1、第一章一、由Internet及相關技術決定的電子商務的特點。二、由電子商務系統結構決定的電子商務的特點。三、由交易過程決定的電子商務特點四、由電子商務市場主體決定電子商務的特點。電子商務的產生原因：第一、信息網絡技術為電子商務的發展的物質基礎；第二、國際經貿的迅速發展要求商務手段和工具上的變革；第三、國際市場的激烈競爭也促進了電子商務的發展。電子商務的分類1按照交易主體分類：2按照交易對象分類：3按照使用網絡類型分類：4按照網絡接入方式分類：電子商務對企業的影響。(1)影響企業的運作方式。(2)影響企業的組織結構電子商務對經濟規律的影響。(1)邊際收益遞減規律被邊際收益遞增規律代替。(2)達維

2、多定律(3)梅特卡夫定律第二章 電子商務技術基礎電子商務支付技術安全協議：一，SSL（握手協議，消息加密協議；商家欺詐）；二，SET（常用）。Web2.0的主要技術:RSS（信息聚合技術）；Trackback（引用功能）；Ajax（與服務器異步通信）；Tag。（標簽，關鍵詞分類技術）電子支付工具：電子錢夾（電子信用卡）。電子支票電子現金（電子錢包）安全認證技術：智能卡；數字簽名（非對稱加密技術）；數字憑證；CA認證；數字信封；數字時間戳。第三章 EDIEDI優勢一，降低成本。二，減少錯誤。三，減少庫存。四，改善客戶服務。傳統EDI的局限性一，環境問題二，費用問題三，安全問題。EDI信息編碼原則

3、包括：一，唯一性。二，簡明性。三，穩定性。四，可擴展性。五，易識性。六，自檢能力。由動作流程形成的ECI工作方式：一，生產EDI平面文件；二，翻譯生產EDI標準格式文件；三，通訊；四，EDI文件的接受和處理。由功能模型形成的ECI動作方式：一，點對點PTP方式；二，增值網VAN方式；三，MHS方式；電子商務是EDI發展的必然趨勢：一，internet mail；二，標準翻譯；三，web-EDI方式；四，XML/EDI方式。第四章 電子商務系統(利用信息網絡技術全面實現電子交易的商務系統)電子商務系統由4要素組成：Internet信息要素；電子商務主體要素；電子商務服務商要素（1，接入服務商；2

4、，服務提供商 3，內容服務提供商 4 應用服務系統提供商。）；中介組織要素（認證中心；支付中心；物流中心）。第五章 電子商務流程（B2C;B2B;C2C）一，電子商務的基本流程：交易前的準備；交易磋商；簽訂合同和辦理手續；廝履行合同的索賠。企業業務流程四要素及內容：一，活動，明確活動的內容，要做什么；二，活動的方式，用什么做，工具設備；三，活動的承擔者；四，活動的連接方式，鏈接手段、方式應充分體現管理、控制功能。電子商務與企業流程重組：必然性：一，傳統企業流程模式的缺陷（分工過細，組織結構臃腫，企業員工技能單一）；二，信息技術對傳統業務流程的影響。內容：1，組織結構重組（一，柔性化；二，網絡化

5、；三，扁平化；四，團隊化。）2，業務鏈重組3，資源重組第六章 電子商務模式電子商務模式分類：運營模式；贏利模式（一，利潤點。是指企業可以獲取利潤的產品和服務。二，利潤對象。是指企業提供的商品或服務的購買者和使用群體。三，利潤源。是指企業的收入來源。四，利潤屏障。是指企業為了防止競爭者掠奪本企業的利潤而采取的防范措施。五，利潤杠桿。是指企業生產產品或服務以及吸引顧客購買和使用產品或服務的一系列業務活動）。 B2B模式的細分 一. 賣方集中模式(集中采購)；二. 買方集中模式(集中銷售)；三. 網上/第三方交易市場模式(最流行)。博客贏利模式有：一，平臺收費；二，營銷收費；三，銷售贏利；四，中介收

