1、08 人機工程學中英文資料外文翻譯文獻人機工程學中英文資料外文翻譯文獻外文文獻翻譯譯稿 1可用性和期望值來自WillliamS.Green,PatrickW.Jorda.品的愉悅：超越可用性根據人機工程學會（HFES）的觀點，人機工程學著眼于“發現和共享可用 力學和人體測量所關注的內容，實際上它是從更廣泛的意義上的一種對人（產品用戶）的全面和綜合的理解。HFES是人體測量、復雜信息的解釋和管理，以及在部隊和裝備調配中應用的系統分析。系統分析在尺度和復雜性方面跨度很大，大的系統分析有類似于諾曼底登陸準備的大型系統規劃，小到去理解如何從合理性和規模的角度才最佳的布置20在戰后，隨著公司及其產品在尺

2、度、領域和復雜性方面的增長，很多系統1957工程協會（HFES）的建立，但人機研究的起源可以追溯到大批量生產方式的成型階段，是當時提高生產效率的要求。隨著工作方式從手工生產和農業生產中的轉移，新的工廠工作的概念逐步發展起來。福特的流水生產線和泰勒的效率理論開始對生產的規劃和教育產生影響。即使在家庭生活中，婦女們也開始接20并探索人的情感和認知因素。HFES現在已經有很多新的趨勢，開始改變公司試圖了解他們用戶的需求、要求和愿望的方式。很多公司使用群體文化學方法作為在產品開發的早期階段的一種研究工具。群體文化學的方法出自于文化人類學，是應用在產品研究領域的一種定型研究的方法。事實證明這些方法在市場

3、調研的早期階段和幫助產品開發團隊發展可以進一步將其轉化為人們所追求的造型和功能特征的可執行性見解等方面都十分有效。人機工程學發生變化的第二個原因是對于品牌管理的關注。很多公司認識到賦予產品一個很強的品牌形象是一種很明顯的競爭優勢。SchmittSimonson價值，以及為什么產品的各個方面清晰的、始終如一的傳達給用戶。一個成功的品牌有一系列不同因素構成，能創造出市場中的完整形象，包裹外觀和產品功能、名稱、廣告、價格和用戶感知的價值。通過從更廣的角度透視有關人的特性的因素，這種人及研究的新方向探討了一個公司的核心價值如何能與其用戶的生活方式目標聯系在一起。比如，哈雷戴維森已經是一個世界上最強有力

4、的品牌形象之一，他將標識、核心產品（摩托車）和補充性的生活方式產品（服飾和裝飾品）與他們用戶的生活方式融合在一起。甚至連哈雷摩托車所發出的聲音也是他們品牌形象的一部分。人機工程研究發生變化的另一個原因是交互設計發展的結果。交互設計基于人機交互（HumanComputerInteraction， HCI，是人機工程研究的一個新領域，人們認識到有必要跨越軟件和硬件的界 限創造新的人性化的互動產品。而且，很明顯，完全量化的研究方法不足以解決問題。群體文化學的研究已經成為人與計算機交互（HCI）研究的一部分，研究人員可以更好的了解人們在工作和娛樂中如何需要和使用計算機（以及計算機如何結合工作和娛樂。盡

5、管人機工程專業研究人員主要來自于系統工程、生理學、認知心理學的專業人士和教師構成，但這個領域的起源和表現形式都很廣泛。在近一個世紀的時間里，廣告、市場、工業設計、視覺傳達設計、建筑和娛樂產業都應用不同的人機工程來幫助他們定義相關的參數，評估產品成功與否。雖然這些領域的研究不可能不夠正規，并且缺乏傳播和交流的研究方法的專業雜志和論壇等渠道，但近年來提取用戶行為模式和喜好的方法被認為是對工業和研究領域息息相關，而且是至關重要的。這些領域的關于人機工程的新觀點觸及界定人的特性2001效的人機因素”作為主題。會議得到了國際人機工程協會的支持，并且嘗試把產品的可用性和被渴求性（用戶的期望值）兩方面結合起

6、來。1Usability and DesirabilityFrom: Willliam S.Green, Patrick W.Jordan. Pleasure With Products: Beyond UsabilityAccordingtofileHumanFactorsErgonomicsSociety(HFES),thedisciplineof human factors focuses on the “discovery and exchange of knowledge concerning the characteristics of human beings that are

