考研英語（一）第二部分閱讀理解（上）

（江南博哥）

材料題根據下面資料，回答1-5題ForseveralweekstheworldhaswatchedasIndia'scitizens—includingacademicsandstudents—havetakentothestreets.TensofthousandshavebeengatheringtoreadoutthepreambletotheIndianconstitution,asamarkofprotestagainstadiscriminatorynewcitizenshiplaw.ThelawprovidesapathtocitizenshipforrecentrefugeesfromAfghanistan,BangladeshandPakistan.Itisameanstoprovidingpermanentsanctuaryforreligiousminoritiesfleeinghardshiporpersecutioninthesecountries—anintentionthatistobecommended.Whatistroublingisthatdecisionsonwhocan—andcannot—applyforcitizenshipwillbemadeonthebasisofreligiousbelief.Tragically,someofthepeacefulprotestsarebeingmetwithviolence,anduniversitycampusesarenotimmune.Thelatesthigh-profileincidenttookplaceatJawaharlalNehruUniversityinNewDelhi,wherestudentshavealsobeenprotestingoveranincreaseinaccommodationfees.Ontheeveningof5January,peoplewearingmasksandcarryingironrods,stonesandwoodenclubsenteredthecampusandlaunchedanattack.However,thecity'spolicefailedtoprovideprotection.Inmid-December,policeenteredtwoofIndia'solderuniversitiesandstudentswerebeaten,propertywasdamagedandteargasused.Bothinstitutionshadtoclosetemporarily,disruptingteachingandresearch.JamiaMillia'svice-chancellorsaidthatitisnotacceptableforpolicetoharminnocentstudents.Theseverityofthepoliceactionhasrightlypromptedachorusofinternationalconcern.AmongthosespeakinguparetheNobelprizewinnersAbhijitBanerjee,aneconomistandJNUalumnusnowattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyinCambridge,whoisalsocriticalofthenewlaw.Manyofthegovernment'ssupportersareupsetthatuniversitystudents,academicsandscientistsarealsoopposingthenewlaw.Buttheymustknowthatfreedomofexpressioniscoretoauniversity'smission；thattheabilityofcitizenstoprotestpeacefullyagainstgovernmentpoliciesisaright,notaprivilege.Withoutit,nooppositionwouldbeabletopresentitscasetothepublic—asmembersofthecurrentgovernmentanditssupportersdidintheyearstheywereoutofpower.AcademicsinIndiaarerighttobealarmedandtospeakup,becauseforcehasbeenusedonuniversitycampuses,causingfear.India'sauthoritiesmusttakethenecessarystepstoprotecttheirnation'suniversitiesandtheirpeople'sfreedomofspeech.Theymustheedthewordsoftheprimeminister'sprincipalscientificadviser,KrishnaswamyVijayRaghavan,whosaidunequivocally："Campusesareplacesforlearning,discussionandresearch.Thereisnoplaceatallforviolence."1Accordingtothefirstparagraph,whatisthefunctionofIndia'sNewCitizenshipLaw?A.ToprovideawayforrefugeestoearncitizenshipB.ToprovidesanctuaryforreligiousmajoritiesC.ToconfirmthepreambletotheIndianconstitutionD.Todecidereligiousbeliefoftheapplicants正確答案：A參考解析:Itisameanstoprovidingpermanentsanctuaryforreligiousminoritiesfleeinghardshiporpersecutioninthesecountries—anintentionthatistobecommended.為逃離這些國家的苦難者或受迫害的宗教少數群體提供永久避難所的一種手段，A符合題意。