6、費；五，服務收費；六，內容收費；七，配件收費。長尾理論：只要存儲和流通的渠道足夠大，需求不旺或者銷量不佳的產品所共同占據的市場份額可以喝那些少數熱銷產品所占據的市場份額相匹敵甚至更大，既眾多小市場匯聚可以與主流大市場相匹敵的市場能量。電子商務主要盈利模式：廣告模式；二，訂閱模式；三，銷售模式；四，會員制模式；五，5Cs。第七章 電子商務戰略時間：一，戰略的提出；二，戰略的形成；三，戰略的實施；四，戰略的評估?？臻g：一，戰略目的；二，戰略方針；三，戰略力量；四，戰略措施。電子商務戰略的分類按主體劃分（政府、組織和企業）；按行業劃分；按性質劃分（(1) 電子商務競爭戰略。一，搶占快車道戰略。二，人

7、才風險戰略。三，另辟蹊徑戰略。四，隱形進攻戰略。(2) 電子商務合作戰略）制定電子商務戰略步驟：一，戰略的提出；二，外部環境分析；三，內部環境分析；四，識別差距；五，戰略的形成。企業電子商務戰略目標注意問題：一，優先考慮電子商務系統的競爭力目標；二，應基于全球化經濟考慮系統需求（滿足國際需要目標）；三，應把支撐企業運營目標作為核心要素之一；四，重視電子商務系統的價值衡量（利潤增值目標）；五，建立責任控制體系企業電子商務戰略框架主要包括下列戰略：電子商務產品戰略、技術戰略、市場戰略、物流戰略、人才戰略、安全戰略等。企業電子商務戰略步驟：一，基礎階段；二，信息孤島階段；三，企業內部信息化階段；四，

8、電子商務實施階段。第八章 電子商務產品電子商務產品分為三類：一，有形電子產品；二，無形電子產品；三，數字產品；（，可復制性；，可比性；，具有公共物品性質；，具有“經驗產品”性質）。電子商務產品的發展趨勢：一，越來越注重產品內容；二，越來越多的產品數字化；三，越來越多的產品信息化。新產品創新的流程分為六個階段：一，產品概念；二，產品定義；三，產品設計;四，樣本研制；五，實驗推廣；六，大規模促銷。電子商務時代生產模式的特點：一，創新特征；二，更新快特征；三，知識特征 ；四，文化特征；五，個性化服務特征.有形產品定制化的好處：一，產品功能更具有針對性；二，生產的預測更準確；三，定制生產是保持和消費者

9、聯系的最好途徑；四，動態貿易的出現（讓技術滿足當擁有定制客戶的需求）。服務供給個性化：一，服務業最適合電子商務；二，EC產品發展趨勢要求服務業的配套發展；三，EC的發展促進了服務的創新。電子商務生產方式對企業的影響：一，企業成為“學習組織”；二，企業注重知識網絡建設；三，企業功能社會化；四，企業管理信息化。ERP對企業的作用：一，維護盡可能低的庫存量；二，減少停工待料，時間成本；三，提高質量，降低人工成本；四，節省管理人員，降低管理費用。第九章 電子商務市場電子商務市場戰略：1.市場進攻戰略;2.經營業務戰略（一，成本領先戰略 二，差異化戰略 三，集中化戰略。）;3.市場合作戰略;4.市場跟進

10、戰略；5.市場補缺戰略。電子商務定價原則：遵循價值規律；從實際出發；服務于企業目標。電子商務定價的特點一，全球性影響定價；二，打破了產品價格的不對稱；三，降低了交易價格；四，有利于個性化定價五，有利于消費者間的信息溝通和聯合購買電子商務定價策略：免費策略，高位定價策略，低位定價策略，個性化定價策略，動態定價策略，聯盟定價策略，捆綁定價策略，版本定價策略，網上拍賣定價策略，折扣定價策略。第十章 網絡營銷網絡銷售與傳統營銷的比較：一，網絡銷售具有傳統銷售所無法比擬的優勢。二，網絡銷售的互動性極強，有助于實現企業的全程目標。三，網絡消費者個性化趨勢日益突出。四，網絡營銷使消費者購物過程更加容易和理智

