圖圖37環(huán)層小體光鏡圖81圖38肌梭模式圖圖38肌梭模式圖82圖39肌梭光鏡圖1梭外肌纖維↓梭內(nèi)肌纖維2被囊

圖39肌梭光鏡圖1梭外肌纖維↓梭內(nèi)肌纖維2被囊83圖40肌梭光鏡圖（氯化金染色）圖40肌梭光鏡圖（氯化金染色）84圖41運(yùn)動(dòng)終板模式圖圖41運(yùn)動(dòng)終板模式圖85圖42運(yùn)動(dòng)終板光鏡圖(氯化金染色)圖42運(yùn)動(dòng)終板光鏡圖(氯化金染色)86圖43運(yùn)動(dòng)終板超微結(jié)構(gòu)模式圖圖43運(yùn)動(dòng)終板超微結(jié)構(gòu)模式圖87圖44內(nèi)臟運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)末梢和膨體結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖圖44內(nèi)臟運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)末梢和膨體結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖88第7章神經(jīng)組織NervousTissue第7章神經(jīng)組織NervousTissue89神經(jīng)組織（nervoustissue）由神經(jīng)細(xì)胞和神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞組成為神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的主要組織成分

愛(ài)因斯坦愛(ài)因斯坦90神經(jīng)細(xì)胞（nervecell）約1012個(gè)，也稱神經(jīng)元（neuron），接受刺激、整合信息和傳導(dǎo)沖動(dòng)神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞（neuroglialcell）數(shù)量為神經(jīng)元的10～50倍，對(duì)神經(jīng)元起支持、保護(hù)、營(yíng)養(yǎng)和絕緣等作用組織學(xué)與胚胎學(xué)07神經(jīng)組織課件91胞體：大小形狀不一，5～100μm

細(xì)胞核：位于胞體中央，大而圓，常染色質(zhì)多，著色淺，核仁大細(xì)胞質(zhì)：尼氏體和神經(jīng)原纖維，還有GC、線粒體、溶酶體等細(xì)胞器和脂褐素細(xì)胞膜：含受體、離子通道，為可興奮膜，接受刺激、處理信息、產(chǎn)生并傳導(dǎo)神經(jīng)沖動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)胞體樹(shù)突軸突分類(lèi)圖1－3神經(jīng)元突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞胞體：大小形狀不一，5～100μm結(jié)構(gòu)胞體樹(shù)突軸突分類(lèi)圖92尼氏體（Nisslbody）LM：強(qiáng)嗜堿性，粗塊狀或小顆粒狀EM：RER和游離核糖體功能：合成復(fù)制細(xì)胞器所需的結(jié)構(gòu)蛋白、合成神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)所需的酶類(lèi)、神經(jīng)調(diào)質(zhì)神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)：神經(jīng)元向其它神經(jīng)元或效應(yīng)細(xì)胞傳遞的化學(xué)信息載體，為小分子物質(zhì)神經(jīng)調(diào)質(zhì)：肽類(lèi)，調(diào)節(jié)神經(jīng)元對(duì)神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)的反應(yīng)

突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)結(jié)構(gòu)胞體樹(shù)突軸突分類(lèi)神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞尼氏體（Nisslbody）突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)93神經(jīng)原纖維（neurofibril）LM：在鍍銀染色切片中，呈棕黑色細(xì)絲，交錯(cuò)排列成網(wǎng)，并伸入樹(shù)突和軸突EM：由神經(jīng)絲和微管構(gòu)成。神經(jīng)絲是由神經(jīng)絲蛋白構(gòu)成的中間絲功能：構(gòu)成神經(jīng)元的細(xì)胞骨架，微管還參與物質(zhì)運(yùn)輸突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)結(jié)構(gòu)胞體樹(shù)突軸突分類(lèi)神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞神經(jīng)原纖維（neurofibril）突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢94樹(shù)突（dendrite）每個(gè)神經(jīng)元有一至多個(gè)樹(shù)突，從樹(shù)突干發(fā)出許多分支，樹(shù)突內(nèi)胞質(zhì)的結(jié)構(gòu)與胞體相似在分支上有大量棘狀的短小突起，稱樹(shù)突棘（dendriticspine）功能：極大地?cái)U(kuò)展了神經(jīng)元接受刺激的表面積突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)結(jié)構(gòu)胞體樹(shù)突軸突分類(lèi)神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞樹(shù)突（dendrite）突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神95軸突（axon）每個(gè)神經(jīng)元有一條軸突，由軸丘發(fā)出，此區(qū)無(wú)尼氏體，染色淡比樹(shù)突細(xì)，直徑均一，有側(cè)支呈直角分出。軸突末端的分支較多，形成軸突終末胞膜稱軸膜。