1、段落間的關(guān)系一、一些常見(jiàn)的邏輯順序：說(shuō)明：本人由于不小心在網(wǎng)站上看到了所謂的ascendingorder或者是climacticorder,然后發(fā)現(xiàn)它和我們固有的一些思維由所沖突，我就幾乎找遍了能搜到的類似的網(wǎng)站，我搜索到以下論據(jù)：關(guān)于權(quán)重排序的資料：支持論據(jù)1:ClimacticOrder(OrderofImportance)Athirdcommonprinciploeforganizationisclimacticorderororderofimportance.nthisattern,itemsarearrangedfromleastimortanttomostimortant.Tyic

2、altransitionswouldincludemoreimportant,mostdifficult,stillharder,byfarthemostexpensiveev,enmoredamaging,worseyet,andsoon.Thisisaflexibleprincipleoforganization,andmayguidetheorganizationofallorpartofexamplec,omparison&contrast,cause&effect,anddescription.Avariationofclimacticorderiscalledpsychologic

3、alorder.Thispatternororganizationgrowsfromourlearningthatreadersorlistenersusuallygivemostattentiontowhatcomesatthebeginningandtheend,andleastattentiontowhatisinthemiddle.nthisattern,then,youdecidewhatismostimortantandutitatthebeginningortheendnetyouchoosewhatissecondmostimortant.andutitattheendorth

4、ebeginningwhicheeaemainsthelessimortantorowerfu.litemsarethenarrangedinthemiddle.ftheorderofimortancefollowel,3,4,5wi,th5beingmostimportant,psychologicalordermightfollowtheorder,Stillotherprinciplesoforganizationbasedonemphasisincludegeneral-to-specificord,erspecific-togeneralorde,rmost-familiar-to-

5、least-famil,iarsimplest-to-most-comp,lexorderoffrequency,orderoffamiliarity,andsoon.對(duì)應(yīng)連接詞：moreimportantlytbestofalltstillworsetexpensivetvenmorepainfulthanpassingakoccasionally,frequently,regularlyamoreeffectividneystonettheeapproachtevenmoreleastwastefult支持論據(jù)2：Inahistorically-orientedpape(re.g.TheE

6、arlyConquestosfAlexandetrheGreat),youmightsimplywanttomovethepaperalongchronologically.nananalysisofissuesrelatedtoatoic,youcanfollowanascendingorclimacticorder,looingatsmallerfactorsorargumentsfirst,thenmoingutothem.orecrucialfactors.Yourlastsectioncouldbegin,Themostseriousdifficultywith，.however,i

7、sAscendingorclimacticorderaddspowertoapaperbyleadingthe.readerintoincreasingtension,muchlikeanactionmoviebuildstoaclimaesis.tgivingawaythemostecitingpartsofyourpaperearlyonifyouuseupthegood,stuffearly,youllhavelittlelefttokeepthereaderinterestedintherest.ofwhatyouhavetosayIfyouarecomparingocrontrast

8、ingtwoormoreviewpoints,therearebasicallytwowaystogoaboutit.fthetwoviewsyouarediscussingarerelativelysimpletoeplainandanaly.e,tryalongitudinalmethodbywhichyoudiscussallaspectsofviewAandthenmoved.ontodiscussallaspectsofviewuppose,foreample,youweredealingwithtwoviewsontheissueofcloning-oAheadandWaitAin

9、ute-hatDoYouhinkYoureDoing?Youroutlinemightlooklikethis:IntroductionTheGoAheadPositionAllScienceisLegitimate.WeCanTrustScientistsNotToPutUsAtRisk.TheBenefitsOutweighTheRisksTheWaitAMinutePositionIsallScienceLegitimate?CanWeTrustScientistsNotToPutUsAtRisk?DoTheBenefitsOutweighTheRisks?onclusionYoucan

10、seethatwearepresentingoneposition,thenusingtheotherpositiontodealwiththeargumentsofthedissentingposition.ThutsheGoAheadPositionwillbedescribedasobjectivelyaspossible.TheanalysiswillcomewithTheWaitAMinutePosition.utsupposethattheargumentsaregettingcomplicated,andyoureafraidyourreaderwillhaveforgotten