7、applicable to the design of systems and devices of all kinds.” What is often thought of as a focused approach in biomechanicsandanthropometricsisactuallyamuchbroaderunderstandingof whoandwhatapersonis.Asyouwilllearninthissection,therearemanyother members of the product development team, beyond human

8、 factors specialists, whoareinterestedinthecharacteristicsofhumanbeingsandtheirrelationship to systems and devices.TheHFESevolvedfromthesystemsanalysisconductedbythemilitaryduring WWII.Thethreemaintypesofresearchwereand managingcomplexinformation,andsystemsanalysisinthedeploymentof troops and equipm

9、ent. The systems analysis varied in scale andcomplexity, rangingfromthelarge-scalesystemsplanningusedinpreparingtheinvasionof Normandytotheunderstandingofhowtobestplaceandequippersonnelfroman aptitude and size point of view. The D-Day invasion is one of the complex events of the 20th century. It req

10、uired a scale of logistical organization ofmenandmaterialthatwasunknownpriortothebeginningofthewar.Ata smallerscale,therangeofequipmentandmilitaryassignmentsmeant understandinghowtoorganize,train,andassignmilitarypersonneltomakethe most of their aptitude and body type. Soldiers had to be trained qui

11、ckly and effectively to use and maintain the vast array of war technology developed during WWII. There were size limitations for pilots, submariners，anddrivers.Thedevelopmentofcomplexnewequipmentrequired finding the best personnelwiththerighttrainingfornavigators,cryptographers,codebreakers, radar a

12、nd sonar operators, and bomber pilots andcrew.Afterthewar,aspost-warcompaniesandtheproductstheyproducedgrewin size,scope,andcomplexity,manyofthesystemsanalystsfoundopportunitiesin thecommercialsector.Whilethispost-warfocusgaverisetotheformationof HFES in 1957, the early origins of human factors can

13、be traced back to the developmentofmassproductionandtheneedtoimproveefficiencyin production. As the nature of work shifted away from craft production and agrarianlabor,newconceptsforworkinginfactoriesevolved.TheFord assembly 1ine and Taylors theories of efficiency started to have an effect on the pl

14、anning of the nature of work and education, and even in home economics, wherewomenwereinstructedtoorganizeandplantheirhomesaroundmodem principlesofdomesticmanagement.Attheendofthe20thcentury,thereisa much broader concept of human factors emergingThis new version is in responsetotherecognizedneedfora

15、deeper insight into customers patterns of behavior.Itisstartingtoinvolvequalitativeresearchmethodsandtoexplore emotionalaswellascognitiveissuesinhumanfactors.TheHFEShasavarietyof technical groups, including aging cognitive engineering and decision making, environmentaldesign,individualdifferences,in

16、dustrialergonomics,medical systemsandrehab,macroeconomics,safety,andvisualperformance.Currently, however, most research in the discipline of human factors focuses on usability, not on desire.There are anumberofnewtrends thatare beginningtochangethecompaniesattempttoknowtheircustomersandtheirneeds,wa

17、nts,anddesires.Many companies are using ethnography as a research tool in early stages of productdevelopment.Ethnographictechniquesarequalitativeprocessesthat takemethodsfromculturalanthropologyandapplythemtothefieldofproduct research. Thesetechniquesare proving tobevaluablein early phasesmarketinga

18、ndinhelpingproductteamsdeveloptheactionableinsightsneedtotranslateintothestyleandfeaturesthatpeoplearelookingfor.Asecond reason this is changing is the result of the new locus on brand management. Manycompaniesrealizethatgivingaproductastrongbrandidentityisaclear competitive advantage. The book Mark

19、etingAesthetiy Schmitt and Simonson describesthevalueofavisualidentitysystemandhowallaspectsofaproduct must communicate clearly and consistently withcustomers.A successful brand createsaGestaltimageinthemarketformedfromavarietyoffactors,which includethelookandfeaturesoftheproduct,thename,theadvertis

20、ing,theprice, and the perceived value to the customer, By taking a broader view of whatit means to factor the characterization of humans, this new category of humanfactors explores how a companys core values call connect with the lifestylegoalsofitscustomers.HarleyDavidsonhascreatedoneofthemost powe

21、rful brand identifiesintheworld,whichmergesthelogo,coreproduct(motorcycle),and complementarylifestyleproducts(clothingandgear)withthewaytheir customerswanttolivetheirlives.EventhenoiseaHarleymakesispartofthe brand.Anotherreasonthestudyofhumanfactorsischangingisasaresultofemergence of interaction des

