1、研究生入學考試英語命題預測試卷（四）Everybodydances.Ifyouhavelswervedtoavoidsteppingonacrackinthesidewalk,youhavedanced.Ifyouhaveeverykneeledtopray,youhavedanced.Fortheseactionshavefiguredimportantly2thehistoryofdance.Dancegoes3tothebeginningofcivilization-4thetribewherenativesdancedtoget5theywanted.Primitivedancewas

2、6allpractical,notthesocialdancingweknowtoday.Nativesapproacheddancewith7seriousnessasawaytohelpthetribeinthecrucialprocess8survival.Dancewasbelievedtobethe9directwaytorepellocusts,to10raintofall,toinsurethatamaleheirwouldbeborn,and11guaranteevictoryinaforthcomingbattle.Primitive12wasgenerallydonebym

3、anypeoplemovinginthesamemanneranddirection.13alldanceshadleaders,solodances14rare.Muchusewasmadeof15partofthebody.Andso16werethesetribedancesthat,ifanative17missasinglestep,hewouldbeputtodeath18thespot.Fortunately,thesamerigid19thatgovernedthelivesofthesepeopledonotapplyinthe20relaxedsettingsoftoday

4、sdisco.1. A.everB.neverC.beforeD.after2. A.aboutB.forC.inD.around3. A.forwardB.backC.upD.down4. A.atB.forC.ofD.to5. A.whenB.whyC.whichD.what6. A.aboutB.aboveC.underD.over7. A.littleB.greatC.lessD.least8. A.toB.overC.ofD.at9. A.mostB.firstC.leastD.last10. A.causeB.happenC.tryD.make11. A.forB.ofC.toD.

5、at12. A.foodB.danceC.spellsD.harvest13. A.SinceB.DespiteC.ThusD.Although14. A.areB.wasC.wereD.is15. A.onlyB.everyC.someD.all16. A.comicB.boringC.solemnD.tiring17. A.wouldB.shouldC.mightD.could18. A.inB.atC.onD.around19. A.sticksB.messagesC.reviewsD.rules20. A.lessB.moreC.leastD.mostSectionIIReadingC

6、omprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorDMarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1(40points)Text1Thestorythattraceslifefromseatolandthenintothemultiplenichesthatexistthereforagreatvarietyoflivingthingsisafascinatingone,butfartoodetailedforourpurposes

7、.Onekeypointforusinthatstoryistheemergeneeofthebiologicalclassofanimalsthatarecalledmammals.Mammalshaveanumberoffeaturesthatdistinguishthemfromthereptilesfromwhichtheydeveloped.Theyarewarmblooded;thatis,theyhaveasystemoftemperaturecontrolthatkeepsthebodyataconstanttemperature.Mammalshaveasetofteetho

8、fdifferentshapesthatservedifferentfunctionssuchascutting,gouging,andgrinding.Youngmammalsspendtheirearliestdaysofdevelopmentshieldedwithinthemother'sbodyandarethenbornalive,ratherthanhatchingfromeggs.Inaddition,afterbirththeyarenourishedbymilkprovidedbythemother'smammaryglands.Theenforcedass

9、ociationbetweenmotherandinfantprovidesanopportunityforlearningthatdoesnotexistforthosekindsofcreaturesthatarehatchedfromeggslongaftertheirparentshavedepartedfromtheseene.Youngmammalsplaysomethingthatamphibiansandreptilesneverdowhichprovidesadditionallearningopportunities.Theforegoinglistleaveslittle

10、doubtthatwearemammals.Thereare,ofcourse,agreatmanykindsofmammals,mostofwhichdevelopedafterthegreatextinctionofdinosaursandotherreptilesabout65millionyearsagothatopenedopportunitiesforthefewsmallmammalsthatwerealreadyinexistenee.OneofthegroupsofmammalsthatresultedwasabiologicalordercalledPrimateswhic

11、hincludesmonkeys,apes,humans,andsomesmallercreaturesfamiliaronlytoardentzoogoers.Primatesshareanumberofbehavioralfeaturesthathaveplayedimportantrolesintheirevolutionarydevelopment.Mostprimatesarearboreal;thatis,theyspendtheirlivesinandamongtrees.Theirtreeclimbingandtreedwellinghabitsimposeneedsthata