起始段軸膜厚，產(chǎn)生神經(jīng)沖動(dòng),沿軸膜向終末傳遞圖4突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)結(jié)構(gòu)胞體樹(shù)突軸突分類(lèi)神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞軸突（axon）圖4突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)結(jié)96胞質(zhì)稱軸質(zhì)，無(wú)尼氏體，含神經(jīng)絲、微管、微絲等，參與物質(zhì)運(yùn)輸①慢速軸突運(yùn)輸：胞體內(nèi)形成的神經(jīng)絲、微絲和微管緩慢向軸突終末延伸②快速順向軸突運(yùn)輸：由胞體向軸突終末快速輸送含神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)和調(diào)質(zhì)的小泡③快速逆向軸突運(yùn)輸：軸突終末的代謝產(chǎn)物、或由軸突終末攝取的物質(zhì)、病毒或毒素運(yùn)輸?shù)桨w神經(jīng)元突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)結(jié)構(gòu)胞體樹(shù)突軸突分類(lèi)神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞胞質(zhì)稱軸質(zhì)，無(wú)尼氏體，含神經(jīng)絲、微管、微絲等，參與物質(zhì)運(yùn)輸神97按神經(jīng)元的突起數(shù)量分三類(lèi)：①多極神經(jīng)元（multipolarneuron）：一個(gè)軸突和多個(gè)樹(shù)突（最多）②雙極神經(jīng)元（bipolarneuron）：一個(gè)樹(shù)突和一個(gè)軸突（很少）③假單極神經(jīng)元（pseudounipolarneuron）：從胞體發(fā)出一個(gè)突起，然后呈Ｔ形分為兩支，周?chē)唬ǚ植嫉街車(chē)鞴伲邮艽碳ぃ瑸闃?shù)突；結(jié)構(gòu)與軸突相似）和中樞突（進(jìn)入CNS,傳出沖動(dòng)，為軸突）圖1神經(jīng)元突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)結(jié)構(gòu)胞體樹(shù)突軸突分類(lèi)神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞按神經(jīng)元的突起數(shù)量分三類(lèi)：圖1神經(jīng)元突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢98按神經(jīng)元的功能分為三類(lèi)：①感覺(jué)神經(jīng)元（sensoryneuron）：又稱傳入神經(jīng)元（afferentneuron），多為假單極神經(jīng)元②運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元（motorneuron）：又稱傳出神經(jīng)元（efferentneuron），一般為多極神經(jīng)元③中間神經(jīng)元（interneuron）：主要為多極神經(jīng)元，位于前兩種神經(jīng)元之間，加工和傳遞信息；占神經(jīng)元總數(shù)99％以上神經(jīng)元突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)結(jié)構(gòu)胞體樹(shù)突軸突分類(lèi)神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞圖5按神經(jīng)元的功能分為三類(lèi)：神經(jīng)元突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖99按神經(jīng)元軸突的長(zhǎng)短分為兩型：①高爾基I

型神經(jīng)元（GolgitypeIneuron）：是具有長(zhǎng)軸突(可長(zhǎng)達(dá)1米以上)的大神經(jīng)元②高爾基II型神經(jīng)元（GolgitypeIIneuron）：是具有短軸突(僅數(shù)微米)的小神經(jīng)元（多）神經(jīng)元突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)結(jié)構(gòu)胞體樹(shù)突軸突分類(lèi)神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞按神經(jīng)元軸突的長(zhǎng)短分為兩型：神經(jīng)元突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神100按神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)和調(diào)質(zhì)的化學(xué)性質(zhì)分類(lèi)：①膽堿能神經(jīng)元（乙酰膽堿）②去甲腎上腺素能神經(jīng)元（去甲腎上腺素）③胺能神經(jīng)元（多巴胺、5-羥色胺）④氨基酸能神經(jīng)元（Υ-氨基丁酸、甘氨酸、谷氨酸）⑤肽能神經(jīng)元（神經(jīng)肽：腦啡肽、Ｐ物質(zhì)、神經(jīng)降壓素）一氧化氮（NO）也是一種神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)神經(jīng)元突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)結(jié)構(gòu)胞體樹(shù)突軸突分類(lèi)神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞按神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)和調(diào)質(zhì)的化學(xué)性質(zhì)分類(lèi)：神經(jīng)元突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末101神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞(neuralstemcells)分布：腦和脊髓的室管膜下區(qū)、大腦海馬形態(tài)：類(lèi)似星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞標(biāo)記物：巢蛋白(nestin)功能：在特定環(huán)境下增殖分化為神經(jīng)元、星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞和少