22、ign. Interaction design is a new area in human factorsresearchandisbasedonhuman-computerinteraction(HCI).Thisgroup recognizesthatthereisaneedtocreatemorehumaneinteractiveproductsthat cross hardware and software boundaries. It is also clear that quantitative research is not enough to solve these prob

23、lems alone. Ethnographic research has becomeapartofHCIresearchsothat researcherscanbetterunderstandhow people use and need computing in work and play (and how computers are integrating work andplay).While the human factors discipline is comprised primarily of professionals and faculty from thefields

24、of systems engineering，physiology，and cognitive psychology, both the origins and current manifestations of the field are far broader.Fornearlyacenturyadvertising,marketing,industrialdesign, communicationdesign,architecture,andtheentertainmentindustryhaveallused a variation of human factors to help t

25、o define the parameters and evaluate thesuccessoftheirproducts.Althoughtheseotherfieldsmayhavelackedthe formalresearchandforumfordisseminationoftheirmethodsthroughacademic journals，recentlytheirmethodsforabstractingbehavioralmodelsandlikesand dislikes of their customers have found important relevanc

26、e in industry and research.Thenewerviewofhumanfactorsbythoseinthefieldreachesoutto this view of what it means to characterize and interface with the human. A humanfactors/ergonomicsconferenceheldinSingaporeintheSummerof2001 used the term “Affective Human Factors” as the theme. The conference was end

27、orsedbytheInternationalErgonomicsSocietyandwasanattempttobridge the two schools of thought about usability anddesirability.外文文獻翻譯譯稿設計困難與樂趣來 自 Pierre-Henridejean簡介市場運作的也驗證這個理論。在本文中，我們討論的一些情況下設計的易用性和使用樂趣。目的是要表明的其重要性，以使用樂趣作為出發點，而不是僅僅為了使用，同時最大限度地提高產品的可用性。基于一些實際的例子，分析問題之間的聯系，探究可用性和使用樂趣。事實上，這種現象存在一定的矛盾，其中

28、一個明確的關系是可用性和使用的困難。困難和樂趣的關系樸素和簡單的快樂我們一些通過法國工業部進行了的試驗研究表明，經驗往往是在一定程度上困擾的整個概念的發展。事實上，這誤導甚至包括最人們日常讓簡單法語。（簡單的想法（簡單的快樂）并不是非常討人喜歡的。最后，聰明的人們找到簡單的解決辦法，但條件是他們要客服困難或復雜的問題。這同樣是非常寶貴的，一個人能夠選擇最有效的產品或最簡單而有效的方法。另一方面是質量，誰會在選擇產品的時候忽略這些呢。所有的是從設計出發，而不是用戶：這點就忽視可用性。困難和快樂比賽往往根據其激烈程度決定其而受到歡迎。你甚至可以談論興奮度來如果的困難是尋求在游戲本身所提供的服務項目

29、，以某種方式，簡化和設施的贊賞中獲得的服務;這就是說，設立游戲在指示開始了游戲技術方面的運作，正在盡可能容易尋求后，才達到實現這一目的而獲得一種快感。以同樣的方式， 在許多活動中，增加知識，技能或靈巧是首選的其難度。據分析有兩種快樂： 學習，只有結果和在過程中，但更重要的是結果。對于業余廚師，獲取訣竅可能是首選的結果。研究人員的難題，尋找適用的辦法是，或所需的設備建立自己的實驗，同樣如果不是更多的樂趣，獲得的結果，他已經或多或少的預期。力量和優越性基本思路。壓縮困難也沒有時間限制。信息安全，例如適用于這種態度。在這里闡述的一個程序是 首選的方法過于簡單。不可理解的診斷，而是一個長期的基礎上的解

30、釋，成為 放心就麻煩擔心。對于一些人是醫學太愉快會導致懷疑上升到其效率。認真和 嚴謹方面成為一個因素的信譽，因此非常高興。在布局招待會銀行的代理人是 非常敏感的話題，將給予客戶一個嚴重的印象，它甚至可能會走得那樣遠，造他的客戶更加放心，從而使他工作更容易。我們注意認識到可用性的重要性，如果造成社會問題，如失業率增加目前的生態問題表現出的傾向這個方向，甚至可能導致積極的，圖清洗和打撈廢品本身并不愉快的活動，即使感覺有尊重自然和生態方面的問題，既是一個基本的趨勢和解決一個的方案，賺錢對股市可能會阻礙他的不道德方面的資金使用情況，從而獲得這種思維方式，在美國建立道德基金使投資者放心，他的儲蓄不放置在