2博選韻UniversitycampusesarenotimmunetoviolencebecauseA.studentsareinvolvedinpeacefulprotestsB.thepropertyofuniversitieshasbeendamagedC.internationalcommunitiesareshowingconcernsD.thepolicehasfailedtoprovideprotection正確答案：D參考解析：Ontheeveningof5January,peoplewearingmasksandcarryingironrods,stonesandwoodenclubsenteredthecampusandlaunchedanattack.However,thecity'spolicefailedtoprovideprotection.第二段描述了學生的和平抗議及遭到的暴力對待：尼赫魯大學學生抗議住宿費的上漲，1月5日人們進入校園發動襲擊；12月中旬警方進入印度兩所大學，毆打學生，破壞學校財產，甚至使用催淚瓦斯。所以校園不能免于遭受暴力的原因是警方未能提供保護反而暴力鎮壓抗議活動。D正確。［單選題］ofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoParagraph4?A.SomescientistsareuneasyaboutopposingthenewlawB.TheoppositionhasnowaytoconveyhisideastothepublicC.ltisnecessarytoguaranteepeople'sfreedomofexpressionD.ltisaprivilegeofcitizenstoprotestagainstgovernmentpolicies正確答案：C參考解析：Buttheymustknowthatfreedomofexpressioniscoretoauniversity'smission;thattheabilityofcitizenstoprotestpeacefullyagainstgovernmentpoliciesisaright,notaprivilege.Withoutit,nooppositionwouldbeabletopresentitscasetothepublic—asmembersofthecurrentgovernmentanditssupportersdidintheyearstheywereoutofpower.第四段指出沒有言論自由是大學的核心使命，沒有言論自由任何反對黨就無法向公眾表達自己的立場，現在的政府成員當初也經歷過沒有言論自由的時刻，所以他們知道言論自由的重要性。C正確。［單選題］WhatcanweinferfromthewordsofKrishnaswamy?A.HewasagainsttheactionsofIndianscholarsB.HesupportedtheimplementationofthenewlawC.HefoundcampusesareplacesforviolenceD.Headvocatedtheprotectionofuniversities正確答案：D參考解析：Theymustheedthewordsoftheprimeminister'sprincipalscientificadviser,KrishnaswamyVijayRaghavan,whosaidunequivocally:"Campusesareplacesforlearning,discussionandresearch.Thereisnoplaceatallforviolence."最后一句Krishnaswamy表示校園是學習、討論和研究的場所，不應該有暴力存在。所以D正確。5［單選題］ofthefollowingmaybethebesttitleofthetext?A.ProtectIndia'sUniversitiesB.CarryoutaNewCitizenshipLawC.FocusonthePoliceActionD.GuardPeople'sFreedom正確答案：A參考解析：文章從新法律的頒發，到暴力鎮壓大學的和平抗議活動，提出了言論自由的重要性，該文章想通過大學校園中和平抗議活動遭到暴力鎮壓的事件，表達印度社會各方應保護印度的大學及其言論自由，所以選項［A］為正確答案。材料題根據下面資料，回答6-10題Onethingscientistsaresurewillhappenastheworldwarmsisthattheseaswillrise,puttingmillionsofpeopleatriskoflanderosion,floodingandpermanentdisplacement.Butaskexpertsexactlyhowfaroceanswilladvance,andtheiranswergetsfarmorequalified.AstudypublishedMay20intheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesfoundthatpreviousestimatesofhowbadsea-levelrisecouldgetweretooconservative—andthatcoastalcommunitiesmustcontemplatemoresevere,long-termimpactsfromhumans'addictiontofossilfuels.ResearchersaskedleadingexpertsontheGreenlandandAntarcticicesheetstoprovidetheirbestupdatedestimatesforthefutureofthesefrozenmassesastemperaturesspike.Aggregatingthese,theresearchersconcludedthattherangeofoutcomesscientistsnowconsiderpossiblehasshiftedmarkedlytowardmoremeltingand,therefore,higherseas.Forexample,inabusiness-as-usualscenario,themedianestimatefromtheUnitedNations'lastmajorclimatereportshouldhavebeenmorethandoubled.Infact,theresearchersfoundthatitisunlikely,butplausible,thattheoceanscouldriseastaggering6.5feetby2100ifemissionslevelscontinuetobehigh.ThatwouldswamproughlyasmuchterritoryasiscontainedinallofWesternEuropeandmake187millionpeoplehomeless.SincetheUnitedNations'lastmajorclimateassessment,thescientistswatchingtheEarth'smajoricesheetshavewitnessedmassiveicelossesandtriedtobettermodelthewaythesheetsfracture,howliquidwaterinteractswiththesolidstuff,andtheinstabilityoficecliffs.Theyhavealsodonemoretoassesshowtheseicesheetsbehavedinpreviouswarmingepochs.Theyhavenotbeenabletoprovidemorepreciseestimatesforhowbadthingscouldgetexcepttosaytheoutlookisworsethantheythoughtpreviously.Aswithmanyeffectsofhuman-forcedplanetarywarming,theprecisenatureofsomeconsequenceswillbeknownonlyaftertheyoccur,whenitistoolate.Itisthissortofuncertaintythatopponentsofaddressingglobalwarminghaveplayeduptoargueagainstaction.Yetalthoughitispossibletocontemplateless-badconsequencesatoneunlikelyendoftheprobabilityspectrum,itisalsopossibletoforeseeabsolutelydevastatingresultsontheotherend.And,asscientistshavecontinuedtorefinetheirunderstandingofEarthsystems,thedistributionofthescenariosthatseemprobablehastendedtomoveinthewrongdirection.PresidentTrumpandthoseinhisadministrationignorescientists'increasinglydirewarningstotheperiloftheirchildren,grandchildrenandtherestofhumanity.6［單選題］Theword"qualified"(Line3,Para.1)istheclosestinmeaningto A.ExaggeratedB.reservedC.revised0.certificated正確答案：B參考解析：劃橫線句子前段描寫是的海平面上上所帶來的威脅，然后but轉折,向專家咨詢海水上漲的具體情況答復的數字應該是非常模糊，不具體的。后面一句最新發表的一項報告稱，先前對于海水上升程度的估計太過保守。二者都在談論對專家估計的看法，因為兩個句子并列且沒有轉折由此可知，qualified與第三句中的conservative意思應該相近，B符合題意。［單選題］'beUnitedNations'lastmajorclimatereportismentionedto A.explaintherelationshipbetweenicemeltingandsea-levelvethecollapseoftheworld'soceanecosystemsC.showtheconservativenessofthepreviouscalculation0.stressthedevastationofglobalwariningtopeopleincoastalareas正確答案：C參考解析：theUnitedNations'lastmajorclimatereportshouldhavebeenmorethandoubled,聯合國最近的報告中的預測中間值是原來的兩倍多，實際情況可能會很糟糕，通過對這些數據的匯總，研究人員得出結論，冰蓋融化的范圍遠超科學家現在的推測范圍，因此，海平面上升的程度要比推測的更高。”由此可見，二者都在說明原來科學家所做的預測數摘氐得多，過于保守。C正確。［單選題］HcanbeinferredfromParagraph3thatA.scientistshavealreadyconstructedaccurateice-sheetmodels.peopletendtoturnadeatheartoscientists'preciseestimatesC.humansawakentotheperilofglobalwarminguntilitistoolateD.thetruenatureofsomeconsequencesisentirelypredictable正確答案：C參考解析：Aswithmanyeffectsofhuman-forcedplanetarywarming,theprecisenatureofsomeconsequenceswillbeknownonlyaftertheyoccur,whenitistoolate.第三段前面描述了科學家評估大型冰蓋消融的情況，但是不能給出更精確的評估。一些后果的確切情形只有在發生之后才能得知。D符合題意。［單選題］、beauthorseemstoviewtheTrumpadministrationwithA.criticismB.appreciationC.indulgence0.sympathy正確答案：A參考解析：PresidentTrumpandthoseinhisadministrationignorescientists'increasinglydirewarningstotheperiloftheirchildren,grandchildrenandtherestofhumanity.倒數第二段提到盡管有不確定性。但是后果不太嚴重的可能性很小，但特朗普總統及其政府任置若罔聞。所以作者的態度是批判的。A正確、[單選^]lnthistext,theauthormainlydiscussesthatA.theoceansprovideacushionagainstthewarmingplanetscientistscannotpreciselypredicttheconsequencesoficemeltingC.theresultsofsea-levelrisewillbemoreworsethanweexpectedD.thepolicymakershouldtakeactionstotackletheenvironmentalproblems正確答案：C參考解析：對于全球變暖造成的海平面上升程度，此前的估計太過保守，實際情況將遠比我們想象的嚴重。