三十四選擇性必修第四冊Unit3

SeaExploration(限時(shí)35分鐘)Ⅰ.閱讀理解A

Scientistsspentthepast10yearsstudyinglifeintheoceans.Thismonth,theyreleasedtheresultsoftheirwork.Peopleoftensaythatthereareplentyoffishinthesea.Butuntilrecently,notevenscientistsknewhowmanycreatureslivedintheworld’soceans.Tenyearsago,agroupofscientistsdecidedtofinditout.

“Weannouncedthatwewouldtrytoconductthefirst-everworldwidecensusofmarinelife,”theproject’sco-founder,JesseAusubel,toldTFK.“Itwasdaring,andpeopleresponded.”O(jiān)verthenext10years,morethan2,700scientistsfrom80countriesworkedtogethertotrack,countandstudyseaspecies.Inareportthismonth,theysharedwhattheylearned.

DecadesofDiscoveryScientistsbeganbyexploringtheseas.Alongtheway,theydiscoveredmanynewspecies.“Wefoundlifeeverywherewelooked,”sayscensusscientistsPatriciaMiloslavich.“Wehavegiven1,200newnamestoscience.”O(jiān)nenamebelongstoatypeoffurrywhitecrabthatspendsitslifeatthebottomofthePacificOcean.Theunusualcreaturelivesinaworldoftotaldarkness.Anothernewspecies,anine-poundlobster,wasfoundintheIndianOcean,nearAfrica.“Itissurprisingthatananimalofthatsizewouldremaintobediscovered.”saysAusubel.Scientistsalsodidresearchonland.Theyreadthrougholdrecords,includingscientificpapers,books,seafood—restaurantmenusandfishermen’sjournals.Theirgoal:tofindoutwhichseacreatureslivedwhereinthepast.SnapshotoftheseaAftertenyearsofinvestigation,scientistsfoundthattheoceansareteemingwithlife.Theycounted250,000marinespecies.Theyhaveanestimateofhowmanymorespeciesarewaitingtobefound:awhopping750,000.“Mostofthesewillbesmall,”saysAusubel,“Therewon’tbeanymoregiantlobsters.”Theresearcherslearnedwhichunderwaterareashavethemostspecies.TheseasaroundAustraliaandJapanhaveasmanyas33,000formsoflife.(Theaveragemarineareahasabout10,000species.)These“hotspots”forbiodiversityneedspecialattentionandprotection,saysMiloslavich.Theaccuratepictureofoceanlifewillhelpscientistsnoticechanges.“Thingswillbedifferentin10,20,30years,”saysAusubel.“Knowingwhat’stherenowwillbehelpful.”Thecensusgivesusabetterunderstandingofthechallengesfacingouroceans.Manyoftheproblems,includingoverfishing,habitatdestructionandpollution,stemfrom(起源于)humanbehaviour.Environmentalistsareworkingtosetupprotectedareasinthesea,muchliketheparksthatconserve12%ofourland.“Weneedtoshowconcernfortheocean,”saysMiloslavich.【文章大意】本文是一篇記敘文,主要講了科學(xué)家從十年前就開始研究海洋生物種類,并介紹了研究的內(nèi)容和基本過程。1.Whydidthescientistsreadthrougholdrecords,includingscientificpapers,books,seafood—restaurantmenusandfishermen’sjournals?A.Togetmoreknowledgeabouttheseacreature’sout-looking.B.Toknowthelocationoftheseacreatureinthepast.C.Tofindoutwhichplacehasthemostseaspecies.D.Tofindoutwhichseacreaturewasalmostpopular.【解析】選B。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由“DecadesofDiscovery”中的最后一句可知,科學(xué)家這樣做的目的在于發(fā)現(xiàn)過去海洋生物的分布情況。其余說法在文中均無信息支持。2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“whopping”mean?A.Blurry(模糊的).

B.Uncertain.C.Total. D.Enormous.【解析】選D。詞義猜測題。750000是一個(gè)龐大的數(shù)字,其他選項(xiàng)與語境不符,故選D。3.WhichofthefollowingsayingsisRight?A.Thereareplentyofnewspecieswaitingforustofind.B.TheseasaroundAustraliaandJapanhavetheleastspecies.C.Scientistswantedtogetnewfoodresourcesbydoingthisresearch.D.Thesescientistsonlydidresearchunderthesea.【解析】選A。推理判斷題。由“Theyhaveanestimateofhowmanymorespeciesarewaitingtobefound:awhopping750,000”,可知據(jù)估計(jì),還有約750000種新的海洋生物等待發(fā)現(xiàn),由此可推知,尚未發(fā)現(xiàn)的海洋生物數(shù)量龐大。B項(xiàng)應(yīng)改為“最多的”;C項(xiàng)說法無依據(jù);D項(xiàng)說法錯(cuò)誤,科學(xué)家還在陸地上進(jìn)行研究。B

