1、判斷題T1Asaphenomenon,interculturalcommunicationhasexistedforthousandsofyears.However,asadiscipline,itshistoryisonlyaboutfiftyyears.作為一種現(xiàn)象，跨文化傳播已經(jīng)存在了數(shù)千年。然而，作為一門學(xué)科，它的歷史只有大約五十年。F2InterculturalCommunicationasadisciplinefirststartedinEurope.跨文化交際是歐洲第一門學(xué)科F3Cultureisastaticentity靜態(tài)的實(shí)體whilecommunicationisadyn

2、amicprocess.文化是一個(gè)靜態(tài)的實(shí)體而溝通是一個(gè)動(dòng)態(tài)的過(guò)程T4Culturecanbeseenassharedknowledge,whatpeopleneedtoknowinordertoactappropriatelyinagiven約定的特定的culture.文化可以被看作是一種共享的知識(shí)，人們需要知道的是在一個(gè)特定的文化中扮演適當(dāng)?shù)男袨門5Althoughculturalstereotypehasitslimitations(over-generalization),itstillcontributestoapersonculturalcognition.s認(rèn)識(shí)、認(rèn)知文化刻板印象

3、雖有其局限性，但仍有助于人的文化認(rèn)知。T6Ininterculturalcommunication,weshouldseparateonesindividualcharacterfromculturalgeneralization.跨文化交際中，我們要把自己的個(gè)性和文化的泛化分開(kāi)。T7Culturalmistakesaremoreseriousthanlinguisticmistakes.Thelinguisticmistakemeansthatsomeoneisnotfullyexpressinghisorherideawhileculturalmistakescanleadtoseriou

4、smisunderstandingandevenill-feelingbetweenindividuals.文化錯(cuò)誤比語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤更嚴(yán)重。語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤意味著有人不能充分表達(dá)自己的想法，而文化上的錯(cuò)誤會(huì)導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重的誤解，甚至個(gè)人之間的不適感F8Allpeopleofthesamenationalitywillhavethesameculture.所有同一民族的人都會(huì)有相同的文化T9Althoughtwoculturesmaysharethesameideas,theirmeaningandsignificancemaynotbethesame.雖然兩國(guó)文化有著相同的想法，但它們的意義和意義可能不一樣F10

5、Onesactionsaretotallyindependentofhisorherculture.個(gè)人的行為完全獨(dú)立于他或她的文化IIComprehensionCheckT1、Allculturesrequireandvaluepoliteness,butthewaysinwhichpolitenessisachievedmayvarysignificantly.所有的文化都需要和價(jià)值的禮貌，但禮貌的方式可能會(huì)有所不同T_2、Donttakeoffenc-gettingtheformofaddress“wrong“israrelyintendedtobeOensive.誤”的形式來(lái)攻擊，這是

6、很難得的進(jìn)攻T_3、Addressingformslike“MissMary”,”Brown”bytheChinesemaybeaformofculturalcompromise.解決形式如“瑪麗小姐”，“棕色”由中國(guó)可能是一種文化妥協(xié)的形式。inthearmedforceslikeCaptain,Colonelcanbeusedastitles.上校，上校，上校，可以用作頭銜canunderstandwhatUnclepolicemanorUnclemeans.西方人能夠理解警察叔叔和解放軍叔叔的手段。canaddressJasonDouglas,whoisalawyer,asLawyerD

7、ouglas.我們可以解決杰森道格拉斯，他是個(gè)律師，律師道格拉斯。hospitalitytowardthewesternersisalwaysgreatlyappreciated.中國(guó)人對(duì)西方人的熱情好客是非常贊賞的。ChinesewayofshowingconcernisusuallyappreciatedbytheWesterners.西方人對(duì)中國(guó)人的關(guān)注往往受到西方人的贊賞。F_9.”Thankyouforcoming!”isatyrepsicsaiolnexupsedbyWesternhostswhentheguestsjustarrived.謝謝你的到來(lái)！“當(dāng)客人剛到的時(shí)候，這是西方