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞，替換正常凋亡的細(xì)胞或參與損傷修復(fù)神經(jīng)元突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)結(jié)構(gòu)胞體樹(shù)突軸突分類(lèi)神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞(neuralstemcells)神經(jīng)元突觸102突觸（synapse）：神經(jīng)元與神經(jīng)元之間、神經(jīng)元與效應(yīng)細(xì)胞之間傳遞信息的部位最常見(jiàn)一個(gè)神經(jīng)元的軸突終末與另一個(gè)神經(jīng)元的樹(shù)突、樹(shù)突棘或胞體連接，分別形成軸-樹(shù)、軸-棘或軸-體突觸分類(lèi)：化學(xué)突觸－以神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)作為傳遞信息的媒介電突觸－縫隙連接，傳遞生物電流突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)圖6神經(jīng)元突觸（synapse）：神經(jīng)元與神經(jīng)元之間、神經(jīng)元與效應(yīng)細(xì)胞103結(jié)構(gòu)：由突觸前成分、突觸間隙、突觸后成分構(gòu)成突觸前成分:即突觸小體，為神經(jīng)元的軸突終末，呈球狀膨大；內(nèi)有突觸小泡（synapticvesicle），含神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)或調(diào)質(zhì)；突觸前膜較厚，含鈣離子通道突觸后成分：突觸后膜含神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)和調(diào)質(zhì)的受體圖7-9突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)元結(jié)構(gòu)：由突觸前成分、突觸間隙、突觸后成分構(gòu)成圖7-9突觸神經(jīng)104圖10-15在神經(jīng)元與神經(jīng)元之間，神經(jīng)元與非神經(jīng)細(xì)胞之間，除突觸部位以外，都被神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞分隔、絕緣，以保證信息傳遞的專一性和不受干擾中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞：有四種，在HE染色切片中，除室管膜細(xì)胞外，不易區(qū)分，用不同的鍍銀染色法則能顯示各種細(xì)胞的全貌星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞室管膜細(xì)胞突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)元圖10-15在神經(jīng)元與神經(jīng)元之間，神經(jīng)元與非神經(jīng)細(xì)胞之間，除105星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞（astrocyte）體大，呈星形多突起,核圓或卵圓形，胞質(zhì)內(nèi)含膠質(zhì)絲（膠質(zhì)原纖維酸性蛋白構(gòu)成的中間絲）功能：①支持和絕緣②突起末端可擴(kuò)大形成腳板，在腦和脊髓表面構(gòu)成膠質(zhì)界膜；在血管周?chē)纬缮窠?jīng)膠質(zhì)膜，參與構(gòu)成血-腦屏障③分泌神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子④組織損傷時(shí)，細(xì)胞增生形成膠質(zhì)瘢痕圖16突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞室管膜細(xì)胞神經(jīng)元星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞（astrocyte）圖16突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)106※血-腦屏障（blood-brainbarrier）構(gòu)成：連續(xù)毛細(xì)血管的內(nèi)皮（細(xì)胞間有緊密連接）；基膜；神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)膜功能：阻止血液中某些物質(zhì)進(jìn)入腦，選擇性允許營(yíng)養(yǎng)和代謝產(chǎn)物通過(guò)，維持腦內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)定圖17、18突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞室管膜細(xì)胞神經(jīng)元※血-腦屏障（blood-brainbarrier）圖1107少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞（oligodendrocyte）分布：神經(jīng)元胞體附近及軸突周?chē)w較小，突起較少；突起末端擴(kuò)展成扁平薄膜，包卷神經(jīng)元的軸突形成髓鞘功能：是中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的髓鞘形成細(xì)胞突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞室管膜細(xì)胞神經(jīng)元突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)108小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞（microglia）最小，胞體細(xì)長(zhǎng)或橢圓，核小、染色深；突起細(xì)長(zhǎng)有分支，表面有許多棘突由血液?jiǎn)魏思?xì)胞遷入演變而成，在中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)損傷時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榫奘杉?xì)胞，具有吞噬作用突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞室管膜細(xì)胞神經(jīng)元小