12、rereflectedinprimateanatomy.Althoughdietvariesfromspeciestospecies,manyprimatesarelargelyvegetarian.Buttheycaneatanddigestmeat,andsomespeciesvarytheirdietsofleaves,shoots,andfruitsbyeatinginsects,birds'eggs,andevensmallanimals.Primatesarehandfeeders,dependingontheirhandsbothtocollectfoodandtoget

13、itintotheirmouths.Perhapsthemostimportantfeatureoftheirbehavioristhatprimatesaresocialanimals.Theirgenetics,habits,andeventheirsurvivalaregearedtolivingingroups.Althoughhumanbeingshavecometohaveawayoflifeverydifferentfromthatoftypicalprimates,thebasicprimateadaptationprovidedprehumanswithcapabilitie

14、sthatallowedthemtobecomeculturebuilders.Theanatomicalfeaturesthatseparateprimatesfromotherkindsofanimalsrelateclearlytothewayprimatesbehave.21. Wheredoyouthinkisthepassagefrom?A. Newspaper.B.Gazette.C.Journal.D.Scieneemagazine.22. Whichofthefollowingisnotthefeaturesofmammalsthatdistinguishthemfromth

15、ereptiles?A. They'rewarmblooded.B. Theyhaveasetofteethofdifferentshapes.C. Thefirstperiodofdevelopmentofyoungmammalsiswithintheirmother'sbody.D. There'ssomeassociationbetweenmotherandinfant.23. Whichcanbeinferredfromthepassage?A. Mammalsdevelopedfromthereptiles.B. Theanimalsthatarehatche

16、dfromeggshavenoopportunityforlearning.C. Mammalsdevelopedatthecostoftheextinctionofreptiles.D. Notalltheprimatesaremammals.24. Primatesaresocialanimalsbecause.A. theyarehandfeedersB.oftheiranatomicalfeaturesC.theyarearborealD.theydependoneachother25. Whatleadstothefeaturesoftheprimateanatomy?A. Thei

17、rtreeclimbingandtreedwellinglife.B. Theirdiet.C. Thewaytheybehave.D. Thesocialemphasisintheirlife.Text2Thestudyofsocialscieneeismorethanthestudyoftheindividualsocialsciences.Althoughitistruethattobeagoodsocialscientistyoumustknoweachofthosecomponents,youmustalsoknowhowtheyinterrelate.Byspecializingt

18、ooearly,manysocialscientistscanlosesightoftheinterrelationshipsthataresoessentialtounderstandingmodernproblems.That'swhyitisnecessarytohaveacoursecoveringallthesocialsciences.Infact,itwouldnotsurprisemeifonedayanewsstorysuchastheoneaboveshouldappear.Theprecedingpassageplacedyouinthefuture.Tounde

19、rstandhowandwhensocialscieneebrokeup,youmustgointothepast.Imagineforamomentthatyou'reastudentin1062,intheItaliancityofBologna,siteofoneofthefirstmajoruniversitiesinthewesternworld.Theuniversityhasnobuildings.Itconsistsmerelyofafewprofessorsandstudents.Thereisnotuitionfee.Attheendofaprofessor'

20、;slecture,ifyoulikeit,youpay.Andifyoudon'tlikeit,theprofessorfindshimselfwithoutstudentsandwithoutmoney.Ifwegobackstillearlier,saytoGreeceinthesixthcenturyB.C.,wecanseethephilosopherSocrateswalkingaroundthestreetsofAthens,arguingwithhiscompanions.Heasksthemquestions,andthenotherquestions,leading

21、thesepeopletoreasonthewayhewantsthemtoreason(thisbecameknownastheSocraticmethod).Timeshavechangedsincethen;universitiessprangupthroughouttheworldandcreatedcollegeswithintheuniversities.Oxford,oneofthefirstuniversities,nowhasthirtycollegesassociatedwithit,andthedevelopmentandformalizationofeducationa

22、linstitutionshaschangedtherolesofbothstudentsandfaculty.Asknowledgeaccumulated,itbecamemoreandmoredifficultforonepersontolearn,letaloneretain,itall.Inthesixteenthcenturyonecouldstillaspiretoknowalltherewastoknow,andthedefinitionoftheRenaissaneeMan(peoplewereevenmoresexistthenthantheyarenow)wasofonew

23、howasexpectedtoknowabouteverything.Unfortunately,atleastforsomeonewhowantstoknoweverything,theamountofinformationcontinuestogrowexponentiallywhilethesizeofthebrainhasgrownonlyslightly.Thewaytodealwiththeproblemisnottotrytoknoweverythingabouteverything.Todaywemustspecialize.Thatiswhysocialscieneesepa

