1、綜述 題型分類SAT考試中的語法局部分為IE (Identifying Sentence Errors)IS (Improving Sentences)IP (Improving Paragraphs)題型考察介紹IE題型主要對詞類的語法點進行考察，其難度與老托福的語法題差不多 IS題型那么在句子結構的根底上對句法進行考察，比方：主謂一致、平行結構等等，其題型特征與GMAT有些相似 IP是在文章的整體框架下對考生在詞、句、及段落三個語法層次上進行考察 難度分析IS題型 IP題型 IE題型 SAT語法SECTION及時間分配判分標準語法局部可根據以下公式計算實際正確題數正確題數錯誤題數/4 實際

2、正確題數然后將實際正確題數結合寫作分數在OG中查出自己的對應得分范圍 參考用書黃皮書BARRONOG IEISIPSAT語法題型范圍關系Identifying Sentence Errors (IE) 1.動詞 2.代詞 3.形容詞 詞法 4.副詞 考點 5.名詞 6.介詞 7.連詞句法IE考點歸納動詞考點主謂一致平行結構時態虛擬語氣過去式、過去分詞拼寫誤用IE考點歸納動詞：主謂一致 主語單復數概念 audience, population, team, family, group, country, state, county, city 在表示整體實均表示單數的概念，謂語動詞應使 用單數形

3、式 倒轉語序的主謂一致 完全倒裝 局部倒裝 就近一致的主謂關系 or, either or, not only.but also., neithernor, not.but. with, plus, along with, as well as等緊隨主語的情況下，謂語單復數由 最前面的主語決定 IE考點歸納動詞：主謂一致 對于正常語序的主謂一致，需要注意一下敏感的動詞，比方：當題中出現 動詞/助動詞 has/have 及系動詞 am/is/are/was/were 時，要優先注意其 主語助動詞has/have及系動詞屬于敏感考點 The field of consumer electronic

4、s have been never been fixed; DVDs replace VHS tapes today, just as CDs replaced cassette tapes in the past. No error 助動詞 has/have考點 The existence of consistent rules are important if a teacher wants to run a classroom efficiently. No error 系動詞考點動詞：主謂一致 倒裝句式的主謂一致：對于此種結構，要培養識別倒裝的能力1. Air pollution ca

5、used by industrial fumes has been studied for years, but only recently has the harmful effects of noise pollution become known. No error 局部倒裝：only + 副詞 + 引導局部倒裝2. Between the small shops and boutiques of Greenwich Village and the giant department stores of midtown Manhattan lie the ethnically varied

6、 residential neighborhood of Chelsea. No error 完全倒裝：介賓完全倒裝3. Also supported by the commission was the proposed health clinics and the proposed center to distribute information on job-training opportunities. No error 完全倒裝：主系表完全倒裝 IE考點歸納動詞：主謂一致 就近一致中的主謂一致： 在以下短語出現時，應使用就近一致原那么來選擇適當的動詞形式： eitheror, neit

7、hernor, not onlybut also, notbut等等 例： When he confronted the teacher, as he did after almost every test, the student was adamant that neither the question nor the answer choices was fair. No error 就近一致中的主謂一致IE考點歸納動詞：平行結構主要考察: 動詞的主謂一致的平行結構 例： Recently completed, the new maglev train links shanghai to

8、 the Pudong Airport and eliminating a major source of congestion between the two destinations. No error 動詞時態形式的平行結構 例： Despite having no formal training, Jackie was nonetheless able to master the piano by listening to recordings, reading instructional books, and she practiced on her own. No errorIE考

9、點歸納動詞：時態一般進行完成過去現在將來代表高頻錯誤時態IE考點歸納動詞：時態高頻錯誤時態過去完成時、進行時Many biographers had stated that Samuel Lang Clemenschanged his name to Mark Twain to echo the riverboat captainscall ascertaining the sate navigation depth of the Mississippi river. No error考察動詞過去完成時Despite recent controversy over ballot-punchin

10、g, which hasdiscouraged some people from voting, in 2004 many U.S.citizens will attempt to elect a President who will be representingtheir views on the issues. No error考察動詞進行時IE考點歸納動詞：虛擬語氣 出現特征：if 引導虛擬語氣 從句（if 條件句）主句過去had donewould have done現在didwould do將來would dowere to dowould (could, might, shoul

