1、|精. 授課題目Unit 2 Knowledge of Traffic授課類型Lesson 5 Rail Transit （下）講授型|品. 教學目標Master the related knowledge of Rail Transit|可. |編. |輯. |學. |習. |資. |料. * | * | * | * | |歡. |迎. |下. |載. 重點 Rail Transit （下） Railroads第 1 頁,共 9 頁Thus ,overall door-to-door travel times for urban trips up to perhaps 10mile 16km

2、 may be in the same range as those provided on fully grade-separated urban rapid |精. 難點transit facilities.|品. Up to 始終到,等于； same as 與什么一樣|可. |編. |輯. |學. |習. 本句中 those 代指前句中的 travel times； provided on |資. |料. * | * fully grade-separated urban rapid transit | * | * | facilities 修飾 those ,說明誰花費的時間；|歡.

3、|迎. |下. |載. 結(jié)合同學們對城市軌道運輸?shù)恼J知程度,依據(jù)教材具體敘述教學過程重軌運輸（下半部分內(nèi)容）和市郊運輸?shù)认嚓P(guān)學問以及文中 生詞、短語、及語法結(jié)構(gòu) Words and Expressions作業(yè)2. Notes on the text第 2 頁,共 9 頁2. Heavy Rail Transit 重軌運輸（下）Therefore , it is generally feasible only in outlying areas where land or in freeway medians where the cost of land and grade separation

4、s can be shared with highway |精. 主project.因此這種形式通常只在地價廉價的外圍地區(qū)才是可|品. |可. 行的,或在高速大路的中心分隔帶上修建,由于這時土地和|編. |輯. |學. |習. |資. 立交的成本可以分攤于大路工程項目；|料. * | * | Elevated construction costs are perhaps twice as much * | * | |歡. |迎. |下. 要as for facilities at grade, but the land below can be |載. 教學used for a street,

5、 for parking or industrial uses, or 內(nèi)even for linear parks; 高架結(jié)構(gòu)的造價大約是地面工程的容兩倍,但高架結(jié)構(gòu)的下部空間可以用作街道、停車或工業(yè)用地甚至可以作為帶狀公園；HART in Albany and El Cerrito, CA, is an example of the latter. 舊金山海灣地區(qū)的快速運輸系統(tǒng)使是后者的一個例子； In densely built up areas ,including CBDs, the adverse impacts of noise and reduction of daylight

6、 militate against elevated construction.在建筑密度大的地區(qū),包括中心商業(yè)區(qū)在內(nèi),噪聲以及日照削減的不利因素會對高架 結(jié)構(gòu)產(chǎn)生不利影響；第 3 頁,共 9 頁A doubling, or even tripling, of costs occurs if underground alignments are considered. 假如考慮用地下方案,造價將會是兩倍或三倍；|精. |品. |可. |編. |輯. |學. |習. |資. |料. * | * | * | * | |歡. |迎. |下. |載. However, land costs are m

7、inimized by the use of street rights-of-way easements under private property instead of outright purchase, and development of air rights over those parcels which must be acquired.但是,由于采納街道通行權(quán)、不直接購買上地而是利用私人上地的通行權(quán)以及開發(fā)那蚱必需獲得的小地區(qū)的領(lǐng)空權(quán)等方法,土地造價會降到最低；Environmental deterioration is minimized, although it mus

8、t be recognized that underground travel is as attractive to passengers as moving in daylight.雖然必須承認地下乘車出行對乘客來說并不像地上乘車出行那樣具有吸引力,但地下乘車出行將會使環(huán)境的惡化程度降低；Art determines the need for crossovers and storage tracks. 運營分析將打算是否有必要修建天橋和備用軌道；The former are needed primarily for track 第 4 頁,共 9 頁maintenance purpose

9、s, while the latter provide for turning trains back short the end of the line,or for storing disabled vehicles. 其中前者主要是供檢修軌道使用,后者就供車輛在路線終點倒車或停放不能行駛的車輛用 .|精. |品. |可. |編. |輯. |學. |習. |資. |料. * | * | * | * | |歡. |迎. |下. |載. 3. Commuter Railroads 市郊運輸In some large metropolitan arras, such as New York, L