11、whatthefirstpositionsaidaboutthelegitimacyof.sciencebeforeyouhavetimetodiscussitinthesecondpositionnacomplesituation,youllneedacrosssectionalapproach,whichdealswithbothsidesofeachsubtopicinturnIntroductionIsAllScienceLegitimate?YesMaybenotCanWeTrustTheScientists?YesNotalwaysDotheBenefitsOutweightheR

12、isks?YesMaybenot支持論據(jù)3：支持論據(jù)4：反例一:反例2：WritesentencesinalogicalorderaGeneraltospecificaKnowntounknownaTemporalmovementaSpatialmovementaConcepttoexamplesaProblemtosolutionaData,toconclusions反例3:MeCoThAbThTh反例4：反例5：ApossibleoutlinetemplateforananalyticalpaperThisisforanessaythathappenstohavethreemainansw

13、ers,againlistedinascendingorderasinourargumentatiVePaPertemPlate.HowyouorderthemwillentirelydePendonwhichonesyoufeel,givenalltheevidence,arethemostorleastconvincing.IfwetakeourresearchDuestioneXamPlefrombefore,PerhaPsthefirstanswerwouldbefromresearcherswhobelievemusichasnoeffectonstudying,theseconda

14、boutstudiesthatshowhowdetrimentalitis,andthethirdonePointingoutthePositiveasPects.Inyourconclusion,youmightPointouthowcertainconditions(e.g.,absenceoflyrics,temPo,volume,tyPeofstudyingstudentisengagedinetc.)aPPeartobeincrediblyimPortant.WorkingTitle(Youmaywanttooutlinewhatstocomebelowbriefly)Transit

15、ion(youdonthavetowritetheseoutnowbutyoushouldknowwhattheydroughlybe)Answer#3二onePossibleanswertothequestion+exPlication/summarystrengthsandweaknessesofthePositionTransitionReason#2=anotherPossibleanswer+exPlication/summary(esPeciallyhowitaddressesweaknessesofthePreviousParagraPhorcomPletelycountersi

16、t).TransitionReason#1=bestanswersofarwhatdoesitsay?whyisitabetterconsiderationoftheresearchquestion?Orisitreally?TransitionConcludingParagraPhsumuPwhatdifferentangleshaveshownre:researchquestioncriticallyevaluatewhatisstillneededinthefield,orifyoulookedatthreeequallystrongcases,analyzewhyoneisstillm

17、oreconvincinglookattheimPlications通過(guò)對(duì)這些論據(jù)的總結(jié)，我有以下結(jié)論：并不是所有的文章都是要按照ascendingorders的，其實(shí)別的順序都可以接受，包括descending的。主要是按照合理的順序，說(shuō)清楚意思就好。實(shí)際的文章寫(xiě)作，沒(méi)有這么單純的順序，Issue題目中，許多復(fù)雜的問(wèn)題遠(yuǎn)不能拿這些邏輯順序概括。實(shí)際上，我們把這種復(fù)雜的順序叫做theflowofmind，根據(jù)論證oPtionalhere.Youmaywanttowaituntilafteryourfirstdraft)IntroductoryParagraPhWhatdoIneedtosayt

18、osetuPmyresearchquestion?Background?ResearchQuestion(statedwithinasentence,notasaquestion.E.g.,Inlightofa.,itseemsworthwhiletoconsiderjustwhattheeffectsofa.areona.)的思路排序3補(bǔ)充一種順序:二、如何處理復(fù)雜順序：1.三“W法：AnsweringQuestions:ThePartsofanEssayAtypicalessaycontainsmanydifferentkindsofinformation,oftenlocatedinsp

19、ecializedpartsorsections.Evenshortessaysperformseveraldifferentoperations:introducingtheargument,analyzingdata,raisingcounter-arguments,concluding.Introductionsandconclusionshavefixedplaces,butotherpartsdont.Counter-argument,forexample,mayappearwithinaparagraph,asafree-standingsection,aspartofthebeg

20、inning,orbeforetheending.Backgroundmaterial(historicalcontextorbiographicalinformation,asummaryofrelevanttheoryorcriticism,thedefinitionofakeyterm)oftenappearsatthebeginningoftheessay,betweentheintroductionandthefirstanalyticalsection,butmightalsoappearnearthebeginningofthespecificsectiontowhichitsr