8、主人使用的一種典型的表達(dá)形式。T_10.”Imsorrytohavewastedyourtime”or“Imsorrytohavetakenupsomuchofyourtimethebusinessvisit.我很抱歉浪費(fèi)了你的時(shí)間”或者“我很抱歉占用了你這么多時(shí)間”，通常都是適合商務(wù)拜訪的。ComprehensionCheckTtheChinesewayofshowingmodestymaybeconsideredasfishingforcompliments.有時(shí)，中國(guó)人表現(xiàn)出謙虛的方式可以被視為對(duì)贊美的贊美socialfunctionsofChineseandEnglishcomplim

9、entsareroughlythesame.漢語(yǔ)和英語(yǔ)的社會(huì)功能大致相同。Tinformalsituations,alargenumberofcomplimentsareusedtomakepeoplefeelcomfortable.在非正式場(chǎng)合，大量的贊美是讓人感到舒服的Fculturalassumptionofcomplimentsisthesamebetweencultures.文化的假設(shè)是文化的相同的。TandverbsareoftenusedtoconveycomplimentmessageinEnglish,whileadjectives,adverbsandverbsareoft

10、enusedinChinese.形容詞和動(dòng)詞常被用來(lái)傳遞英語(yǔ)中的恭維話，而形容詞、副詞和動(dòng)詞常被用在漢語(yǔ)里。F6.EnglishcomplimentsoftenbeginwiththewordyouwhileChinesecomplimentsoftenstartwi臃tfeword的贊美常以“你”一詞開(kāi)頭，而中國(guó)人的贊美常以“我”一詞開(kāi)頭F7.ChinesepeoplegivemorecomplimentsindailylifethanAmericans.在日常生活中，中國(guó)人比美國(guó)人更為贊美。F8.Americanstendstobeself-effacingintheircomplimen

11、tsresponses.美國(guó)人往往自謙在稱贊別人的反應(yīng)。F9.ComplimentsonothersbelongingsaresometimesanindirectwayofrequestinAmericancultures人財(cái)物的贊美有時(shí)是美國(guó)文化中的一種間接的方式T10.Ifaguestcomplimentssomethinginanotherpersonshome,theChinesehostorhostesswilltpthroinbgablygivettotheguest.如果一個(gè)客人在別人家里贊美別人的話，中國(guó)主人或女主人很可能會(huì)把這件事告訴客人。ComprehensionChec

12、kF1Verbalcommunicationismoreimportantthannonverbalcommunication.言語(yǔ)交際比非語(yǔ)言交際更為重要F2DragonmeansthesametotheWesternerstotheChinese.龍”是指同為西方人的龍”到中國(guó)。F3TheChinesephrase知識(shí)分孑hasthesamemeaningasintellectua長(zhǎng)口識(shí)分子.”具有相同的含義是知識(shí)T4Aterminonelanguagemaynothaveacounterpartinanotherlanguage.在一種語(yǔ)言中的一個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)在另一種語(yǔ)言中可能沒(méi)有對(duì)等詞F5In

13、referringtoanimalsandbirds,theChinesepracticeisgenerally,butnotalways,touse公”or母”“toshowwhetheracreatureismaleorfemale.ThisisthesamewiththeEnglishlanguage.在談到動(dòng)物和鳥(niǎo)類，中國(guó)的做法是通常，但不總是，用“公”或“母”來(lái)表明該生物是否是男性或女性。這與英語(yǔ)是一樣的。T6ThefollowingsixEnglishword:vice,aassociate”,aassistant,deputy,副lieirtenantChineselanguag

14、e.以下六個(gè)英文單詞：“副”、“聯(lián)想”、“助理”、“副”、“中尉”和“下”都是“副”在漢語(yǔ)中F7ThereareasmanysimilaritiesasdissimilaritiesbetweenEnglishproverbsandChineseproverbs.有許多相似之處，英語(yǔ)諺語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)諺語(yǔ)的異同。T8Violatingaculturaltabooisasseriousasviolatingaverbaltaboo,違反文化禁忌的是嚴(yán)重違背了言語(yǔ)禁忌T9Patternsofthoughtvarieswithculture.思維方式隨文化而變化。T10Particularthoughtpa