11、d) do IE考點歸納動詞：虛擬語氣 出現特征：if引導虛擬語氣 例： Jasons older sister, known for her diligence, smugly reminded him that if he would have planned ahead instead of procrastinating, he would not have had to write his entire research paper in just one weekend. No errorIE考點歸納動詞：虛擬語氣 出現特征：動詞引導的虛擬語氣 表示建議：recommend, su

12、ggest, advice 表示要求：insist, demand, request 表示命令：command, order 例： In trying to capture the essence of a portrait, the artist frequently keeps his modes late, insisting that they completed the job in order to be paid. No errorIE考點歸納動詞：過去式、過去分詞拼寫形式主要考察考生對動詞時態形式的記憶： 例：lie-lay-lain 躺下 lie-lied-lied 撒謊 l

13、ay-laid-laid 放 lay-laid-laid 下蛋IE考點歸納動詞：誤用考察考生區分形近動詞的意思例：The typical individual who immigrates from his native country inpursuit of employment is more likely to have a bachelors orpostgraduate degree than is the typical U.S. citizen. No error (Immigrate-emigrate)類似還有：infer-imply, capture-captivate,

14、IE考點歸納代詞考點主格賓格錯誤單復數指代不清代詞錯誤使用平行結構IE考點歸納代詞：主格賓格錯誤確定主賓格的核心原那么：代詞充當主語還是賓語小練習He is taller than me. (I am) Who is it? It is me. (I)I know him who studies diligently each night. (him, who)IE考點歸納代詞：代詞錯誤使用 使用錯誤: 即：不應該使用代詞 Upon reviewing a map of his property, John realized that he could not build the barn w

15、here he had intended because it belonged to a neighboring farmer. No error 指代錯誤： 代詞的所指內容與指代對象不符 Many of the students which were chosen for the National Student Leadership Conference opted for the U.S. Politics and Policies program; they spent several days attending Congressional events and touring t

16、he capitols sights. No error IE考點歸納代詞：代詞錯誤使用 歧義: Eugene Neill, who is typically regarded as Americas greatest playwright, received critical acclaim for The Iceman Cometh, a play where a group of outcasts seeks salvation. No error (where: in which or from which) IE考點歸納代詞：平行結構人稱上的一致 單復數一致例：If one does

17、 not enjoy fearless pigeons landing you for food, oneshould avoid St. Marks Squat in Venice. No errorWhen one is sitting in a crowded theatre, surrounded by an audiencethat has paid good money to see a play of such historical significance,the least you can do is to refrain from unnecessary conversat

18、ion. NoerrorIE考點歸納形容詞、副詞考點形容詞/副詞修飾錯誤比較級、最高級平行結構語意重復誤用IE考點歸納形容詞、副詞 形容詞、副詞修飾錯誤 修飾對象：形容詞名詞， 副詞形容詞、動詞 Completed exhausted from a hard day at work, Evelyn fell asleep on the bus and, when she finally awoke, found that she had missed her stop. No error 比較級、最高級 Cellular phones are one of the less technolog

19、ies that became more popular in Europe than in America when first introduced. No error IE考點歸納形容詞、副詞 平行結構 None of the tasks was harder than that which occupied his attention during the first three weeks of his administration; it proved neither an easy task nor simple to understand. No error (neither.

20、nor.引導平行結構) 形容詞、副詞重復使用 The prosecutor argued that anger and a desire for vindication were not sufficient enough reasons to justify the crime. No error IE考點歸納形容詞、副詞 誤用 Perspective travelers to the islands are advised to start getting used to higher temperature before beginning their trips. No error D

21、avid has a veracious appetite and often eats five meals a day, but somehow he remains exceptionally thin. No errorIE考點歸納名詞考點單復數比較平行結構誤用IE考點歸納名詞 單復數 名詞分類：可數名詞、不可數名詞、集合名詞 比較題中遇到比較詞，可優先找比較雙方 (1) 比較雙方成分不一致 Compared with freshly squeezed juice, which some claim tastes like sunshine in a cup, the flavor o

22、f reconstituted juice can seem disappointingly artificial. No error (2) 比較歧義 In the endless twilight of summer evenings, we enjoyed our croquet set more than our neighbors. No error IE考點歸納名詞 平行結構 In a beginning ballet class, a dancer learns the five positions, about ballets history, and arm exercise