21、elevant.Itshelpfultothinkofthedifferentessaysectionsasansweringaseriesofquestionsyourreadermightaskwhenencounteringyourthesis.(Readersshouldhavequestions.Iftheydont,yourthesisismostlikelysimplyanobservationoffact,notanarguableclaim.)What?Thefirstquestiontoanticipatefromareaderiswhat:Whatevidenceshow

22、sthatthephenomenondescribedbyyourthesisistrue?Toanswerthequestionyoumustexamineyourevidence,thusdemonstratingthetruthofyourclaim.Thiswhatordemonstrationsectioncomesearlyintheessay,oftendirectlyaftertheintroduction.Sinceyoureessentiallyreportingwhatyouveobserved,thisisthepartyoumighthavemosttosayabou

23、twhenyoufirststartwriting.Butbeforewarned:itshouldnttakeupmuchmorethanathird(oftenmuchless)ofyourfinishedessay.Ifitdoes,theessaywilllackbalanceandmayreadasmeresummaryordescription.How?Areaderwillalsowanttoknowwhethertheclaimsofthethesisaretrueinallcases.Thecorrespondingquestionishow:Howdoesthethesis

24、standuptothechallengeofacounter-argument?Howdoestheintroductionofnewmaterialanewwayoflookingattheevidence,anothersetofsourcesaffecttheclaimsyouremaking?Typically,anessaywillincludeatleastonehowsection.(Callitcomplicationsinceyourerespondingtoareaderscomplicatingquestions.)Thissectionusuallycomesafte

25、rthewhat,butkeepinmindthatanessaymaycomplicateitsargumentseveraltimesdependingonitslength,andthatcounter-argumentalonemayappearjustaboutanywhereinanessay.Why?Yourreaderwillalsowanttoknowwhatsatstakeinyourclaim:Whydoesyourinterpretationofaphenomenonmattertoanyonebesideyou?Thisquestionaddressesthelarg

26、erimplicationsofyourthesis.Itallowsyourreaderstounderstandyouressaywithinalargercontext.Inansweringwhy,youressayexplainsitsownsignificance.Alhoughyoumightgestureatthisquestioninyourintroduction,thefullestanswertoitproperlybelongsatyouressaysend.Ifyouleaveitout,yourreaderswillexperienceyouressayasunf

27、inishedor,worse,aspointlessorinsular.一、文章地圖法：MappinganEssayStructuringyouressayaccordingtoareaderslogicmeansexaminingyourthesisandanticipatingwhatareaderneedstoknow,andinwhatsequence,inordertograspandbeconvincedbyyourargumentasitunfolds.Theeasiestwaytodothisistomaptheessaysideasviaawrittennarrative.

28、Suchanaccountwillgiveyouapreliminaryrecordofyourideas,andwillallowyoutoremindyourselfateveryturnofthereadersneedsinunderstandingyouridea.Essaymapsaskyoutopredictwhereyourreaderwillexpectbackgroundinformation,counter-argument,closeanalysisofaprimarysource,oraturntosecondarysourcematerial.Essaymapsare

29、notconcernedwithparagraphssomuchaswithsectionsofanessay.Theyanticipatethemajorargumentativemovesyouexpectyouressaytomake.Trymakingyourmaplikethis:*Stateyourthesisinasentenceortwo,thenwriteanothersentencesayingwhyitsimportanttomakethatclaim.Indicate,inotherwords,whatareadermightlearnbyexploringthecla

30、imwithyou.Hereyoureanticipatingyouranswertothewhyquestionthatyoulleventuallyfleshoutinyourconclusion.*Beginyournextsentencelikethis:Tobeconvincedbymyclaim,thefirstthingareaderneedstoknowis.Thensaywhythatsthefirstthingareaderneedstoknow,andnameoneortwoitemsofevidenceyouthinkwillmakethecase.Thiswillstartyouoffonansweringthewhatquestion.(Alternately,youmayfindthatthefirstthingyourreaderneedstoknowissomebackgroundinformation.)*Begineachofthefollowingsentenceslikethis:Thenextthingmyreaderneedstok