15、tternspredominateineachculture,.Americancultureispredominantlyfactual-inductive,Russiancultureispredominantlyaxiomatic-deductive,andArabculturesarepredominatelyintuitive-affective.在每一個(gè)特定的思維*II式主導(dǎo)文化的T10,例如美國(guó)文化主要是事實(shí)的歸納，俄羅斯文化主要是公理化演繹，和阿拉伯文化以直觀的情感。ComprehensionCheckT1Speakingisjustonemodeofcommunication

16、.Therearemanyothers.說(shuō)只是一種交流方式。還有許多人F2Someresearchersassertthatinface-to-facecommunication,about70%ofinformationiscommunicatedthroughspeaking,andover30%sissentbynonverbalmeans.一些研究者斷言，在面對(duì)面的交流中，約有70%的信息是通過(guò)說(shuō)話，而超過(guò)30%則是通過(guò)非語(yǔ)言方式發(fā)送的T3Environmentisoneofthefivestudyareasthatnonverbalcommunicationcovers.環(huán)境是非語(yǔ)言

17、交際的五個(gè)研究領(lǐng)域之一T4Muchofournonverbalbehavior,likeculture,tendstoelusive,spontaneousandfrequentlygoesbeyondourawareness.我們大部分的非語(yǔ)言行為，如文化，往往難以實(shí)現(xiàn)，自發(fā)的，往往超越我們的認(rèn)識(shí)F5LatinAmerican,African,ArabandmostAsianculturesareM-Timecultures.拉丁美洲，非洲，阿拉伯和大多數(shù)亞洲文化是單一的文化。T6Arabbelongstotoughcultures.阿拉伯屬于艱難的文化T7Insomecultures,ey

18、econtactshouldbeavoidedinordertoshowrespectorobedience.在一些文化中，為了表示尊重或服從，應(yīng)該避免使用目光接觸T8theappropriatenessofphysicalcontactvarieswithdifferentcultures.身體接觸的適宜性因不同的文化而不同F(xiàn)9WesternwomenusuallylikeChinesetotouchtheirbodiesorsmallchildren.西方婦女通常喜歡中國(guó)人接觸他們的身體或小孩。F10Seatingarrangementsreflectculture.Chinesepeop

19、letendtotalkwiththoseoppositethemratherthanthoseseatedorstandingbesidethem.座位安排體現(xiàn)文化。中國(guó)人傾向于和他們說(shuō)話，而不是坐在他們旁邊的人ComprehensionCheckistheculturalmeaningof性別是e戲”的文化內(nèi)涵andgenderaresynonymous.同義的性別和性別是同義詞ladymightbefeminine,masculineoracombinationofboth.一位女士可能是女性，男性或兩者的結(jié)合aregenerallycomfortablewithbuildingclos

20、erelationshipsandconfidingtoothers,whilemostmenarereservedaboutinvolvementanddisclosure.女性一般舒適與建筑密切關(guān)系和信任別人，而大多數(shù)人都保留對(duì)參與和披露。menusecommunicationtocreateconnectionorequalitybetweenpeople.大多數(shù)人用溝通來(lái)建立聯(lián)系或平等的人usuallyusecommunicationtoestablishstatusandpower.女性通常使用溝通來(lái)確立地位和權(quán)力feminineculture,communicationisaway

21、probablytheprimarywaytoexpressandexpandcloseness.在女性文化中，傳播是表達(dá)和擴(kuò)大親密關(guān)系的主要途徑。socializationstressesdoingthingsandregardsactionasprimarywaystocreateandexpresscloseness.男性社會(huì)化強(qiáng)調(diào)做事情，把行動(dòng)視為創(chuàng)造和表達(dá)親密的主要方式。firstandlastprincipalforeffectivecross-gendercommunicationissuspendingjudgment.有效的跨性別傳播的第一個(gè)和最后一個(gè)主要是中止判斷。isdi

22、fficultbutpossibletoseektranslationcuesthatwillfacilitateourcommunication.這是困難的，但可能尋求翻譯線索，將有利于我們的溝通。mostcommonproblemsincross-culturalnegotiationsconcern（1）rulesforconductingbusiness,（2）theselectionofnegotiators,and（3）methodsofdecision-making.最常見(jiàn)的問(wèn)題，在跨文化談判的關(guān)注（1）的規(guī)則，進(jìn)行業(yè)務(wù)，（2）的選擇，談判，和（3）決策方法。Japanesebe

