1、高三英語(yǔ)總復(fù)習(xí)語(yǔ)法系列訓(xùn)練被 動(dòng) 語(yǔ) 態(tài) 詳 解(一) 語(yǔ) 態(tài) 分 類 英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有兩種語(yǔ)態(tài)，主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者。如： They will build a new bridge over the river. (主動(dòng)) A new bridge will be built over the river. (被動(dòng)) 漢語(yǔ)中常用“被”、“給”、“由”、“受”等詞用來(lái)表示被動(dòng)，而英語(yǔ)用：助動(dòng)詞be + 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成。 (二) 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)的變化 主要體現(xiàn)在be的變化上，其形式與系動(dòng)詞be的變化形式完全一樣。以give

2、 為例，列表如下： 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：am / is / are + given 一般過(guò)去時(shí)：was / were +given 一般將來(lái)時(shí)：shall / will + given 一般過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)：should / would + given 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：am / is / are + being + given 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)：was / were + being + given 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：have / has + been + given 過(guò)去完成時(shí)：had + been + given 將來(lái)完成時(shí)：shall / will + have been + given 過(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí)：should

3、/ would + have been + given注被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)沒(méi)有將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)和過(guò)去將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)。 (三)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)常用的八種時(shí)態(tài)1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)： People grow rice in the south of the country. Rice is grown in the south of the country. The school doesnt allow us to enter the chemistry lab without a teacher. We are not allowed to enter the chemistry lab without a teacher.

4、2. 一般過(guò)去時(shí)： They agreed on the building of a new car factory last month. The building of a new car factory was agreed on last month. The students didnt forget his lessons easily. His lessons were not easily forgotten. 3. 一般將來(lái)時(shí)： They will send cars abroad by sea. Cars will be sent abroad by sea. They w

5、ill give plenty of jobs to school-leavers. Plenty of jobs will be given to school-leavers. 4. 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)： The manager said they would complete the project by the end of the year. The manager said the project would be completed by the end of the year. The workers told me they would mend the car as soon as

6、 possible. The workers told me that the car would be mended as soon as possible. 8. 過(guò)去完成時(shí)： When I got to the theatre, I found they had already sold out the tickets. When I got to the theatre, I found the tickets had already been sold out. The whole country was very sad at the news of his death; Peop

7、le had considered him to be a great leader. He had been considered to be a great leader. 9. 含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)： 含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)是由“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ be+ 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。 You must hand in your compositions after class. Your compositions must be handed in after class. He can write a great many letters with the computer. A great

8、 many letters can be written with the computer by him. (四) 被 動(dòng) 語(yǔ) 態(tài) 的 使 用1.當(dāng)不知道或沒(méi)有必要指出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)，常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，這時(shí)往往不用by 短語(yǔ)。 “Mr. White, the cup with mixture was broken after class. ”(只是告訴老師杯子壞了，不知是誰(shuí)弄壞的，或不想說(shuō)出誰(shuí)弄壞的)。 2.突出或強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者，如果需要說(shuō)出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，用by 短語(yǔ)。 These records were made by John Denver. The cup was broken by

9、Paul. 3.當(dāng)漢語(yǔ)句子的主語(yǔ)既不是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，也不是動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，這時(shí)常用in + 名詞作狀語(yǔ)，而代替 by 短語(yǔ)。 These cars were made in China. 15, 000 cars will be produced each year in the new factory. (六)語(yǔ)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí)所注意的問(wèn)題1. 把主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)要與原句時(shí)態(tài)保持一致，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)要與新主語(yǔ)保持一致。 We have bought a new computer. A new computer has been bought. (正確) A new compu

10、ter have been bought. (錯(cuò)誤) 2. 含有雙賓語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)句變被動(dòng)句時(shí)，可分別將其中的一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)，另一個(gè)不動(dòng)，一般變間接賓語(yǔ)為主語(yǔ)時(shí)比較多。 My uncle gave me a present on my birthday. I was given a present on my birthday. 如果把直接賓語(yǔ)(指物)改為主語(yǔ)，則在間接賓語(yǔ)(指人)前加適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~，如上句還可以說(shuō)： A present was given to me yesterday. 保留賓語(yǔ)注意：一般在下列動(dòng)詞后，常在間接賓語(yǔ)前用介詞 to，如： bring, give, hand, lend