然后提到了雖然具有不確定性，但是可能性很小并且人類可能面臨毀滅性的危險，但是還是有及個別國家及其政府對此置若罔聞，可見全文都在講述海平面上升的嚴重程度遠超我們的預期，選項[C]"海平面上升的結果將比我們預期的更糟"意思與此相近，故為答案。材料題根據下面資料，回答11-15題InitsprimeGoldmanSachswasexceptionalFifteenyearsago,justbeforetheglobalfinancialcrisis,thebankeasilyoutshoneitsWallStreetrivals—winningthemostlucrativedealsandmakingthemostprofitabletrades.Itprintedmoney,bothforshareholdersandemployees.Althoughthecrisisimperiledthefirmalongwiththerestofthebankingindustry,itnavigatedthechaosrelativelywell.Successallowedittobehaughty-whileotherbanksengagedinthegrubbygameofsuckinguptoinvestors,Goldmanremainedsecretiveandenigmatic.Howtimeshavechanged.Thisweekthefirmhelditsfirstinvestorday,ledbyDavidSolomon,whotookoveraschiefexecutivelastyear.Itcomesafteralongperiodofunderperformance.AdollarinvestedinGoldmanin2010wouldbeworthjust$1.60today.AdollarwageredonJPMorganChasewouldbeworth$4.10.Goldmanhasbecomealaggard.ItspredicamentreflectstwobigchangesinWesternbanking.Oneisthedecliningprofitabilityofcapital-marketsactivity,inlargeparttheresultoftighterrules,includinghighercapitalrequirementsforriskieractivity,penaltiesonlendersthatrelyondebtmarketstofundthemselvesandtightercomplianceregimes.Thesecondistherisingimportanceoftechnologyintheindustry,asconsumersandcorporateborrowersshifttodigitalbanking.ThisappearstogiveanimmediateadvantagetoverylargelendersthatcansupporthugeITbudgets,andtobigtechplatformfirmsthathavevastnumbersofcustomerswhocanbesoldfinancialproducts,asisalreadythecaseinmuchofAsia.Goldmanhasbeenonthewrongsideofthesetrends.MrSolomon'snewplanis,inpart,tobecomemorelikeJPMorganChase,withabroaderrangeofservicesandfunding.GoldmanwantstoexpandMarcus,itsfast-growingconsumerarm,andalsotobuildoutitstransaction-bankingdivisionthatshipsmoneyaroundtheworldforcompanies.Itplanstoattractmoredeposits,whicharetypicallythecheapestwaytofundabank.Ithashiredanarmyoftechexperts.Allthis,Goldmanhopes,willraiseitsreturnontangibleequityto14%.Goldmansaysitrecognizestheneedforfundamentalreform.Itboastsoftransformingitsmachoculturewithamorediverseintakeofrecruits.Butyoucanquestionhowmuchithasreallychanged.Itcontinuestoallocatehalfitscapitaltoitsonce-famedtradingoperation,despiteitsdrabreturns.Anditstillspendsalavish$12bnayearonrewardingitsstaff,evenasthefirmearnedonly$8bnforitsshareholdersin2019.IfGoldman'sreinventionfailsitmayultimatelyhavetodoadeal.UnitingWellsFargoandGoldman,forexample,wouldcreatesomethingmorelikeJPMorganChase.［單選題］ofthefollowingrepresentschangeoftimes?AJPMorganChasesurpassedGoldmanSachsinprofitmakingB.TheglobalfinancialcrisisstruckWallStreetbankingindustryC.GoldmanSachsdidn'texceeditsrivalsuntilfinancialcrisisD.GoldmanSachshasfallenbehindandhelditsfirstinvestorday正確答案：D參考解析：Thisweekthefirmhelditsfirstinvestorday,ledbyDavidSolomon,whotookoveraschiefexecutivelastyear.Itcomesafteralongperiodofunderperformance.第一段描寫了高盛集團的輝煌。