24、ratedfromthenaturalsciencesandwhyit,inturn,hasbeenbrokendownintovarioussubfields,suchasanthropologyandsociology.26. Whatisthemainideaofthistext?A. Socialscieneeisunified.B. Socialscieneeisanewbornscienee.C. Whatissocialscienee.D. Specializationinsocialscieneeisnotgood.27. Whatcanwelearnfromthesecond

25、paragraph?A. Socratescanberegardedasthefirstsocialscientistinthewesternworld.B. TheuniversitiesinItalyhavenobuildings.C. Socratescreatedthe“Socraticmethod”.D.GreeceisnotascivilizedasItaly.28. Whydoestheauthorsay“peoplewereevenmoresexistthenthantheyarenow”?A. Becausetheyaresocovetousthattheywanttokno

26、walltherewastoknow.B. BecauseitistheRenaissanee“Man”,notRenaissanee“Woman”or“human”.C. Becausenowomanwasformallyeducatedatthattime.D. BecauseallRenaissaneemenweremen.29. Whatdoestheunderlinedword“exponentially”meaninthefirstsentenceofthelastparagraph?A. promisinglyB.continuouslyC.drasticallyD.rapidl

27、y30. Wecaninferfromthetextthat.A. socialscieneeisaunitedscienee,andcannotbedividedintosubfieldsB. socialscieneemaybefurtherdividedintosmallerpartsastheamountofknowledgeandinformationexpandingC. theremaybeaRenaissaneeManinthefutureD. thebestwaytodealwiththeexpansionofinformationistoknoweverythingText

28、3Towhatextentaretheunemployedfailingintheirdutytosocietytowork,andhowfarhastheStateanobligationtoensurethattheyhaveworktodo?Itisbynowincreasinglyrecognizedthatworkersmaybethrownoutofworkbyindustrialforcesbeyondtheircontrol,andthattheunemployedareinsomesensepayingthepriceoftheeconomicprogressoftheres

29、tofthecommunity.Butconcernwithunemploymentandtheunemployedvariessharply.Theissuesofdutyandresponsibilitywerereopenedandrevitalizedbytheunemploymentscareof1971-2.Risingunemploymentandincreasedsumspaidoutinbenefitstotheworklesshadreawakenedcontroversieswhichhadbeeninactiveduringmostoftheperiodoffuller

30、employmentsincethewarendedtheDepression.Itlookedasthoughinfuturetherewouldagainbetoolittleworktogoround,sotherewereargumentsabouthowtoproducemorework,howtheavailableworkshouldbesharedout,andwhowasresponsibleforunemploymentandtheunemployed.In1972therewerecriticswhosaidthattheState'sactioninallowi

31、ngunemploymenttorisewasafaithlessact,abreakingofthesocialcontractbetweensocietyandtheworker.Yetinthemainanycontributionbyemployerstounemploymentsuchaslayingoffworkersinordertointroducetechnologicalchangesandmaximizeprofitstendedtobeignored.Anditwastheunemployedwhowereaccusedoffailingtohonourthesocia

32、lcontract,bynotfulfillingtheirdutytosocietytowork.Inspiteofgeneralconcernatthescaletotheunemploymentstatistics,whentheunemployedwereconsideredasindividuals,theytendedtoattractscornandthreatsofpunishment.Theircapacitiesandmotivationasworkersandtheirvalueasmembersofsocietybecamesuspect.Ofallthemythsof

33、theWelfareState,storiesoftheworkshyandborrowershavebeentheleastwellfoundedonevidenee,yettheyhaveprovedthemostpersistent.Theunemployedwereaccusedofbeingresponsiblefortheirownworklesscondition,anddoubtswereexpressedabouttheState'sobligationeithertoprovidethemwiththesecurityofworkortosupportthemthr

34、oughSocialSecurity.Underlyingtheargumentsaboutunemploymentandtheunemployedisabasicdisagreementaboutthenatureandmeaningofworkinsociety.Towhatextentcanorshouldworkberegardedasaservice,notonlyperformedbytheworkerforsocietybutalsomadesecurefortheworkerbytheState,andsupportedifnecessary?Andapartfromcasha

35、retheresocialpressuresandsatisfactionswhichcauseindividualstoseekandkeepwork,sothattheworklessneedworkratherthanjustcash?31tistheauthor'sbeliefthat.A.unemploymentmustleadtoinevitabledepressionofnationaleconomyB.theunemployedarethevictimsofeconomicalandsocialdevelopmentC.unemploymentshouldbekeptu