23、s. No error 誤用 affect - effect principle - principal allusion illusion IE考點歸納介詞固定搭配數量介詞錯誤使用、模糊使用IE考點歸納介詞：固定搭配 be different from A be consistent with B separate A from B A be synonymous with B distinguish A from B preoccupation with (distinguish between A and B) comply with be desirous of be jealous

24、of satisfaction with (be satisfied with) opposition to (be opposed to) be responsible to sb be responsible for sth outlook on consider A (to be) B IE考點歸納介詞：數量介詞Among, between, ofBetween A and B, A is better. ()Of A and B, A is better.()Among A, B, and C, A is the best.()There is a difference among A

25、, B, and C. ()IE考點歸納介詞：錯誤使用、模糊使用錯誤使用：No matter how many times Julie hears her favorite song, whenever it isplayed on the radio, she will dance around the room as if she hasnever heard the song before. No error模糊使用：Eugene Neill, who is typically regarded as Americas greatestplaywright, received criti

26、cal acclaim for The Iceman Cometh, a playwhere a group of outcasts seeks salvation. No errorIE考點歸納連詞邏輯關系錯誤連詞、副詞混淆IE考點歸納連詞：邏輯關系錯誤Natural fibers such as cotton must be straightened before theycan be used to make cloth, and synthetic fibers such aspolyester need no such treatment. No errorWhile we no l

27、onger live so far from school, we no longer worryabout missing the bus. No errorIE考點歸納連詞：連詞、副詞混淆高頻副詞: however, nonetheless, nevertheless, therefore 高頻連詞： because, but, while, whereas連詞 & 副詞：so (and so), yet (and yet) As well as 與 andImproving Sentences (IS)句法體系核心原那么：語法修改原意簡潔 1. 主謂一致 2. 句子結構 3.平行結構 4

28、.比較 5.時態 6.代詞指代 7.語意重復 8.Awkward Expression 9.IE考點 10. 冗長、細微修改原意Improving Sentences (IS)1. 主謂一致1.1 正常語序詳見IE局部主謂一致1.2 倒裝語序 完全倒裝： There be (go/come/stand/sit/lie) 句型 介賓完全倒裝 表語完全倒裝 局部倒裝： 讓步倒裝 否認倒裝 not onlybut also not until 虛擬語氣倒裝 so (adj.) that倒裝 only (adv.) 局部倒裝 nor. , so. 局部倒裝 比較結構局部倒裝IS句法體系主謂一致：倒裝A

29、lso supported by the commission was the proposed health clinics andthe proposed center to distribute information on job-trainingopportunities. No error【表語倒裝】Available through the schools guidance office is a job directory and a listof job referral centers that provide information for students in nee

30、d ofemployment. No error【介賓倒裝 /表語倒裝】Air pollution caused by industrial fumes has been studied for years, butonly recently has the harmful effects of noise pollution become known. No error【only adv.局部倒裝】Improving Sentences (IS)2. 句子結構空主語、雙主語雙謂語狀 主同位 主句子空并列句式混亂：修飾語位置不清語氣、語態比較IS句法體系：句子結構空主語、雙主語The horr

31、ors of war and the experience of a woman serving in the WomansRoyal Navy Service during the second World War, which are stirringlychronicled in Edith Pargeters novel She goes to War.(A) the second World War, which are stirringly chronicled (B) the second World War are stirring chronicled (C) a stirr

32、ing chronicle of the second World War (D) the second World War, that appear in a stirring chronicle(E) a chronicle of the second World War that stirs the emotions考點：空主語IS句法體系：句子結構空主語、雙主語H. Fend Douglas, one of the few Black soldiers in White regiments duringthe early part of the Civil War, and event

33、ually to recruit and command hisown unit.(A) and eventually to recruit and command his own unit 空主語(B) eventually recruited and commanded his own unit (C) he eventually recruited and commanded his own unit 雙主語(D) he eventually had his own unit that he recruited and commanded 雙主語(E) having eventually

34、 recruited and commanded his own unit 空主語考點：空主語、雙主語IS句法體系：句子結構雙謂語The ancient belief of all matter being in continuous motion seems borne out by modern discoveries about atomic structure.(A) of all matter being in continuous motion(B) Is that all matter is in continuous motion 雙謂語(C) which is that ma