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞（microglia）突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)109室管膜細(xì)胞（ependymalcell）襯在腦室和脊髓中央管的腔面，形成單層上皮，即室管膜（ependyma）呈立方或柱狀，游離面有微絨毛，少數(shù)細(xì)胞有纖毛；部分細(xì)胞的基底面有細(xì)長(zhǎng)的突起伸向深部參與產(chǎn)生腦脊液（于脈絡(luò)叢）突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞室管膜細(xì)胞神經(jīng)元突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)110施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞（Schwanncell）參與PNS中神經(jīng)纖維的構(gòu)成，于有髓神經(jīng)纖維和無(wú)髓神經(jīng)纖維中的施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞的形態(tài)和功能有所差異施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞的外表面有基膜分泌神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子,促進(jìn)受損傷的神經(jīng)元存活及其軸突再生突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞室管膜細(xì)胞神經(jīng)元突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)111衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞（satellitecell）是神經(jīng)節(jié)內(nèi)包裹神經(jīng)元胞體的一層扁平或立方形細(xì)胞核圓，染色質(zhì)較濃密；細(xì)胞外表面有基膜圖19突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞室管膜細(xì)胞神經(jīng)元圖19突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞少突112PNS神經(jīng)纖維CNS神經(jīng)纖維神經(jīng)神經(jīng)纖維（nervefiber）由神經(jīng)元的長(zhǎng)軸突及包繞它的神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞構(gòu)成分類(lèi)：有髓神經(jīng)纖維（myelinatednervefiber）無(wú)髓神經(jīng)纖維（unmyelinatednervefiber）突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)元PNS神經(jīng)纖維CNS神經(jīng)纖維神經(jīng)神經(jīng)纖維（nerve113PNS的有髓神經(jīng)纖維施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞呈長(zhǎng)卷筒狀套在軸突外；相鄰施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞間的狹窄處稱郎飛結(jié)(Ranviernode)，相鄰兩個(gè)郎飛結(jié)間的一段神經(jīng)纖維稱結(jié)間體(internode)，一個(gè)結(jié)間體的外圍部分即為一個(gè)施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞圖20-26突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)PNS神經(jīng)纖維CNS神經(jīng)纖維神經(jīng)神經(jīng)元圖20-26突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)PNS神114施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞的結(jié)構(gòu)分三層：中層為髓鞘（myelinsheath），以髓鞘為界胞質(zhì)分為內(nèi)側(cè)胞質(zhì)和外側(cè)胞質(zhì)。內(nèi)側(cè)胞質(zhì)極薄，光鏡下難分辨；外側(cè)胞質(zhì)略厚，核位于其中髓鞘由多層細(xì)胞膜同心卷繞形成，電鏡下呈明暗相間的板層狀；含大量髓磷脂（myelin）和少量蛋白質(zhì)；鋨酸固定標(biāo)本上，可見(jiàn)髓鞘切跡，為內(nèi)、外側(cè)胞質(zhì)間的狹窄通道突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)PNS神經(jīng)纖維CNS神經(jīng)纖維神經(jīng)神經(jīng)元施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞的結(jié)構(gòu)分三層：中層為髓鞘（myelinsheath115PNS的無(wú)髓神經(jīng)纖維施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞為不規(guī)則的長(zhǎng)柱狀，表面有數(shù)量不等、深淺不同的縱行凹溝，縱溝內(nèi)有較細(xì)的軸突，施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞的膜不形成髓鞘一條無(wú)髓神經(jīng)纖維可含多條軸突由于相鄰的施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞銜接緊密，無(wú)郎飛結(jié)圖27突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)PNS神經(jīng)纖維CNS神經(jīng)纖維神經(jīng)神經(jīng)元PNS的無(wú)髓神經(jīng)纖維圖27突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和116CNS的有髓神經(jīng)纖維結(jié)構(gòu)：與PNS的相似，但是由少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞形成髓鞘少