Itmaynotbequiteoldenoughtobetheworld’soldestlivingorganism—that“honor”goestothebristleconepinetree(aged5,000years)—but,at4,000yearsofage,Leiopathesglaberrima,adeep-watercoralspecies,doessettherecordforbeingtheoldestanimallivingunderthesea.LocatedonthefloorofthePacificOcean,offHawaii,the3meterstall,(extremely)long-lived“blackcoral”couldhavesomevaluablecluesaboutpastincidentsofclimatechange;specifically,itcouldbetterscientists’understandingofhowoceansdrawdowncarbondioxide—andofoceanacidificationingeneral.BrendanRoarkofTexasUniversity,wholedaresearchexpeditionin2006tostudythecorals’climaterecords,presentedhisfindingsattherecentAAASmeeting.Howlongtheycanliveisanybody’sguess,RoarktoldScience’sErikStokstadandhiscolleaguesusedradiocarbondatingtodeterminethecoral’sage.Whatthissuggests,hesaid,isthattheharvestingofdeep-watercoralforjewelryshouldbecompletelybanned;becausethecoralsgrowatsuchananemic(貧血的)rate,anylevelofharvestingwouldlikelywipeouttheremainingspecimens—thosenotyetaffectedbyoceanacidification.Roarkbelievesitcouldbepossibletoreconstructrecordsofsubsurfacetemperaturevariabilityandoceancirculationchanges,whichwouldprovidesomeinsightonclimatechangeincidentsandhelppredictfutureeffects.Bycomparison,thatoceanquahogclamwementionedawhileback—aged405years—seemsalmostsprightly.【文章大意】本文是說明文,介紹了海洋壽星——Leiopathesglaberrima.這一深海珊瑚礁在水下已經(jīng)待了4000多年,研究它對我們研究海洋意義很大。科學(xué)家也提出了保護(hù)海洋珊瑚的建議。4.Whatisthebesttitleofthepassage?A.Theworld’soldestlivingorganism.B.Oldestanimalunderthesea.C.Howtoprotectthecorals.D.Agreatdiscovery.【解析】選B。主旨大意題。全文介紹了海洋的壽星,因此B項(xiàng)最合適。5.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“clues”inthesecondparagraphmean?A.Evidence. B.Treasure.C.Worth. D.Usage.【解析】選A。詞義猜測題。根據(jù)第二段可知,Leiopathesglaberrima的發(fā)現(xiàn)對研究海洋提供有力的線索與證據(jù)。6.WhatisthevalueofthefindingoftheLeiopathesglaberrima?A.Itshowswhichistheoldestintheocean.B.Ithelpsthescientistsgetmoreinformationabouttheocean.C.Itshowswhytheweatherchangessomuch.D.Ithelpsthescientistsknowhowtolivelonger.【解析】選B。推理判斷題。第二段講述了發(fā)現(xiàn)Leiopathesglaberrima的意義,因此可以得出答案為B。7.Whyshouldtheharvestingofdeep-watercoralforjewelrybecompletelybanned?A.Becausethejewelryhaslittlevalue.B.Becausethejewelryishardtoharvest.C.Becauseharvestingforthejewelrydoesgreatharmtodeep-watercoral.D.Becauseitisverydangerous.【解析】選C。推理判斷題。從第三段中的“becausethecoralsgrowatsuchananemicrate,anylevelofharvestingwouldlikelywipeouttheremainingspecimens”可知,珊瑚的生長非常緩慢,稍微破壞就會(huì)導(dǎo)致物種滅絕。Ⅱ.閱讀填句ScientistsCreateSpeechfromBrainSignalsScientistshavefoundawaytousebrainsignalstomakeacomputerspeakthewordsapersonistryingtosay.Someillnessesorinjuriescancausepeopletolosetheabilitytospeak.

1

,buttheyareslow.Onemethodallowsapersonto“type”bymovingtheireyesfromlettertolettertospelloutwords.Thetopspeedwiththismethodisabout10wordsperminute.Normalhumanspeechisabout150wordsperminute.

Muchrecentresearchhasfocusedonadirectconnectionbetweensomeone’sbrainandacomputer.

2

.FormanyBCIs,peoplehavewiresattachedtotheirbrains.Thisallowsscientiststotracktheelectricalsignalsinthebrainandconnectthemtocomputers.

ScientistsattheUniversityofCalifornia,SanFrancisco(UCSF)decidedtofocusonthemusclespeopleweretryingtousewhentheyspoke.