11、。五，網絡營銷有利于降低企業成本費用，增強競爭優勢。網絡調研優勢：一，突破時空的限制；二，便捷性、經濟型；三，及時性、客觀性；四，數據的可再用性和升值。五，可檢驗性和可控性。網絡調研的步驟：一，確定網絡調研問題和調研目標；二，確定網絡調研對象；三，確定網絡調研方法；四，信息收集；五，信息整理和分析；六，提出研究報告網絡調研主要方法：一，網絡問卷法；二，網絡觀察法；三，專題討論法；四，在線實踐法；五，搜索引擎查找資料；六，訪問網站收集信息；七，利用網絡數據庫信息。博客營銷：一，網絡營銷費用低。二，有利于企業與消費者交流溝通。三，有利于提高企業信譽度和推廣品牌。四，有利于市場調查和新產品開發。第十

12、一章 電子商務的客戶關系購買的決策過程：一，認知問題；二，搜尋信息；三，信息評價與決策；四，購買行為；五，購買后行為。消費者決策的基本原則：一，最大滿意原則；二，相對滿意原則；三，遺憾最小原則；四，預期滿意原則?？蛻絷P系管理要素：面對客戶、接觸客戶（提供盡可能多的客戶服務接入形式；洞察更深層次的客戶需求；注重向哪些更具潛力的客戶提供服務；個性化的客戶服務界面；提供一個讓客戶放心的安全環境）；二處理客戶問題。第十二章 電子商務采購優勢：一，從根本上改變企業的傳統采購模式，提高效率；二，降低采購成本；三，擴大交易范圍；四，提高整體供應鏈的獲利能力；五，實現本地化采購向全球化采購的轉變。按采購職能與

13、企業戰略關系的劃分的電子商務采購模式：一，按進貨性采購模式；二，單獨業務性采購模式；三，戰略職員型采購模式；四，部門統合性采購模式；五，定制采購模式。第十三章 電子商務物流EC與物流的關系：一，物流是電子商務的一部分；二，物流是實現電子商務的關鍵；三，電子商務改變了傳統的物流運作方式，促進了物流的發展。EC物流和傳統物流的關系：相同：運輸功能存儲功能裝卸搬運功能包裝功能不同：信息化網絡化現代化社會化柔性化EC物流系統目標的設定：服務性目標快捷目標低成本目標安全性目標EC物流基本技術：條碼技術射頻技術地理信息系統GPS技術第三方物流優勢：集中精力發展主業減少庫存量，降低庫存成本減少資本積壓，節省

14、費用提升企業形象延伸服務劣勢：企業對物流控制能力降低客戶關系管理風險客戶信息透露的危險請您刪除一下內容，O(_)O謝謝！2016年中央電大期末復習考試小抄大全，電大期末考試必備小抄，電大考試必過小抄Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter released from nerve endings (terminals) in both the peripheral and the central nervous systems. It is synthesized within the nerve terminal from choline, taken up fr

15、om the tissue fluid into the nerve ending by a specialized transport mechanism. The enzyme necessary for this synthesis is formed in the nerve cell body and passes down the axon to its end, carried in the axoplasmic flow, the slow movement of intracellular substance (cytoplasm). Acetylcholine is sto

16、red in the nerve terminal, sequestered in small vesicles awaiting release. When a nerve action potential reaches and invades the nerve terminal, a shower of acetylcholine vesicles is released into the junction (synapse) between the nerve terminal and the effector cell which the nerve activates. This

17、 may be another nerve cell or a muscle or gland cell. Thus electrical signals are converted to chemical signals, allowing messages to be passed between nerve cells or between nerve cells and non-nerve cells. This process is termed chemical neurotransmission and was first demonstrated, for nerves to

18、the heart, by the German pharmacologist Loewi in 1921. Chemical transmission involving acetylcholine is known as cholinergic. Acetylcholine acts as a transmitter between motor nerves and the fibres of skeletal muscle at all neuromuscular junctions. At this type of synapse, the nerve terminal is clos

19、ely apposed to the cell membrane of a muscle fibre at the so-called motor end plate. On release, acetylcholine acts almost instantly, to cause a sequence of chemical and physical events (starting with depolarization of the motor endplate) which cause contraction of the muscle fibre. This is exactly

20、what is required for voluntary muscles in which a rapid response to a command is required. The action of acetylcholine is terminated rapidly, in around 10 milliseconds; an enzyme (cholinesterase) breaks the transmitter down into choline and an acetate ion. The choline is then available for re-uptake