23、lievethatsocializingisintegraltothenegotiationprocesswhiletheAmericansdonotthinkso.日本人認(rèn)為，社交是談判過(guò)程中不可或缺的一部分，而美國(guó)人卻不這么認(rèn)為negotiationteammembersareusuallyselectedonthebasisoftheirsocialandprofessionalstatus.美國(guó)談判團(tuán)隊(duì)成員通常在他們的社會(huì)和職業(yè)地位的基礎(chǔ)上JapaneseandChinesenegotiators,adetailedwrittenagreementisnotcentraltothene

24、gotiationprocessintheMiddleEast,MexicoandFrance.與日本和中國(guó)的談判人員一樣，在中東、墨西哥和法國(guó)的談判進(jìn)程中，有一個(gè)詳細(xì)的書面協(xié)議是不一樣的。BritishemployanegotiatingstylesimilartothatofAmericans,butmoresilenceisutilizedandtheyarelessegalitarian.英國(guó)人采用了類似于美國(guó)人的談判風(fēng)格，但更多的是利用沉默，他們也不太平等。preferclear,firm,andassertireexpressionwhiletheJapaneseencourage

25、convert,fragmentedexpression.德國(guó)人喜歡明確的，堅(jiān)定的，和assertire表達(dá)而日本鼓勵(lì)轉(zhuǎn)換、碎片化的表達(dá)negotiatorspreferthedeductiveapproach.Moreemphasisisplacedoncontemplationandintuition.墨西哥談判者更喜歡演繹的方法。更強(qiáng)調(diào)的是沉思和直覺(jué)。Braziliansdonotopenlydisagreeduringformalnegotiations;theywouldconsiderthisinsultingandembarrassing.在正式談判中，巴西人不會(huì)公開(kāi)地不同意，他

26、們會(huì)考慮這種侮辱和尷尬。acomfortableclimateandspendingtimeontheexploratoryphaseofnegotiationsarecrucialinMiddleEastandBrazil.創(chuàng)造一個(gè)舒適的氣候和花費(fèi)時(shí)間在談判的探索階段是至關(guān)重要的中東和巴西。arefrequentparticipantsonaJapanesenegotiationteam.女性經(jīng)常參加一個(gè)日本談判小組。名詞解釋economicglobalization（經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化）：theintegrationofnationaleconomiesintotheinternationalec

27、onomythroughtrade,foreigndirectinvestment,capitalflows,migration,andthespreadoftechnology.bartersystem（物物交換）：exchangewithoutmoneyFarmingcommunitiestradedtheirsurplusproduceinexchangeforproductsandserviceswithoutthemediumofmoney.-Humansocietyhasalwaystradedgoodsacrossgreatdistances.globalvillage（地球村）

28、：theworldformonecommunity一Allthedifferentpartsoftheworldformonecommunitylinkedtogetherbyelectroniccommunications,especiallytheInternet.meltingpot（大熔爐）：asocio-culturalassimilationofpeopleofdifferentbackgroundsandnationalities.culture（文化）：canbeenseenassharedknowledge,whatpeopleneedtoknowinordertoactap

29、propriatelyinagivenculture.culturaldiversity（文化融合）：referstothemixofpeoplefromvariousbackgroundsinthelaborforcewithafullmixofculturesandsub-culturestowhichmembersbelong.Communication（交際）:meantosharewithortomakecommon,asingivingtoanotherapartorshareofyourthoughts,hopes,erculturalcommun

30、ication（跨文化交際）：communicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalbackgroundsanddistinct（不同）enoughtoalter（改變）theircommunicaion。Pragmatics（語(yǔ)用學(xué)）：thestudyoftheeffectthatlanguagehasonhumanperceptionsandbehavior.Semantics（語(yǔ)義學(xué)）：asystemthatassociateswordstomeaning.Itisthestudyofthemeaningofwords.Denotation（引申含義）：theli