31、支持的項目，他認為是.While而技術進步摧毀一些災難性的后果，很高興這些，低熱量的健康食品有助于贊賞良好的食物，同時又不造成的健康問題。意義的藥物導致高興而可能被認為是效率低下。處理樂趣和產品設計的困難我們已經看到，樂趣在使用并不總是與可用性聯系在一起.那是在困難的情況下使用可提高趣味性的互動，例如通過提高用戶的自尊，顯然，文化層面應該在這里表達的，以及在其他部分產品（ Dejean1999）文化方面遇到困難和樂趣不同的探索應該是取得了文化價值的一定的困難;文化態度與 與“黑匣子”的產品可能是非常簡單的，因為用戶并不需要弄懂如何在實際工作，怎樣解決產品出現問題，那么用戶可能根本不知道如何正確

32、的，這是他或她將不會了解這一過程背后的方式，該產品適用于其他手握玻璃瓶裝產品。凡用戶更多地參與這一進程可能需要更多的努力去學習。一旦解決了這些用戶將能夠理解運作的產品和可以拿出一些創新性的解決辦法應該發生的問題，他們從某種意義上說，已授權通過后作出的額外努力學習如何使用產品放在首位。在科學的方法，從而在非常接近的問題，其復雜性增加了其學習的樂趣！外文文獻翻譯原稿Difficulties and Pleasure？From:PIERRE-HENRIDEJEANINTRODUCTIONThereisageneraltendencytobelievethatdifficultiespreventpl

33、easure.For all work carried out on usability, marketing pleads implicitly for thisthesis, without, however, defending it. In this paper we shall discuss a number of contextsofuseinwhichusabilityandpleasureareinoppositiontoeachother.Theaimistoshowtheimportanceofpleasure-basedasopposedusability-baseda

34、pproachestoproductdesign,inordertomaximizethequalityofuser experience.Thestartingpointisbasedonsomepracticalexamples,wherecontextcircumstancesthrowintoquestionthelinkbetweenusabilityandpleasureinuse. Indeed,caseswillbehighlightedinwhichthereisaclearlinkbetweenusability and difficulty inuse.RELATIONS

35、HIP BETWEEN DIFFICULTIES AND PLEASURESimplicity and simple pleasureSome of our research, carried out for French Ministry of Industry, has shownthatthereisoftenadegreeofstigmaattachedtothewholeconceptof simplicity.Indeed,thisstigmatizationofsimplicityiseveninherentintheFrench language. The meaning of

36、 the words easy-comfortable and easy-going are associated with the concept without merit, and the expressions simple dispirit (simple minded) and plaisir facile (simple pleasure) are not very flattering for the people they referto.Finally, and more concretely, there is genius in the ability to find

37、simplesolutions,ontheconditionthattheydonotdevaluedifficultorcomplexproblems. Itislikewiseveryvaluablethatapersonisabletoselecteitherthemostefficient productorthemostsimpleandefficientmethod.Ontheotherhand,thequality ofthepersonwhochoosesthisproductormethodwillbedisregarded.Allthe honourgoestothedes

38、ignerandnottotheuser:thefirstambiguityofusability.Difficulty and pleasureGamesareoftenappreciatedaccordingtotheirdegreeofdifficulty.mighteventalkaboutanincreasingpleasureparalleltothelevelofdifficulty. Thereare,however,somenuancestobetakenintoconsideration.Inthecaseof electronicgamesforinstance,ifth

39、edifficultyissoughtafterinthegameitself-the serviceprovidedbytheprojectinsomeway-simplicityandfacilityare appreciatedintheaccesstotheservice;thatistosay,thesettingupofthegame.Whereasintheinstructionsforstartingupthegame-thetechnicalsideofthe operation-beingaseasyaspossibleissoughtafter.Theinterfaces

40、,thedirections for use, are developed for thispurpose.Inthesameway,inmanyactivities,theincreaseinknowledge,skillsdexterityispreferredforthelevelofdifficultytheiracquisitionrepresents.By analysisthereare towkindsofpleasure:learningwhereonly theresultcountsand acquisition where the process is more imp

41、ortant than the result.Fortheamateurcook,acquiringtheknackmightbepreferredtotheresult. For theresearcherthepuzzlethatthesearch fortheapplicablerepresents,ortheequipmentneededforsettinguphisexperiments,isequallyif not more pleasurable that obtaining the result that he had already more or less anticip