21、 into the nerve terminal. These same principles apply to cholinergic transmission at sites other than neuromuscular junctions, although the structure of the synapses differs. In the autonomic nervous system these include nerve-to-nerve synapses at the relay stations (ganglia) in both the sympathetic

22、 and the parasympathetic divisions, and the endings of parasympathetic nerve fibres on non-voluntary (smooth) muscle, the heart, and glandular cells; in response to activation of this nerve supply, smooth muscle contracts (notably in the gut), the frequency of heart beat is slowed, and glands secret

23、e. Acetylcholine is also an important transmitter at many sites in the brain at nerve-to-nerve synapses. To understand how acetylcholine brings about a variety of effects in different cells it is necessary to understand membrane receptors. In post-synaptic membranes (those of the cells on which the

24、nerve fibres terminate) there are many different sorts of receptors and some are receptors for acetylcholine. These are protein molecules that react specifically with acetylcholine in a reversible fashion. It is the complex of receptor combined with acetylcholine which brings about a biophysical rea

25、ction, resulting in the response from the receptive cell. Two major types of acetylcholine receptors exist in the membranes of cells. The type in skeletal muscle is known as nicotinic; in glands, smooth muscle, and the heart they are muscarinic; and there are some of each type in the brain. These te

26、rms are used because nicotine mimics the action of acetylcholine at nicotinic receptors, whereas muscarine, an alkaloid from the mushroom Amanita muscaria, mimics the action of acetylcholine at the muscarinic receptors. Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter produced by neurons referred to as choline

27、rgic neurons. In the peripheral nervous system acetylcholine plays a role in skeletal muscle movement, as well as in the regulation of smooth muscle and cardiac muscle. In the central nervous system acetylcholine is believed to be involved in learning, memory, and mood. Acetylcholine is synthesized

28、from choline and acetyl coenzyme A through the action of the enzyme choline acetyltransferase and becomes packaged into membrane-boundvesicles. After the arrival of a nerve signal at the termination of an axon, the vesicles fuse with the cell membrane, causing the release of acetylcholine into thesy

29、naptic cleft. For the nerve signal to continue, acetylcholine must diffuse to another nearby neuron or muscle cell, where it will bind and activate areceptorprotein. There are two main types of cholinergic receptors, nicotinic and muscarinic. Nicotinic receptors are located at synapses between two n

30、eurons and at synapses between neurons and skeletal muscle cells. Upon activation a nicotinic receptor acts as a channel for the movement of ions into and out of the neuron, directly resulting indepolarizationof the neuron. Muscarinic receptors, located at the synapses of nerves with smooth or cardi

31、ac muscle, trigger a chain of chemical events referred to as signal transduction. For a cholinergic neuron to receive another impulse, acetylcholine must be released from the receptor to which it has bound. This will only happen if the concentration of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft is very low

32、. Low synaptic concentrations of acetylcholine can be maintained via a hydrolysis reaction catalyzed by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. This enzyme hydrolyzes acetylcholine into acetic acid and choline. If acetylcholinesterase activity is inhibited, the synaptic concentration of acetylcholine will

33、remain higher than normal. If this inhibition is irreversible, as in the case of exposure to many nerve gases and some pesticides, sweating, bronchial constriction, convulsions, paralysis, and possibly death can occur. Although irreversible inhibition is dangerous, beneficial effects may be derived

34、from transient (reversible) inhibition. Drugs that inhibit acetylcholinesterase in a reversible manner have been shown to improve memory in some people with Alzheimers disease. abstract expressionism, movement of abstract painting that emerged in New York City during the mid-1940s and attained singu

35、lar prominence in American art in the following decade; also called action painting and the New York school. It was the first important school in American painting to declare its independence from European styles and to influence the development of art abroad. Arshile Gorky first gave impetus to the

36、 movement. His paintings, derived at first from the art of Picasso, Mir, and surrealism, became more personally expressive. Jackson Pollocks turbulent yet elegant abstract paintings, which were created by spattering paint on huge canvases placed on the floor, brought abstract expressionism before a

37、hostile public. Willem de Koonings first one-man show in 1948 established him as a highly influential artist. His intensely complicated abstract paintings of the 1940s were followed by images of Woman, grotesque versions of buxom womanhood, which were virtually unparalleled in the sustained savagery