36、nderthecontrolofindustrialforcesD.theunemployedarenotentitledtosharethebenefitsfromtechnologicalprogress32. Whattheauthorproposestoexamineis.A. howfartheunemployedaretoblamefortheirfailureinworkingandhowfaritistheState'sfaultB. towhatextenttheStateshouldinsistontheunemployedworkingiftheyfailtodo

37、soC. whetherbeingatworkisasocialdutywhichtheStateshouldensureeverybodycarriesoutD. whetherworkshouldbeobligatory,andifso,whethertheStateortheindividualisresponsibleforenforcedobligation33. Theeffectofthe1971-2unemploymentscarewasto.A. makepeoplethinkforthefirsttimeabouttheproblemoftheavailabilityofw

38、orkB. makeconcernforunemploymentandtheunemployedvaryC. makethesubjectofunemploymentcontroversialagainD. showthattherewouldinfuturebetoolittleworktogoround34. Accordingtotheauthor,inthe1971-2crisis.A. theStateandtheemployerswereequallytoblameforallowingunemploymenttoriseB. theunemployeddidnotfulfilth

39、eirsocialdutytofindjobsC. theroleplayedbytheemployersincreatingunemploymentwasnotrecognizedD. thestatewasguiltyofbreakingthesocialcontractbylettingunemploymentincrease35. Thebasicdisagreementaboutthenatureandmeaningofworkinsocietyrestsontheproblemofwhetherornot.A. theunemployedoughttobesupportedbyso

40、cietyasawholeB. thestateshouldrecognizethatpeopleworkformorethanjustmoneyC. itisaservicetoprovidepeoplewithworkratherthancashD. thestate'sdutytoprovideworkisasgreatastheindividual'sdutytoworkText4Successfulbusinesstendtocontinueimplementingtheideasthatmadethemsuccessful.Butinarapidlychanging

41、world,ideasoftenbecomeobsoleteovernight.Whatworkedinthepastwon'tnecessarilyworkinthefuture.Inordertothriveinthefuture,youmustconstantlycreatenewideasforeveryaspectofyourbusiness.Infact,youmustcontinuallygeneratenewideasjusttokeepyourheadabovewater.Businessesthataren'tcreativeabouttheirfuture

42、maynotsurvive.AlthoughBillGatesistherichest,mostsuccessfulmanontheplanet,hedidnotanticipatetheInternet.Nowhe'sscramblingtocatchup.IfBillGatescanmissamajoraspectofhisindustry,itcanhappentoyouinyourindustry.Yourbusinessneedstocontinuallyinnovateandcreateitsfuture.Gatesisnowconstantlyworriedaboutth

43、efutureofMicrosoft.Here'swhathesaidinarecentinterviewinU.S.NewsWorldReport:“Willwebereplacedtomorrow?No.Inaveryshorttimeframe,Microsoftisanincrediblystrongcompany.Butwhenyoulooktothetwotothreeyeartimeframe,Idon'tthinkanyonecansaywithastraightfacethatanytechnologycompanyhasaguaranteedposition

44、.NotIntel,notMicrosoft,notCompaq,notDell,takeanyofyourfavorites.Andthat'stotallyhonest.”Youmayrememberthatin1985theCabbagePatchKidsdollswerethebestsellingtoyonthemarket.ButafterColecoIndustriesintroducedtheirsensationallineofdollstheybecamecomplacentanddidn'tcreateanynewtoysworthmentioning.A

45、saresult,Colecowentbankruptin1988.Themostsuccessfulbusinessessurviveinthelongtermbecausetheyconstantlyreassesstheirsituationsandreinvestthemselvesaccordingly.The3MCompanyhasa15%rule:Employeesareencouragedtospend15%oftheirtimedevelopingnewideasonanyprojecttheydesire.It'snosurprise,then,that3Mhasb

46、eenaroundsince1902.Mostbusinessesarenotwillingtotearapartlastyear'smodelofsuccessandbuildanewone.Here'safamiliaranalogytoexplainwhytheyarelulledintocomplacency,imaginethatyourbusinessislikeapotoflobsters.Tocooklobsters,youputthemintoapotofwarmwaterandgraduallyturnuptheheat.Thelobstersdon'