然后第二段描寫了他舉辦的投資者活動，因為很長一段時間里高盛的業績表現不佳。"高盛已經落后并且第一次舉辦了投資者日活動”反映了高盛從輝煌到落后的變化，所以選項［D］為正確答案。［單選題］'befactorsthatleadtochangesinWesternbankingareA.tighterregulationandtheriseofdigitalbankingB.penaltiesonlendersandtheimportanceoftechnologyC.tightercomplianceregimesandanupgradeofservices0.highercapitalrequirementandhugeITbudgets正確答案：A參考解析：ItspredicamentreflectstwobigchangesinWesternbanking.Oneisthedecliningprofitabilityofcapital-marketsactivity,inlargeparttheresultoftighterrules,Thesecondistherisingimportanceoftechnologyintheindustry,asconsumersandcorporateborrowersshifttodigitalbanking.該段描述了銀行業的兩大主要變化：資本市場活動的盈利不斷下降和技術在銀行業的重要性日益上升。第一個變化的原因是tighterrules,第二個變化的原因是consumersandcorporateborrowersshifttodigitalbanking,所以A符合題意。［單選題］\nwhatwaydoesGoldman'snewplanmakeitmorelikeJPMorganChase?A.toprovidemoreextensiveservicesB.toincreaseitsrateofreturnto14%C.torecruitmorediverseemployeesD.toinvestmoreintradingoperation正確答案：A參考解析：Goldmanhasbeenonthewrongsideofthesetrends.MrSolomon'snewplanis,inpart,tobecomemorelikeJPMorganChase,withabroaderrangeofservicesandfunding.由此可知，這里是指在擴大服務和融資范圍方面更像摩根大通選項A"toprovidemoreextensiveservices"提供更廣泛的服務"為正確答案。14［單選題/認h'\chofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromParagraph5?A.Goldmanwillimplementfundamentalreform.B.Goldmanhaschangeditsmachoculture.C.Goldman'sreformwillbeafutileattempt.D.Goldman'sshareholdershavebenefitedalot.正確答案：A參考解析：Goldmansaysitrecognizestheneedforfundamentalreform.Itboastsoftransformingitsmachoculturewithamorediverseintakeofrecruits.Butyoucanquestionhowmuchithasreallychanged.高盛集團認識到了改革的重要性，并進行了部分的改革，由此可見高盛公司進行改革的決心，故選項兇Goldmanwillimplementfundamentalreform.”高盛公司將實施根本性改革"為正確答案。15［單選題］'heauthor'sattitudetowardGoldmanSachs'sreformmaybeA.dissatisfiedB.skepticalC.Ambiguous0.supportive正確答案：B參考解析：作者對高盛集團的改革并不看好,該段第三句指出Butyoucanquestionhowmuchithasreallychanged.然后寫到了高盛集團的改革失敗，它可能最終不得不達成某種并購交易，作者對高盛的改革是否能夠成功持有懷疑態度。B正確。材料題根據下面資料，回答16-20題ThesupremecourthasoftenbeenafriendlyforumforDonaldTrump'sadministrationwhenitsimmigrationpolicieshavefounderedinthelowercourts.In2018,thejusticesblessedthethirditerationofMrTrump'sbanontravelfrompredominantlyMuslimcountries.ThenextyeartheyallowedthepresidenttomoveforwardwithasylumrestrictionsandtodivertfederalmoneyforawallontheMexicanborder.OnJanuary27ththeSupremeCourtvotedtopermitanewwealthtestforgreen-cardapplicantswhilelitigationonthemattercontinues.Thelatestdecision,liketwooftheotherthree,splitthejustices5-4.For130yearsthegovernmentcoulddenypermanentlegalstatustoimmigrantsatriskofbecominga"publiccharge".Butarulethatoriginallybarredonlyahandfulofdestituteimmigrantscould,undertherevisionannouncedlastAugust,ropeouthundredsofthousandsofimmigrants.Thosewhoaredeemedlikelytoneedfoodstamps,Medicaidorhousingassistanceover12ofthenext36months—afterconsideringfamilysize,Englishproficiency,creditscoreandincome,amongotherfactors—wouldbeineligibleforagreencard.BeforetheTrumpadministrationcouldimplementthechangeonOctober15th,itwasblockedinafederaldistrictcourtinNewYork.Themovehas"absolutelynosupportinthehistoryofUSimmigrationlaw",JudgeGeorgeDanielswrote,andis"repugnanttotheAmericandream".AfteranappealscourtallowedJudgeDaniels'sinjunctiontostand,theTrumpadministrationaskedtheSupremeCourttostepin.Thecourtgrantedtherequestwithoutcomment.ButJusticeNeilGorsuch,joinedbyJusticeClarenceThomas,expressedfrustrationwiththephenomenonofdistrictjudgesissuinginjunctionsthatapplyuniversallyacrossthecountry.Theseinjunctions"sharethesamebasicflaw",inJusticeGorsuch'seyes,inthattheydictatehowthegovernmentmusttreatpeople"whoarenotpartiestothecase".Judicialinterventionsthathaveanimpactoneveryonefromcoasttocoastaffectedbyagovernmentprogrammeare"patentlyunworkable"andsowchaos,MrTrump'sfirstSupremeCourtappointeeargued.Healsocharacterisedthemas"asignofourimpatienttimes".HowardWassermann,alawprofessoratFloridaInternationalUniversity,agreeswithJusticeGorsuch'sreasoningbutwonderswhyhechosethismomenttoattackuniversalinjunctions.JusticeGorsuchprobablywouldhaveopposedevenanarrowerinjunction,MrWassermanreckons.16［單選題］'beapprovalofMrTrump'sbaninParagraph1indicatesthatA.thesupremecourtisabsolutelyanimpartialinstitutionB.thelowercourtsoftenplaceobstaclesforthePresidentC.MrTrump'sadministrationissupportedbythesupremecourt0.MuslimcountriesandMexicoareregardedasthreatstoAmerica正確答案：C參考解析：ThesupremecourthasoftenbeenafriendlyforumforDonaldTrump'sadministrationwhenitsimmigrationpolicieshavefounderedinthelowercourts.開篇點題，當特朗普政府的移民政策在下級法院受阻時，最高法院卻經常成為其政府的友好論壇，然后舉了幾個最高法院對特朗普政府支持的例子。C正確。17［單選題］HcanbeinferredfromParagraph2thatA.theU.S.governmentisatlibertytorejectmostimmigrantsB.therevisionoftheoriginalrulebenefitsmoreimmigrantsC.thenewlypermittedimmigrantsmustbefinanciallyindependentD.fewerimmigrantsarelikelytobepermittedtosettleinAmerica正確答案：D參考解析：Butarulethatoriginallybarredonlyahandfulofdestituteimmigrantscould,undertherevisionannouncedlastAugust,ropeouthundredsofthousandsofimmigrants.本來政府可以拒絕給與有風險成為受政府救濟的移民永久合法身份，通過8月修正案之后，禁止的范圍擴大了。將會有更少的人獲得綠卡。所以D正確。18AccordingtoJusticeNeilGorsuch,JudgeGeorgeDaniels'sinjunctionA.hasbeenbannedacrossthecountryB.hasitsfundamentalflawC.violatestheAmericandreamD.willcausechaosintheU.S.正確答案：B參考解析：ButJusticeNeilGorsuch,joinedbyJusticeClarenceThomas,expressedfrustrationwiththephenomenonofdistrictjudgesissuinginjunctionsthatapplyuniversallyacrossthecountry.JusticeNeilGorsuch對地區法官發布的禁令卻在全國普遍適用的現象表示失望。然后下一段Theseinjunctions"sharethesamebasicflaw",inJusticeGorsuch'seyes,B符合題意。19［單選題氏canbelearnedfromthelastParagraphthatprofessorHowardWassermanquestionsA.therationalviewsproposedbyGorsuchB.thetimingofattackingtheinjunctionsC.thefeasibilityoftheuniversalinjunctionsD.thevalidityofanarrowerinjunction正確答案：B參考解析：HowardWassermann,alawprofessoratFloridaInternationalUniversity,agreeswithJusticeGorsuch'sreasoningbutwonderswhyhechosethismomenttoattackuniversalinjunctions.霍華德?