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的多個(gè)突起末端形成扁平薄膜，可包卷多個(gè)軸突，其胞體位于神經(jīng)纖維之間神經(jīng)纖維外表面無(wú)基膜，髓鞘內(nèi)無(wú)切跡圖28突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)PNS神經(jīng)纖維CNS神經(jīng)纖維神經(jīng)神經(jīng)元圖28突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)PNS神經(jīng)纖維117CNS的無(wú)髓神經(jīng)纖維軸突外面沒(méi)有特異性的神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞包裹，軸突裸露地走行于有髓神經(jīng)纖維或神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞之間突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)PNS神經(jīng)纖維CNS神經(jīng)纖維神經(jīng)神經(jīng)元突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)PNS神經(jīng)纖維CNS118神經(jīng)纖維的功能傳導(dǎo)神經(jīng)沖動(dòng)，電流的傳導(dǎo)在軸膜進(jìn)行有髓神經(jīng)纖維的神經(jīng)沖動(dòng)在郎飛結(jié)間呈跳躍式傳導(dǎo)，故傳導(dǎo)速度快無(wú)髓神經(jīng)纖維的神經(jīng)沖動(dòng)沿軸膜連續(xù)傳導(dǎo)，故傳導(dǎo)速度慢突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)PNS神經(jīng)纖維CNS神經(jīng)纖維神經(jīng)神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)纖維的功能突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)PNS119周?chē)窠?jīng)系統(tǒng)的神經(jīng)纖維集合在一起，構(gòu)成神經(jīng)（nerve），分布到全身各器官多數(shù)神經(jīng)兼含感覺(jué)神經(jīng)纖維、運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)纖維及自主神經(jīng)纖維圖29－31突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)PNS神經(jīng)纖維CNS神經(jīng)纖維神經(jīng)神經(jīng)元圖29－31突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)PNS神120神經(jīng)外膜（epineurium）：包裹在一條神經(jīng)表面的結(jié)締組織神經(jīng)束膜（perineurium）：位于神經(jīng)纖維束表面，由幾層扁平細(xì)胞圍成。細(xì)胞間有緊密連接，對(duì)進(jìn)出神經(jīng)纖維束的物質(zhì)起屏障作用神經(jīng)內(nèi)膜（endoneurium）：每條神經(jīng)纖維表面的薄層結(jié)締組織突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)PNS神經(jīng)纖維CNS神經(jīng)纖維神經(jīng)神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)外膜（epineurium）：包裹在一條神經(jīng)表面的結(jié)締組121神經(jīng)末梢（nerveendings）概念：周?chē)窠?jīng)纖維的終末，遍布全身分類(lèi)：感覺(jué)神經(jīng)末梢－游離神經(jīng)末梢、觸覺(jué)小體、環(huán)層小體、肌梭運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)末梢－軀體運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)末梢（運(yùn)動(dòng)終板）、內(nèi)臟運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)末梢感覺(jué)神經(jīng)末梢運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)末梢突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)神經(jīng)元感覺(jué)神經(jīng)末梢運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)末梢突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神122是感覺(jué)神經(jīng)元（假單極神經(jīng)元）的周?chē)荒┒耍惺墉h(huán)境刺激并轉(zhuǎn)化為神經(jīng)沖動(dòng)1.游離神經(jīng)末梢為感覺(jué)神經(jīng)纖維終末分支，分布于表皮、角膜、各種結(jié)締組織；感受溫度、應(yīng)力和某些化學(xué)物質(zhì)的刺激，參與產(chǎn)生冷、熱、輕觸和痛覺(jué)圖32突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)感覺(jué)神經(jīng)末梢運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)元是感覺(jué)神經(jīng)元（假單極神經(jīng)元）的周?chē)荒┒耍惺墉h(huán)境刺激并1232.觸覺(jué)小體（tactilecorpuscle）分布：真皮乳頭，于手指最多結(jié)構(gòu)：卵圓形，長(zhǎng)軸與皮膚表面垂直；小體外包結(jié)締組織被囊，內(nèi)有許多橫列的扁平細(xì)胞；感覺(jué)神經(jīng)纖維末梢盤(pán)繞在扁平細(xì)胞間功能：感受應(yīng)力刺激，參與產(chǎn)生觸覺(jué)圖33-35突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)感覺(jué)神經(jīng)末梢運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)元圖33-35突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)感覺(jué)神經(jīng)末1243.