31、teralmeaningordefinitionofaword-theexplicit,particular,definedmeaning.Chronemics（時(shí)間學(xué)）：Thestudyofhowpeopleperceiveandusetime.PolychromicTime:payingattentiontoanddoingonlyonethingatatime.（2）PolychronicTime（多元時(shí)間觀念）:beinginvolvedwithmanythingsatonce.Proxemics（空間學(xué)）：Referstotheperceptionanduseofspace.Kine

32、tics（身勢(shì)學(xué)）:thestudyofbodylanguage.身勢(shì)學(xué)Paralanguage（副語(yǔ)言）：Involvingsoundsbutnotwordandlyingbetweenverbalandnonverbalcommunication.Aplanetaryculture（行星文化）:integratesEasternmysticismwithWesternscienceandrationalism（理性主義）.Interculturalperson（跨文化的人）:representssomeonewhosecognitive（認(rèn)知的）,affective,andbehavior

33、al（行為的）characteristicsareopentogrowthbeyondthepsychologicalparameters（心理界限）ofhisorherownculture.High-contextcultures（含蓄的文化）assignmeaningtomanyofthestimulisurroundinganexplicitmessage.Inhigh-contextcultures,verbalmessageshavelittlemeaningwithoutthesurroundingcontext,whichincludestheoverallrelationshi

34、pbetweenallthepeopleengagedincommunication.Low-contextcultures（外向型的文化）excludemanyofthosestimuliandfocusmoreintenselyontheobjectivecommunicationevent,whetheritbeaword,asentence,oraphysicalgesture.Inlow-contextcultures,themessageitselfmeanseverything.Iculture（個(gè)體主義）：tocontroltheirwondestinytostandonthe

35、irownfeettomindtheirownbusinesstiestendtoberelativelyunimportantWeculture（集體主義）：tostriveforthecommongoodisnotencouragedrightstopropertypiety（孝順）Powerdistance（權(quán)禾U差品巨）：describesthedistribution（分布）ofinfluencewithintheculture,theextenttowhichthelesspowerfulmembersoforganizationsandinstitutionsacceptande

36、xpectthatpowerisdistributedunequally.Culturesareclassifiedonacontinuum（延續(xù)體）ofhightolowdistance,thatishierarchy（等級(jí)主義）.egalitarian（平等主義）.Masculinecultures（剛性文化）:Theseculturesplacehighvaluesonmaculinetraitsandstressassertiveness,competitionandmaterialsuccess.Femininecultures（柔性文化）：Theseculturesplacehig

37、hvaluesonfeminnetraitsandstressqualityoflife,interpersonalrelationshipsandconcernfortheweak.1.Enculturation（文化習(xí)得）:alltheactivitiesoflearningonesculturearecalledenculturationAcculturation（文化適應(yīng)）:theprocesswhichadoptsthechangesbroughtaboutbyanothercultureanddevelopsanincreasedsimilaritybetweenthetwocul

38、tures.Ethnocentric（文化中心主義）:thebeliefthatyourownculturalbackgroundissuperior.Communication:meantosharewithortomakecommon,asingivingtoanotherapartorshareofyourthoughts,hopes,andknowledge.Source交際邀請(qǐng)Thesourceisthepersonwithanideaheorshedesirestocommunicate.編碼Unfortunately（orperhapsfortunately）,humansare

39、notabletosharethoughtsdirectly.Yourcommunicationisintheformofasymbolrepresentingtheideayoudesiretocommunicate.Encodingistheprocessofputtinganideaintoasymbol.Message編碼信息Thetermmessageidentifiestheencodedthought.Encodingistheprocess,theverb;themessageistheresultingobject.Channel交際渠道Thetermchannelisuse

40、dtechnicallytorefertothemeansbywhichtheencodedmessageistransmitted.Thechannelormedium,then,maybeprint,electronic,orthelightandsoundwavesoftheface-to-facecommunication.Noise干擾Thetermnoisetechnicallyreferstoanythingthatdistortsthemessagethesourceencodes.Receiver交際接受Thereceiveristhepersonwhoattendstoth