47、;trealizethey'rebeingcookedbecausetheprocessissogradual.Asaresult,theybecomecomplacentanddiewithoutastruggle.However,ifyouthrowalobsterintothepotwhenthewaterisboiling,itwilldesperatelytrytoescape.Thislobsterisnotlulledbyaslowlychangingenvironment.Itrealizesinstantlythatit'sillabadenvironment

48、andtakesimmediateactiontochangeitsstatus.36. Judgingfromthecontext,“tokeepyourheadabovewater”(paragraph1)probablymeans.A. tobedrownB. tokeepoutoffinancialdifficultyC. tokeepawayfromdangerD. toprotectyoufromwater37. WhyisGatesnowconstantlyworriedaboutthefutureofMicrosoft?A. Becauseheistherichest,most

49、successfulmanontheplanet.B. Becausehiscompanywillbereplacedtomorrow.C. Becauseinaveryshorttimeframe,Microsoftisanincrediblystrongcompany.D. Becausehedoesn'tthinkthatanytechnologycompanyhasaguaranteedposition.38. ColecoIndustries'casesuggeststhat.A. TheCabbagePatchKidsdollswerethebestsellingt

50、oyonthemarketB. TheCabbagePatchKidsdollsaresensationallineofdollsC. ComplacencyandlackofcreationwillultimatelyruinabusinessD. Themostsuccessfulbusinessessurviveinthelongterm39. Accordingtothispassage,the3MCompany'ssuccessliesinits.A. constantreassessmentoftheirsituationsB. reinventionC. 15%ruleD

51、. beingaroundsince190240. Byusingtheanalogyof“throwingalobsterintoapot”theauthortriestoimplythat.A. somemanagersarereallyfoolishpeopleB. it'scrueltocooklobstersC. peoplearetendtobecomecomplacentD. badenvironmentcallsforimmediateactionPartBDirections:Inthefollowingarticle,somesentenceshavebeenrem

52、oved.ForQuestions4145,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistAGtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.Enlightenmentisman'sleavinghisselfcausedimmaturity.Immaturityistheincapacitytouseone'sintelligeneewithouttheguidaneeofanother.Suchimmaturityisselfcau

53、sedifitisnotcausedbylackofintelligenee,butbylackofdeterminationandcouragetouseone'sintelligeneewithoutbeingguidedbyanother.Havethecouragetouseyourownintelligenee!isthereforethemottooftheEnlightenment.Throughlazinessandcowardicealargepartofmankind,evenafternaturehasfreedthemfromalienguidanee,glad

54、lyremainimmature.Itisbecauseoflazinessandcowardicethatitissoeasyforotherstousurptheroleofguardians.Itissocomfortabletobeaminor!41).gihardianswhohave24kindlyundertakenthesupervisionwillseetoitthatbyfarthelargestpartofmankind,includingtheentire"beautifulsex,"shouldconsiderthestepintomaturity

55、,notonlyasdifficultbutasverydangerous.Afterhavingmadetheirdomesticanimalsdumbandhavingcarefullypreventedthesequietcreaturesfromdaringtotakeanystepbeyondtheleadstringstowhichtheyhavefastenedthem,theseguardiansthenshowthemthedangerwhichthreatensthem,shouldtheyattempttowalkalone.Nowthisdangerisnotreall

56、ysoverygreat;fortheywouldpresumablylearntowalkaftersomestumbling.42) .Itisdifficultfortheisolatedindividualtoworkhimselfoutoftheimmaturitywhichhasbecomealmostnaturalforhim.Hehasevenbecomefondofitandforthetimebeingisincapableofemployinghisownintelligenee,becausehehasneverbeenallowedtomaketheattempt.S

57、tatuesandformulas,thesemechanicaltoolsofaserviceableuse,orrathermisuse,ofhisnaturalfaculties,aretheanklechainsofacontinuousimmaturity.Whoeverthrewitoffwouldmakeanuncertainjumpoverthesmallesttrenchbecauseheisnotaccustomedtosuchfreemovement.43) .44) .therewillalwaysbesomepeoplewhothinkforthemselves,ev

58、enamongtheselfappointedguardiansofthegreatmasswho,afterhavingthrownofftheyokeofimmaturitythemselves,willspreadaboutthemthespiritofareasonableestimateoftheirownvalueandoftheneedforeverymantothinkforhimself.45) Throughrevolution,theabandonmentofpersonaldespotismmaybeengenderedandtheendofprofitseekinganddomineeringoppressionmayoccur,butneveratruereformofthestateofmind.Instead,newprejudices,justliketheoldones,willserveastheguidingreinsofthegreat,unthinking