38、 of their execution. Painters such as Philip Guston and Franz Kline turned to the abstract late in the 1940s and soon developed strikingly original stylesthe former, lyrical and evocative, the latter, forceful and boldly dramatic. Other important artists involved with the movement included Hans Hofm

39、ann, Robert Motherwell, and Mark Rothko; among other major abstract expressionists were such painters as Clyfford Still, Theodoros Stamos, Adolph Gottlieb, Helen Frankenthaler, Lee Krasner, and Esteban Vicente. Abstract expressionism presented a broad range of stylistic diversity within its largely,

40、 though not exclusively, nonrepresentational framework. For example, the expressive violence and activity in paintings by de Kooning or Pollock marked the opposite end of the pole from the simple, quiescent images of Mark Rothko. Basic to most abstract expressionist painting were the attention paid

41、to surface qualities, i.e., qualities of brushstroke and texture; the use of huge canvases; the adoption of an approach to space in which all parts of the canvas played an equally vital role in the total work; the harnessing of accidents that occurred during the process of painting; the glorificatio

42、n of the act of painting itself as a means of visual communication; and the attempt to transfer pure emotion directly onto the canvas. The movement had an inestimable influence on the many varieties of work that followed it, especially in the way its proponents used color and materials. Its essentia

43、l energy transmitted an enduring excitement to the American art scene. Science and technology is quite a broad category, and it covers everything from studying the stars and the planets to studying molecules and viruses. Beginning with the Greeks and Hipparchus, continuing through Ptolemy, Copernicu

44、s and Galileo, and today with our work on the International Space Station, man continues to learn more and more about the heavens. From here, we look inward to biochemistry and biology. To truly understand biochemistry, scientists study and see the unseen bystudying the chemistry of biological proce

45、sses. This science, along with biophysics, aims to bring a better understanding of how bodies work from how we turn food into energy to how nerve impulses transmit.analytic geometry, branch ofgeometryin which points are represented with respect to a coordinate system, such asCartesian coordinates, a

46、nd in which the approach to geometric problems is primarily algebraic. Its most common application is in the representation of equations involving two or three variables as curves in two or three dimensions or surfaces in three dimensions. For example, the linear equationax+by+c=0 represents a strai

47、ght line in thexy-plane, and the linear equationax+by+cz+d=0 represents a plane in space, wherea, b, c,anddare constant numbers (coefficients). In this way a geometric problem can be translated into an algebraic problem and the methods of algebra brought to bear on its solution. Conversely, the solu

48、tion of a problem in algebra, such as finding the roots of an equation or system of equations, can be estimated or sometimes given exactly by geometric means, e.g., plotting curves and surfaces and determining points of intersection. In plane analytic geometry a line is frequently described in terms

49、 of its slope, which expresses its inclination to the coordinate axes; technically, the slopemof a straight line is the (trigonometric) tangent of the angle it makes with thex-axis. If the line is parallel to thex-axis, its slope is zero. Two or more lines with equal slopes are parallel to one anoth

50、er. In general, the slope of the line through the points (x1,y1) and (x2,y2) is given bym= (y2-y1) / (x2-x1). The conic sections are treated in analytic geometry as the curves corresponding to the general quadratic equationax2+bxy+cy2+dx+ey+f=0, wherea, b, fare constants anda, b,andcare not all zero

51、. In solid analytic geometry the orientation of a straight line is given not by one slope but by its direction cosines, , , and , the cosines of the angles the line makes with thex-, y-,andz-axes, respectively; these satisfy the relationship 2+2+2= 1. In the same way that the conic sections are stud

52、ied in two dimensions, the 17 quadric surfaces, e.g., the ellipsoid, paraboloid, and elliptic paraboloid, are studied in solid analytic geometry in terms of the general equationax2+by2+cz2+dxy+exz+fyz+px+qy+rz+s=0. The methods of analytic geometry have been generalized to four or more dimensions and

53、 have been combined with other branches of geometry. Analytic geometry was introduced by RenDescartesin 1637 and was of fundamental importance in the development of thecalculusby Sir Isaac Newton and G. W. Leibniz in the late 17th cent. More recently it has served as the basis for the modern development and exploitation ofalgebraic geometry. circle, closed plane curve consisting of all points at a given distance from some fixed point, called the center. A circle is a conic section cut by a plane perpendic