42、ated.Power and superiorityDifficulty is accepted in the case where the effort provides a power or a superioritycomparedtooneselforothers.Forinstanceifitisdifficulttolearn howtohandleanancientinstrumentlikeasextant,aviolin,on celearntitisa greatpleasuretopractice.Theideaofthebenefitoftheeffortmade,th

43、efeeling of qualitative differentiation, must be linked to thisfact.The phenomena is already possible to observe in games or activities for amateurs, but takes on a very different dimension in professional life.The monopoly on know-howor ability constitutes a power that creates difficulties for many

44、 people. On another level but in the same vein, cultural enrichmentcanbeexperiencedasbeingapleasure.Thefeelingofcompetenceis valorizing. In studies of usability we have noted two attitudes this fact. The refusal or distrust in relation to systems which are too simple or too automatic, causepeopletob

45、eafraidoflosingtheircompetence.Theimmediateconsequence inthecontextofacountryverysimplifiedkindofjobmightbedonebyanyone.Indeed, was this not one of Taylors fundamental thoughts?Reassuring difficultiesIncertaincircumstances,simplicitycancreatefear.Thisisthecasewhen forinstanceactionsinvolvehighstakes

46、andthereisnotimelimit.Thesecurityof information,forexample,appliestothisattitude.Hereanelaboratedprocedure is preferred to an approach which is too simple.Acomprehensiblediagnosis,butonebasedonlongexplanations,becomes reassuringinrelationtoatroublesomeworry.Forsomepeoplemedicinewhichis too pleasant

47、will cause doubts to rise as to itsefficiency.Theseriousandrigorousaspectbecomesafactorofcredibilityandhenceof pleasure. Inthelayout ofbankreceptionstheagents are verysensitiveaestheticsthatwillgivethecustomersaseriousimpression;itmightevengoasfarascausinganimpressionofausterity.Withsuchadecoration,

48、thebankerworkwithgreaterpleasurefeelingmorecredibleinrelationtohis/hercustomers thusmoreatease,whichwillinturnmakehis/her,workeasier.Fatigue and pleasureTiredbuthappy!Thisistheexpressioncorrespondingtoasatisfactionwhich hasdemandedquitedealofphysicalorintellectualeffort.Hereaswell,personal investmen

49、tandpleasureareharmoniouslyunited.Topreventpleasurebeing replacedbystress,itis,however, mostimportantthatthedemandsavailabilityoftimeandmindarestrong.Thefeelingofsatisfactioninrelationto theresultobtainedmightberelatedtotheeffortmadetoobtainthisresult.For manypeoplesportsgivesatisfactionbythephysica

50、leffortmadetoobtainresult.Formanypeoplesportsgivesatisfactionbythephysicaleffortmorethan thelevelofperformanceinitself,theimportantaspectistoMarathonswhichhaveincreasedinnumberincitiesallovertheworldisagood example ofthis.Ethics and pleasureWe have placed religious as well as non-religious considera

51、tions in category,theseconcernsystemsofvalueacceptedbythesocialgroupswhich have multiplied across the modernworld.We have observed that usability was badly regarded if it caused social problemssuchasincreasingunemploymentThecurrentecologicalproblemsare showingtendenciesinthis directionandcanevenlead

52、toactiveintervention Cleaningandthesalvageofwasteproductsarenotinthemselvespleasurable activitieseventhoughthefeelingofhavingrespectednaturecanexist Progress inecologicalproblemsinethicaltermsisbothabasictendencyandanelementof solutionThepleasureofearningmoneyonthestockmarketmighthethwartedby the im

53、moral aspect of the utilization of the funds thus gained This way of thinkinghasleadtothecreationofethicalfundsinthetheinvestorassuredthathissavingsarenotplacedinthesupportofprojectsthatinhisview areimmoralOnthecontraryWhilegainingcapitalhewillfeelapleasurein contributing to stocks that support sust

54、ainable development Different religions havedecreedrulesforbiddingcertainpleasureslikegreedandlust，whereastechnologicalprogresshasdestroyedsomeofthedisastrousconsequencesof these pleasure. The specializedlow-caloriehealth foodProducts contribute to theappreciationofgoodfoodwithoutcreatinghealthproblems.SomepeoplefeelacertainpleasureinthepunishmentsafflictedtoMorecommonlyandInaratherlaysenseamedicationthatleadstopleasure could be suspected of beingine