環(huán)層小體（lamellacorpuscle）分布：皮下組織、腹膜、腸系膜、韌帶、關(guān)節(jié)囊等處結(jié)構(gòu)：體大，圓或卵圓形，中央有一均質(zhì)狀圓柱體，內(nèi)含神經(jīng)纖維末梢，周?chē)鄬颖馄郊?xì)胞呈同心圓排列功能：感受較強(qiáng)的應(yīng)力，參與產(chǎn)生壓覺(jué)和振動(dòng)覺(jué)圖36、37突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)感覺(jué)神經(jīng)末梢運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)元圖36、37突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)感覺(jué)神經(jīng)末1254.肌梭（musclespindle）分布：骨骼肌內(nèi)結(jié)構(gòu)：梭形，表面有結(jié)締組織被囊；內(nèi)含數(shù)條細(xì)的梭內(nèi)肌纖維，核成串排列或集中在肌纖維中段；感覺(jué)神經(jīng)末梢纏繞肌纖維中段，運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)末梢分布在肌纖維兩端功能：為本體感受器，感受骨骼肌的舒縮狀態(tài)，參與調(diào)節(jié)骨骼肌活動(dòng)圖38－40突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)感覺(jué)神經(jīng)末梢運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)元4.肌梭（musclespindle）圖38－40突觸神經(jīng)126是運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元的軸突在肌組織和腺體的終末結(jié)構(gòu)，支配肌纖維的收縮和腺體的分泌1.軀體運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)末梢（運(yùn)動(dòng)終板motorendplate）：分布：骨骼肌LM：運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元軸突末端反復(fù)分支，每一分支呈葡萄狀終末與一條骨骼肌纖維形成突觸；又稱神經(jīng)肌連接圖41-43突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)感覺(jué)神經(jīng)末梢運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)元是運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元的軸突在肌組織和腺體的終末結(jié)構(gòu)，支配肌纖維的127EM：骨骼肌纖維表面凹陷為淺槽，槽底肌膜即突觸后膜，有許多皺褶；軸突終末即突觸小體，嵌入淺槽，突觸小泡內(nèi)含乙酰膽堿功能：支配骨骼肌收縮運(yùn)動(dòng)單位：一個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元及其支配的全部骨骼肌纖維突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)感覺(jué)神經(jīng)末梢運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)元突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)感覺(jué)神經(jīng)末梢運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)末1282.內(nèi)臟運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)末梢分布：心肌,內(nèi)臟及血管平滑肌,腺體結(jié)構(gòu)：無(wú)髓神經(jīng)纖維分支末段呈串珠樣膨體，貼附于細(xì)胞表面或穿行于細(xì)胞之間，與細(xì)胞建立突觸功能：控制或調(diào)節(jié)肌細(xì)胞收縮、腺體分泌圖45突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)感覺(jué)神經(jīng)末梢運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)元圖45突觸神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)末梢神經(jīng)纖維和神經(jīng)感覺(jué)神經(jīng)末梢運(yùn)動(dòng)129神經(jīng)組織的構(gòu)成神經(jīng)元的光鏡與電鏡結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)（樹(shù)突、軸突、尼氏體、神經(jīng)原纖維）、功能及分類(lèi)突觸的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能有髓與無(wú)髓神經(jīng)纖維的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能特點(diǎn)神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的分類(lèi)、形態(tài)特點(diǎn)和主要功能各種運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)末梢和感覺(jué)神經(jīng)末梢的一般結(jié)構(gòu)和作用本章重點(diǎn)神經(jīng)組織的構(gòu)成本章重點(diǎn)130圖1神經(jīng)元的主要形態(tài)圖1神經(jīng)元的主要形態(tài)131圖2脊髓運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元光鏡圖圖2脊髓運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元光鏡圖132圖3神經(jīng)元中的神經(jīng)原纖維(鍍銀染色)圖3神經(jīng)元中的神經(jīng)原纖維