11、, offer, pass, pay, promise, sell, show, take, teach, tell 等。 The cup with mixture was showed to the class. My bike was lent to her. 一般在下列動(dòng)詞后，間接賓語(yǔ)前用介詞 for, 如： build, buy, cook, cut, choose, do, fetch, find, fix, get, keep, make, order, paint, play, sing 等。 Mother made me a new skirt. (A new skirt wa

12、s made for me. ) The meat was cooked for us. Some country music was played for us. 有些既不用to 也不用for, 根據(jù)動(dòng)詞與介詞的搭配關(guān)系。 He ask me a question. (A question was asked of me. ) People all over the world know the Great Wall. The Great Wall is known to people all over the world. (不用by短語(yǔ)) 3. 由動(dòng)詞+ 介詞或副詞構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，要把它

13、們作為整體看，即把它們看成一個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞，介詞或副詞不可拆開(kāi)或漏掉。這類動(dòng)詞有： 不及物動(dòng)詞+ 介詞，如: agree to, ask for, laugh at, operated on, listen to, look after, think of, talk about 等。 The patient is being operated on. The problem is solved. It neednt be talked about. 及物動(dòng)詞+ 副詞：如：bring about, carry out, find out, give up, hand in, make out, p

14、ass on, point out, put away, put off, think over, turn down, work out, turn out 等。 His request was turned down. The sports meet will be put off because of the bad weather. 5. 還有一種短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞由動(dòng)詞+ 名詞+ 介詞構(gòu)成，變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)有兩種形式，如下： 1) We take good care of the books. The books are taken good care of. Good care is taken

15、of the book. 2) You must pay attention to your pronunciation. Attention must be paid to your pronunciation. Your pronunciation must be paid attention to. 用于這類結(jié)構(gòu)的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常見(jiàn)的有：catch sight of, make use of, pay attention to, set fire to, take care of, take hold of, take notice of, keep an eye on 等。 6. 當(dāng)主動(dòng)句的

16、主語(yǔ)是nobody, no one等含有否定意義的不定代詞時(shí)，被動(dòng)句中將其變?yōu)閍nybody, 作by的賓語(yǔ)，并將謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞變?yōu)榉穸ǖ谋粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如： Nobody can answer this question. 誤：The question can be answered by nobody. 正：The question can not be answered by anybody. 7. 當(dāng)否定句中的賓語(yǔ)是anything, anybody, anyone等不定代詞時(shí)，在被動(dòng)句中應(yīng)將其分別變?yōu)閚othing, nobody, no one作主語(yǔ)，并將謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞變?yōu)榭隙ǖ谋粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如： Th

17、ey havent done anything to make the river clean. 誤：Anything hasnt been done to make the river clean. 正：Nothing has been done to make the river clean. 8. 以who為主語(yǔ)開(kāi)頭的疑問(wèn)句，變被動(dòng)時(shí)，用by whom放在句首： Who wrote the story? 誤：Who was the story written? 正：By whom was the story written? 10. 下列情況主動(dòng)句不能改為被動(dòng)句： 第一，感官系動(dòng)詞一般用

18、主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義，如：feel，look, seem, taste, sound, remain等。 Do you like the material? Yes, it feels very soft. 誤：It is felt very soft. The food tastes delicious. 誤：The food is tasted delicious. The pop music sounds beautiful. 誤：The pop music is sounded beautiful. 第二，謂語(yǔ)是及物動(dòng)詞leave, enter, reach, suit, have,

19、benefit, lack, own等。如： He entered the room and got his book. 誤：The room was entered and his book was got. She had her hand burned. 誤：Her hand was had burned. 第三，一些不及物動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，如：take place, break out, belong to, lose heart, consist of, add up to等。如： The fire broke out in the capital building. 誤：The fire was broke out in the capital building. 第四，不及物動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，如：rise, happen, succeed, remain, lie等。 When we got to the top of the mountain, the sun had already risen. 誤：The sun had already been risen. After the earthquake,