35、tter is in continuous motion(D) that all matter is in continuous motion(E) of all matter that is in continuous motionIS句法體系：句子結構雙謂語At an early stage in his travels, Henry James, writing from abroad,described the subtle differences distinguishing Americans fromEuropeans.(A) At an early stage in his t

36、ravels, Henry James, writing(B) At an early stage in his travels, Henry James wrote雙謂語(C) At an early stage in his travels, Henry James was written 修改原義(D) At an early stage in his travels, Henry James was writing 雙謂語、時態(E) Henry James, whose writing at an early stage in his travels 空主語IS句法體系：句子結構狀

37、主 狀語與主語不一致9 6 讓步狀語 伴隨狀語 動名詞 條件狀語 過去分詞 比較狀語 介賓短語 目的狀語 形容詞 因果狀語 動詞不定式 時間狀語 獨立主格結構 地點狀語 方式狀語狀語IS句法體系：句子結構狀 主To get through an emergency, it demands remaining calm and wittiness. (A) it demands remaining calm 狀 主(B) it demands calmness 狀 主(C) one is demanded to remain calm 被動語態(D) one should remain calm

38、 主動語態(E) demands one to remain calm 不成句考點：動詞不定式作狀語IS句法體系：句子結構狀 主While studying dolphins in Florida, that was when Caryn discovered herlove of the manatee.(A) that was when Caryn discovered herlove of the manatee 狀 主(B) Caryn discovered her love of the manatee(C) then the discovery of Caryns love for

39、 the manatee took place 狀 主(D) Caryns live of the manatee was discovered 狀 主(E) a love of the manatee was discovered by Caryn 狀 主考點：動名詞作狀語IS句法體系：句子結構狀 主Better known for The Foreigner, other works of Larry Shue, such as TheNerd, were of equal quality though they were less famous.(A) other works of La

40、rry Shue, such as The Nerd 狀 主(B) other works buy Larry Shue, such as The Nerd 狀 主(C) Larry Shue also created other works, such as The Nerd, that(D) Larry Shues other works, like The Nerd 狀 主(E) Larry Shue wrote other stories, like The Nerd that 限制性定語使用錯誤考點：過去分詞作狀語IS句法體系：句子結構狀 主Upon learning that Al

41、ison couldnt afford to return to college this semester,an effort was made by her friends to help her pay for tuition. (A) an effort was made by her friends to help her pay 狀 主(B) an effort to help her pay was made by her friends 狀 主(C) her payment was helped by her friends 狀 主(D) her friends made an

42、 effort to help her pay(E) her friends make an effort to help her pay考點：介賓短語作狀語IS句法體系：句子結構狀 主 獨立主格不作為選項考慮The delegates coming this far, they did not want to return withoutaccomplishing something.(A) The delegates coming this far, they 獨立主格(B) Coming this far, the delegates felt they(C) Having come t

43、his far, the delegates(D) To come this far, the delegates(E) The delegates came this far, so that theyIS句法體系：句子結構狀 主 獨立主格不作為選項考慮High school graduates usually do not end up earning as much income ascollege graduates do, this being why so many high school students go onto pursue college degrees.(A) do

44、, this being why so many high school students獨立主格(B) do, this is why so many high school students空并列(C) do; this fact explains why so many high school students(D) do; this explaining the reason for why so many high school students 不成句(E) do, explaining why so many high school students狀主IS句法體系：句子結構同位

45、 主 同位語與所修飾成分不一致A native Californian, Jeff McDonalds first play received a Tony award in1975.(A) A native Californian, Jeff McDonalds first play received 同位 主(B) A native Californian, the first play by Jeff McDonald received 同位 主(C) The first play by Jeff McDonald, a native Californian, received(D) J

46、eff McDonald, a native Californian, wrote his first play and he received 修改原意(E) A native Californian, Jeff McDonald as well as his first play received 修改原意同位 主 同位語與所修飾成分不一致Using modern forensic techniques, the true identity, it is hypothesized bynoted mystery author Patricia Cornwell, of Jack the R

47、ipper, a serial killerwho terrorized London in the last nineteenth century, is Walter Sickert, anartist. the true identity, it is hypothesized by noted mystery author Patricia Cornwell, of Jack the Ripper 狀主(B) Patricia Cornwell, a noted mystery author, has hypothesized that Jack the Rippers true id