41、emessage.Decoding解碼Decodingistheoppositeprocessofencodingandjustasmuchanactiveprocess.Thereceiverisactivelyinvolvedinthecommunicationprocessbyassigningmeaningtothesymbolsreceived.Receiverresponse接受反應(yīng)Thereceiveristhepersonwhoattendstothemessage.Receiverresponsereferstoanythingthereceiverdoesafterhavi

42、ngattendedtoanddecodedthemessage.Feedback反饋Feedbackreferstothatportionofthereceiverresponseofwhichthesourcehasknowledgeandtowhichthesourceattendsandassignsmeaning.1.Context場(chǎng)景Thefinalcomponentofcommunicationiscontext.Generally,contextcanbedefinedastheenvironmentinwhichthecommunicationtakesplaceandwhi

43、chhelpsdefinethecommunication.Connotation（內(nèi)涵）：thesuggestivemeaningofaword-allthevalues,judgment,andbeliefsimpliedbyawordthehistoricalandassociativeaccretionoftheunspokensignificancebehindtheliteralmeaning.Taboo禁忌語(yǔ)：referstosomeobjects,wordsoractionsthatareavoidedbyaparticulargroupofpeople,orincertain

44、cultureforreligiousorsocialreasons.Euphemism委婉語(yǔ)：Meanstheactofsubstitutingamild,indirect,orvaguetermforoneconsideredharsh,blunt,oroffensive.Strikewhiletheironishot趁熱打鐵Morehaste,lessspeed.欲速不達(dá)Topassfisheyesforpearls魚目混珠asstubbornasamule犟得像頭牛dumbbell笨蛋tofishintheair水底撈月todrinklikeafish牛飲asdryassawdust味

45、同嚼蠟tobeattheendofonelSrOpelandscapeengineer園林工人tonsorialartist理發(fā)師sanitationengineer清潔工shoerebuilder補(bǔ)鞋匠softinthehead發(fā)瘋的recklessdisregardfortruth撒謊totakethingswithoutpermission偷竊industrialclimate勞資關(guān)系緊張justicehaslongarms天網(wǎng)恢恢，疏而不漏fatoffice肥缺diamondcutdiamond棋逢對(duì)手goldensaying金玉良言Youwillcrossthebridgewheny

46、ougettoit船到橋頭自然直betterbetheheadofadogthanthetailofalion寧為雞頭，勿為牛后treaduponeggs如履薄冰簡(jiǎn)答題9componentsofcommunication（交際的十大要素）source（來(lái)源）：thepersonwhodesirestoencoding（編碼）：theprocessofputtingonideaintoasymbolmessaged言息）：identifiestheencodingthoughtchannel（渠道）：themeansoftransmission傳播途徑）noise（干擾）：anythingdis

47、tortsthemessagesreceiver（接受者）：thepersonwhoattendstothemessagedecoding（解碼）：assigningmeaningtothesymbolsreceivedreceiverresponse（接受者反應(yīng)）：anythingthereceiverdoesfeedback（反饋）：theportionwhichthesourcehasknowledgeandtowhichthesourceattendsandassignsmeaningcontext（場(chǎng)景）：helpdefine（使明確）thecommunicationthefourt

48、rendsthatmakeourworldmoreinterdependent.convenienttransportationsystems（便捷的交通系統(tǒng)）（2）innovativecommunicationsystems（革新通信技術(shù)）economicglobailzation（經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化）widespreadmigrations（廣泛的移民）arethethreeingredients（組成）ofcultureartifacts（thematerialandspiritualproductspeopleproduce）behavior（whattheydo）concept或有觀點(diǎn)）（w

49、hattheythink）tounderstandculturalicebergjustasaniceberg,culturehassomeaspectsthatareobservableandothersthatcanonlybesuspectedanimagined.Alsolikeaniceberg,nine-tenthofcultureisbelowthesurfacearethecharacteristic（特點(diǎn)）ofculturesharedlearned（enculuration文化習(xí)得：learningonesculture）dynamic（動(dòng)態(tài)的）（accultration文

50、化適應(yīng)：adoptsthechangesbroughtaboutbyanotherculture）ethnocentric（ethnocentrism文化中心主義：ownculturalbackgroundissuperior）arethecharacteristicofcommunicationdynamic（動(dòng)態(tài)性）；irreversible（不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的）symbolic（符號(hào)的）systematic（系統(tǒng)性）transactional（互動(dòng)性）contextual（語(yǔ)境）isChineseaddressingdifferentfromAmericanaddressingInChinese