沃瑟曼雖然認同戈薩奇大法官對于禁令問題的理性觀點，但是質疑其抨擊普適禁令的時機，故B“thetimingofattackingtheinjunctions"正確。20［單選題/認Webofthefollowingistrueofthetext?A.Thecaseonthenewwealthtestforgreen-cardapplicantshasbeenclosed.BJudgeGeorgeDanielsopposestheinjunctiontodefendthevulnerable.C.DonaldTrumpconsiderstheinjunctionasasymbolofAmericandream.□JusticeNeilGorsuchislesslikelytoapproveanyuniversalinjunctions.正確答案：D參考解析：根據第五段第二句可知，戈薩奇法官認為一刀切的司法干預是行不通的，且會造成混亂，并將其描述為"我們這個缺乏耐心的時代的標志"，止匕外,第六段從霍華德?沃瑟曼的評論中也可以看出戈薩奇法官對于普適禁令的反對態度，故D"JusticeNeilGorsuchislesslikelytoapproveanyuniversalinjunctions”正確。材料題根據下面資料，回答21-25題"Oncetherocketsareup,whocareswheretheycomedown?That'snotmydepartment",saidWernhervonBraun,thepioneerrocketscientistwhoworkedafter1945,withequalenthusiasm,forNASA.Nowaratherdifferentmathematician,HannahFry,hascalledforaHippocraticOathforscientistsandtechnologiststohelpthemcarryconstantlyintheirmindstheethicalconsequencesoftheirwork.Thisisaproposalthatdeservesseriousconsideration:ifitachievesnothingelse,itwillhelptodispeltheideathattechnologieslikesoftwaredevelopmentareinthemselvesmorallyneutral,sothatethics,ormorality,canbedealtwithbysomeoneelse.Thosewhosendtherocketsupneedtothinkcarefullyaboutwheretheymightcomedown.Therearethreeobviousissueswithherplan.Thefirstis"Whoseethics?Whichrationality?"Thereisnosingle,universalcodeofethicstowhichallscientistsaroundtheworldsubscribeandthewarsofthe20thcenturyshowhowquicklymanycouldberecruitedtoweaponsresearchinthenameofdefendingcivilisation.Andabsolutepacifismhasnotbeenafeatureofearliereffortsatscientificethics.ThephilosopherKarlPopperproposedin1969anoathforallstudentsofscience；eventhen,hecould,anddid,justifysomeworkonnuclearweapons.Thesecondproblemistheextremedifficultyofforeseeingtheusestowhichpureresearchcanbeput.Therehavebeenafewoccasionsinrecenttimeswhenscientistshavedrawnbackfromresearchuntilsomeatleastoftheethicalconsequencesofitsapplicationhavebecomeclearer:thesuspensionofgeneticengineeringintheAsflomarconferenceisthemostcelebrated.Butfundamentalresearchhasusesfarbeyondtheimaginationofthepeoplewhocarryitout.NoonecouldblameAlanTuringforYouTube'sroleinstirringupextremism.Beyondthishorizonofignoranceappearswhatmightbecalledahorizonofinfluence:anyoneindividualcanonlyaccomplishalimitedamountcomparedtotheforcesofstatesandhugebusinesses.TimBerners-Lee,whoinventedtheweb,ishorrifiedbysomeofthewaysinwhichithasdevelopedbuthehasbeenpowerlesstostopthem.It'struethatcollectiveactioncanhaveeffects,butthesearelimited.ArevulsionamongtheworkersatGooglehassofarstoppedthecompanyfromcooperatingwiththeUSimmigrationservice.IthasnotstoppeditsYouTubealgorithmsfromcorruptingpoliticsinBrazil.Anyeffectivemoralactionmustcomefromcorporationsasawhole,notjustsomeoftheirworkers.Butforallthesedrawbacks,thisisstillaworthwhileidea.Thechoicebetweenindividualandcollectiveethicsisnoteither/or.Bothareneeded.Thedominantidealofthelastdecadeshasbeenboundlessselfishness,bothindividualandcorporate.Whateverhelpstoputlimitsonthatisnotjustdesirablebutessential.21［單選題］\卜eauthorbeginsthearticlewithWernhervonBraun'swordsto A.showhispioneeringdevelopmentofrockettechnologyB.praisehisunfailingenthusiasmintheresearchforNASAC.analyzehisrecklesscalculationofthelandingdirectionoftherockets0.criticizehiscompletedisregardforthemoralprinciplesofhisresearch正確答案：D參考解析通過"Oncetherocketsareup,whocareswheretheycomedown?