3

.Epilepsy(癲癇)isaconditionwhereunusualelectricalactivityinthebraincancauseproblemswithaperson’scontroloftheirbodyorsenses.

Thereareabout100musclesusedforspeaking.Thescientistsknewroughlywhattheshapeofthemouthwouldhavetobetomakeeachsound.Thisallowedthemtofigureouthowthebrainsignalscontrolledthespeakingmuscles.Withthatinformationtheycould“decode”thebrainsignalstofindouthowthepersonwasmovingtheirmouth.

4

.Thescientistsweresurprisedathowclosetorealspeechthecomputerspeechwas.

5

,themusclesusedtomakeeachsoundarethesameforeveryone.Thatwillmakeiteasierforasystemlikethistohelpmanypeople.

A.ThesepeoplecouldspeaknormallyB.Thisiscalleda“BrainComputerInterface”(BCI)C.TherearesomewaysforthesepeopletocommunicateD.TheUCSF’sscientistsworkedwithagroupoffivepeoplewithepilepsyE.There’smuchtolearnbeforeasystemlikethiscouldbeusedineverydaylifeF.Oneimportantdiscoveryisthatthougheachperson’sbrainsignalsaredifferentG.Thenthescientistswereabletocreatecomputerspeechsoundsbasedonthepositionofthespeakingmuscles【文章大意】本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了一項(xiàng)新的科研成果。科學(xué)家已經(jīng)找到了一種方法,利用大腦信號讓電腦說出一個(gè)人試圖說的話。1.【解析】選C。利用同詞復(fù)現(xiàn)策略確定答案。根據(jù)這句話后面的內(nèi)容:一種方法允許一個(gè)人通過移動(dòng)他們的眼睛拼出單詞。此方法的最高速度約為每分鐘10個(gè)單詞。正常人類講話是每分鐘大約150個(gè)單詞,所以這里選擇C:有一些對于那些因?yàn)榧膊《フf話能力的人的溝通方式。C選項(xiàng)中的thesepeople指代空前失去說話能力的人,C選項(xiàng)中的ways和空后method是同義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)。2.【解析】選B。利用同詞復(fù)現(xiàn)策略確定答案。選項(xiàng)B中的詞匯BCI,在空后出現(xiàn),起到上下文銜接的作用;選項(xiàng)B的主語This指代上文。許多研究都集中在人的大腦和電腦之間的一個(gè)直接聯(lián)系上,這稱為“大腦電腦接口”。對于許多大腦電腦接口來說,人們有一些大腦電線,這使得科學(xué)家能夠跟蹤大腦中的電信號,并將它們連接到電腦上。3.【解析】選D。利用同詞復(fù)現(xiàn)策略確定答案。D選項(xiàng)中的epilepsy在空后出現(xiàn)。加州大學(xué)舊金山分校的科學(xué)家們對五名癲癇病患者進(jìn)行研究,癲癇病是大腦中異常的電活動(dòng)導(dǎo)致大腦對人的身體或感官控制出現(xiàn)問題。4.【解析】選G。根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系確定答案。大約有100塊肌肉用于說話。科學(xué)家們大致知道發(fā)出每個(gè)聲音時(shí)嘴的形狀是什么。這使他們能夠找出大腦信號如何控制說話的肌肉。有了那個(gè)信息,他們可以“解碼”大腦信號,以找出人是如何移動(dòng)他們的嘴。然后,科學(xué)家們能夠根據(jù)說話肌肉的位置來創(chuàng)造計(jì)算機(jī)語音。科學(xué)家們對計(jì)算機(jī)產(chǎn)生的語音與真實(shí)語音的接近程度感到驚訝。5.【解析】選F。根據(jù)標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號以及反義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)策略確定答案。F選項(xiàng)中的different與后半句話中的thesame構(gòu)成一對反義詞。一個(gè)重要的發(fā)現(xiàn)是,雖然每個(gè)人的大腦信號是不同的,但是每個(gè)人用來發(fā)出聲音的肌肉是相同的。Ⅲ.應(yīng)用文寫作紅旗社區(qū)針對本社區(qū)居民垃圾分類情況,計(jì)劃于下周舉行一次關(guān)于垃圾分類的講座,請你代表社區(qū)寫一封公開信,內(nèi)容包括:1.垃圾分類的好處;2.講座具體時(shí)間和地點(diǎn);3.邀請居民參加。注意:1.詞數(shù)80個(gè)左右;2.開頭和結(jié)尾已經(jīng)給出,不計(jì)入總詞數(shù);3.可以適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié),以使行文連貫。參考詞匯:垃圾分類garbageclassificationDearsirormadam,

I’mwritingt