51、thesurnamecomesfirstandisfollowedbythegivenname；inEnglishthisorderisreversed.InChinaseniority（資歷）ispaidrespectsto.Nowadays,manyEnglish-speakingpeopletendtoaddressothersbytheirgivennames,evenwhenmeetingforthefirsttime.（Aboutaddressingbyrelationship）Chineseoftenextenkinshiptermstopeoplenotrelatedbyblo

52、odormarriage.Americanstendtousejustthefirstnameandleaveoutthetermofrelationship.Chineseuseapersonstitle、office、orprofessiontoindicate（表明）thepersonsinfluential（有權(quán)勢(shì)的）status.InEnglish,onlyafewoccupationsortitlescouldbeused，suchasdoctor,governor,mayor,professor,nurseandcaptain.（p24）1.Whatarethedifferent

53、featuresofM-TimeandP-timeM-Timethinktimeisperceivedasalinearstrucure.認(rèn)為時(shí)間是線性的P-Timeislessrigid（亥U板）andclock-bound,moreflexibleandmorehuman-centered.3.Whatarethedifferentfeatureofm-timeandp-timeP97M:DoonethingatatimeTaketimecommitmentsseriouslyArecommittedtothejobAdherereligiouslytoplansEmphasizeprom

54、ptnessAreaccustomedtoshort-termrelationshipsP:DomanythingsatonceConsidertimecommitmentsanobjectivetobeachieved,ifpossibleArecommittedtopeopleandhumanrelationshipsChangeplansoftenandeasilyBasepromptnessontherelationshipHavestrongtendencytobuildlifetimerelationshipsM-timeisnotedforitsemphasisonschedul

55、es,segmentation,punctualityandpromptness.Itfeaturesoneeventatatimeandtimeisperceivedasalinearstructure.P-timeislessrigidandclock-bound.Itfeaturesseveralactivitiesatthesametimeandtimeisperceivedasmoreflexibleandmorehuman-centered.Whatarethesocialfunctionsofcompliments（贊美的社會(huì)功能是什么）Creatingorreinforcing

56、（加固）solidarity,greetingpeople,expressingthanksorcongratulations,encouragingpeople,softeningcriticism（委婉批評(píng)）,startingaconversation,orevenovercomingembarrassment（窘迫）.HowistheChinesewritingstyledifferenttheAmericanwritingstyleTheChineseemployacircularapproachinwriting.Inthiskindofindirectwriting,thedeve

57、lopmentoftheparagraphmaybesaidtobeturningandturningainwideninggyre.Thecirclesorgyresturnaroundthesubjectandshowitfromavarietyoftangentialviews,butthesubjectisneverlookedatdirectly.Aparagraphissetoffbyanindentationofitsfirstsentencesorbysomeotherconventionaldevise,suchasextraspacebetweenparagraphs.In

58、contrast,theAmericansaredirectandlinearinwriting.AnEnglishexpositoryparagraphusuallybeginswithatopicstatement,andthen,byaseriesofsubdivisionsofthattopicstatement,eachsupportedbyexampleandillustrations,proceeds,todevelopthatcentralideaandrelatethatideatoallotherideasinthewholeessay,andtoemploythatide

59、ainproperrelationshipwiththeotherideas,toprovesomething,orperhapstoarguesomething.WhatdifferentworldviewcanbedrivefromBuddhism（佛教）andChristianity（基督教）Buddhistsdonotbelieveinagodorgodswhocreatedtheworld.However,theydobelievethatthereisasupremeandwonderfultruththatwordscannotteach,andritualcannotattai

60、n.Buddhistsarenotfavorablydisposedtothenotionoffreeenterpriseandthepursuitofmaterialwell-being.Seenfromawesternworldview,havingnodesiresadverselyaffectsmotivesforpersonalenrichmentandgrowthgenerally.Thus,littlesupportisaccordedtofreeenterprise.Christianityrecognizestheimportanceofworkandfreeownershi