48、entity 同位主(C) Patricia Cornwell, a noted mystery author, has come to the hypothesis that truly the identity of Jack the Ripper 冗長(D) Jack the Rippers true identity as hypothesized by noted mystery author Patricia Cornwell 狀主(E) noted mystery author Patricia Cornwell has hypothesized that the true id

49、entity of Jack the RipperIS句法體系：句子結構句子空并列句句之間無連接成分四種正確形式 分號連接句子 冒號連接句子 連詞連接句子 連詞副詞連接句子句子空并列結構解題注意長句子的符號、結構Newspaper accounts say the first powered airplane was flown in 1865 byJacob Brodbeck and powered by coil springs, the airplane reportedlyreached treetop heights before crashing into a henhouse.B

50、rodbeck and powered by coil springs, the airplane reportedly reached空并列(B) Brodbeck, and the airplane, powered by coil springs, reportedly reached(C) Brodbeck, the airplane was powered by coil springs, reportedly reaching 空并列(D) Brodbeck, although powered by coil springs, the airplane reportedly rea

51、ched 空并列(E) Brodbeck in an airplane powered by coil springs and reportedly reaching句子空并列：跳讀跳讀成分 同位語 狀語 6種出現方式 非限制性定語從句 which, who, whose,.跳讀：例題1Sir Alexander Fleming, an immunologist, whose reputation as thediscoverer of penicillin almost rivals that of Jonas Salk, who invented thepoliovaccine. Sir

52、Alexander Fleming, an immunologist, whose reputation as the discoverer of penicillin 跳讀：空主語(B) Sir Alexander Fleming, who was an immunologist, whose reputation as the discoverer of penicillin 跳讀：空主語(C) An immunologist with a reputation as the discoverer of penicillin, Sir Alexander Fleming 比較雙方不一致(D

53、) Sir Alexander Fleming was an immunologist whose reputation as the discoverer of penicillin(E) An immunologist, Sir Alexander Fleming who was the discoverer of penicillin and whose reputation 不可跳讀！ 空主語跳讀：例題2The Mexican festival of Cinco de Mavo celebrates the defeat of the Frenchat the Battle of Pu

54、ebla in 1862, and it is a holiday in many American states,too. Cinco de Mavo celebrates the defeat of the French at the Battle of Puebla in 1862, and it is a holiday in many American states, too. 代詞使主語重復，冗長 Cinco de Mavo, which celebrates the defeat , is also a holiday in many American States(C) Cin

55、co de Mayo, which celebrates the defeat , being also a holiday in many American states跳讀：空主語(D) Cinco de Mayo, which celebrates the defeat ., but which is also a holiday in many American states 跳讀：空主語(E) Cinco de Mayo, being a celebration of the defeat ., and being a holiday in many American states,

56、 too. 跳讀：空主語IS句法體系：句子結構句式混亂修飾語位置不清The movie Amadeus was based on Mozarts life, adapted from a play of thesame title. The movie Amadeus was based on Mozarts life, adapted from a play of the same title 修飾語位置不清(B) The movie Amadeus has its basis in Mozarts life and adapts from a play of the same title(

57、C) The movie Amadeus, based on Mozarts life, is adapted from a play of the same title(D) The movie Amadeus which is based on Mozarts life and adapted from a play of the same title 空主語(E) The movie Amadeus, being inspired by Mozarts life, adapted from a play of the same name 跳讀：空主語修飾語adapted from a p

58、lay of the same title應緊隨修飾對象movie AmadeusIS句法體系：句子結構語氣、語態比較主謂賓 主系表 There be句型實義動詞 抽象名詞主動語態 被動語態IS句法體系：句子結構語氣比較主謂賓 主系表 There be 句型There is simply no way one can avoid conflict; hence, if you must fight,fight to win.(A) There is simply no way one can avoid conflict; hence one/you 結構(B) In no way can o

59、ne simply avoid conflict; hence one/you 結構(C) You cannot avoid conflict; hence 主謂賓、簡潔(D) There is simply no way one can avoid conflict; however one/you 結構(E) There is simply no way in which you may avoid conflict; consequently, There be 句型、冗長選項C語氣強于選項E，同時C比E簡潔語氣比較主謂賓 主系表 There be 句型Because the sport

60、s industry has become so popular is the reason that someuniversities have created new courses in sports marketing and eventplanning.popular is the reason that some universities have created new courses in sports marketing and event planning 因果重復(B) popular, some universities have created new courses