點明了沃納?馮?布勞恩的觀點，然后通過數學家漢娜?弗萊提議作對比，表明了作者的態度，她呼吁通過一個科學和技術界的希波克拉底誓言，以幫助科學家和技術專家時時提醒自己的研究工作會帶來的道德倫理結果，所以選項criticizehiscompletedisregardforthemoralprinciplesofhisresearch”批評他完全無視自己研究的道德原則"為正確答案。22Accordingtotheauthor,whatistheroleofHannahFry'sproposal?A.ltremindsscientiststokeeptheconsciousnessofresponsibility.thelpstoarmpeoplewiththeknowledgeoftheHippocraticOath.C.lteducatespeoplenottouseproductsofferedbyillegaltechfirms.D.ltinstillstheideaofmoralneutralityinsoftwaredevelopment.正確答案：A參考解析：Thisisaproposalthatdeservesseriousconsideration:ifitachievesnothingelse,itwillhelptodispeltheideathattechnologieslikesoftwaredevelopmentareinthemselvesmorallyneutral,sothatethics,ormorality,canbedealtwithbysomeoneelse.Thosewhosendtherocketsupneedtothinkcarefullyaboutwheretheymightcomedown.漢娜?弗萊的提議是時刻提醒自己的研究工作會帶來的道德倫理后果，對自己研究成果使用的道德性保持高度關注才不致危害社會，所以發射回見的人需要認真思考火箭可能會下落的地點。因此，選項Itremindsscientiststokeeptheconsciousnessofresponsibility."它提醒科學家時刻意識到自己的責任"為正確答案。23［單選題］NcanbelearnedfromParagraph2thatA.scientistshavedifferentviewsabouttheuniversalcodeofethicsB.manyscientistswereforcedtomakeweaponsduringWorldWar團C.noconsiderationwasgivenfortheethicsofresearchinearlydaysD.KarlPopper'sactionsmatchedwithhisstatementofmoralresponsibility正確答案：A參考解析:Thereisnosingle,universalcodeofethicstowhichallscientistsaroundtheworldsubscribeandthewarsofthe20thcenturyshowhowquicklymanycouldberecruitedtoweaponsresearchinthenameofdefendingcivilisation.世界上并沒有一條所有科學家們一致贊同的、統一且普遍的道德準則，四個選項中選項只有scientistshavedifferentviewsabouttheuniversalcodeofethics"科學家們對普遍的道德準則有不同的看法"符合題意。24［單選題］'heAsilomarconferenceismentionedinthetexttoindicateA.thehardefforttoimplementageneticengineeringprojectB.thenecessitytofocusontheethicaleffectofscienceC.thefullcontrolovertheusesoffundamentalresearchD.AIanTuring'sresponsibilityforprovokingextremism正確答案：B參考解析：Thesecondproblemistheextremedifficultyofforeseeingtheusestowhichpureresearchcanbeput.這一段第一句點題，很難預知純理論研究的用途，然后用TheAsilomarconference舉例，因為基礎研究的用途遠遠超出了研究者的思想，產生了很多道德影響，所以阿西洛馬會議上對基因工程相關研究的暫停就是要關注ethicaleffectofscience,A符合題意。25［單選題］'beauthordiscussesthesubjectofethicsforscientistby A.citingthequotesofcelebritiesB.analyzingthedeficienciesinitC.assessingitsimpactonourfuture0.explainingitsgenerallyaccepteddefinition正確答案：B參考解析:第一段引出了數學家漢娜?弗萊關于科學和技術界的希波克拉底誓言的提議，然后在下面三段對提議存在的不足之處進行分析，最后一段總結并對提議給予肯定。可見文章主要是通過分析提議的不足之處來闡述主題的，故答案為選項analyzingthedeficienciesinit"分析其不足之處"。材料題根據下面資料，回答26-30題Willarobotsnatchawayyourjob?Orwillyoulearntoloveintelligentmachinesasco-workers?Intoday'squicklyevolvingworkplacealittleofeithermaybetrue.Robotswereonceseenasworkers