10、ondon,Paris, and Tokyo. a large burden of urban transportation is borne by intercity railroads.在一蚱國際大都市, 如紐約、倫敦、 巴黎和東京, 城市交通的大部分是由城市間的軌道運輸來承擔的； Many of the lines involved were located for intercity travel and , in generating urban land uses along their corridors, found themselves serving increasing

11、numbers of local trips. 很多為城市間通行而設置的軌道路線, 在其沿線的土地上興起了新的城市,致使利用軌道運輸去當?shù)芈眯械臄?shù)量也日益增加；Up to about 1920 some railroads added in the suburbs where they found sufficient demand. 到大約四 20 年為止 ,山于大量的交通需求,市郊的一 鐵路線路連續(xù)增加；第 5 頁,共 9 頁However, since that time many railroads have been abandoned because Of the high cos

12、ts d railroad operation and reluctance by management to allow long-distance passengers and freight customers to subsidize urban |精. |品. |可. |編. |輯. |學. |習. |資. |料. * | * | * | * | |歡. |迎. |下. |載. transportation. 然而 , 從那時開頭, 由于鐵路運營費用過高以及不愿通過治理手段向長途乘客和貨主征收城市交 通補貼 , 很多線路已經(jīng)被廢棄；Originally ,railroads were

13、 usually laid out at grade with level highway crossings.起初 , 鐵路通常鋪設在地面上 , 與大路平面交叉；In some cities,such crossing were eliminated later by changing grade of the railroad, therefore providing it with a fully exclusive right-of-way . 后來 , 通過調(diào)整 軌道的坡度, 這種形式的交叉在一些城市被取消； 因此, 軌道運輸就具有了專用通行權(quán)；Passenger operation

14、 was, however, still sharing this facility With freight movements. 但是 , 客運仍舊與貨 運共同使用此種運輸設施A major problem of urban railroad services is the 第 6 頁,共 9 頁location of the terminals. 的一個主要問題；確定終點站的位置是城市軌道 There is almost always only one downtown access point per corridor, and this is often located at the

15、 edge of or outside the CBD. 每條交通走廊通常只有一個進人中心|精. |品. |可. |編. |輯. |學. |習. |資. |料. * | * | * | * | |歡. |迎. |下. |載. 區(qū)的站點, 它一般設置在中心商業(yè)區(qū)的邊緣或以外地區(qū)；Typically, it is a stub terminal with inherent limitations to the number of train movements that can be handled per hour. 通常情形下, 這類站點一般都是次終點站 , 它們對每小時能通過的車輛數(shù)有固定的

16、限制；In some cities with extensive electrified suburban lines ,such as Brussels, Munich, Hamburg, and most recently Philadelphia, these drawbacks have been overcome by connecting terminals located on opposite sides of the CBD with underground tracks and one or more intermediate stations for direct acc

17、ess to the city center. 為了可以直接進人市中心區(qū), 一些郊區(qū)電氣化線路遍布的城市, 如布魯塞爾、慕尼黑、漢堡以及最近的是費城, 已經(jīng)將位于中心商業(yè)區(qū)四周的終點用地下軌道以及一個或幾個中間站點連接起來以便直接進人市中心, 從而克服了上述缺點；Capacity is increased because trains no longer need to 第 7 頁,共 9 頁be reversed at crowded terminals. 由于車輛不需要在擁擠的終點站調(diào)頭, 使通行才能得到了提高；In Paris, suburban rail lines were diverted before reaching their old terminals into a new network of lines across the inner city. 在巴黎 , 郊區(qū)的鐵路線在到達舊|精. |品. |可. |編. |輯. |學. |習. |資. |料. * | * | * | * | |歡. |迎. |下. |載. 的終點站之前, 轉(zhuǎn)向進人經(jīng)過城市內(nèi)部的新的鐵路線網(wǎng)；The resulting operations in these cities are a mixture o