1、1作文篇作文篇 2概述v占試卷的10%，共15分v考試時(shí)間：30分鐘v字?jǐn)?shù)要求：120詞v評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：文章切題，表達(dá)清楚，意義連貫，無重大語法錯(cuò)誤3評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)v文章切題：作文應(yīng)表達(dá)題目所規(guī)定的內(nèi)容，緊扣這一中心展開；論述的細(xì)節(jié)必須與主題相關(guān)；所舉的例子必須能支持論點(diǎn)。v銜接連貫：注意段與段、句子和句子之間的銜接，運(yùn)用適當(dāng)?shù)倪^渡詞。v行文：用英語清楚而正確地表達(dá)思想，避免造成理解障礙的語法錯(cuò)誤。4作文評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)v2分 條理不清，思路紊亂，語言支離破碎或大部分句子均有錯(cuò)誤，且多數(shù)為嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤。v5分 基本切題。表達(dá)思想不清楚，連貫性差。有較多的嚴(yán)重語言錯(cuò)誤。v8分 基本切題。有些地方表達(dá)思想不夠清楚，文字

2、勉強(qiáng)連貫；語言錯(cuò)誤相當(dāng)多，其中有一些是嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤。v11分 切題。表達(dá)思想清楚，文字連貫，但有少量語言錯(cuò)誤。v14分 切題。表達(dá)思想清楚，文字通順，連貫性較好，基本上無語言錯(cuò)誤，僅有個(gè)別小錯(cuò)。字?jǐn)?shù)不足應(yīng)酌情扣分： 5寫作步驟（四步法）v第一步：審題v第二步：寫提綱（主題句）v第三步：寫正文v第四步：檢查、修改6一、審題（寫什么）v明確體裁： 1. 提綱式作文（90%） 2. 圖表式作文 3. 應(yīng)用文v確定寫作方法（提綱式作文）： 1. 對(duì)比觀點(diǎn)類 2. 闡述主題類 3. 說明利弊類 4. 解決方法類7二、寫提綱（主題句）v提綱式作文 1.如果給出的提綱是中文，且是每段的主題句，將其翻譯成英文即可

3、。 2.如果給出的提綱是完整的英文句子，照抄。 3.如果給出的是不完整的中文或英文句子，補(bǔ)全形成主題句。8v圖表作文 1.第一句寫表格或圖表中的變化和趨勢(shì)。 2.第二句分析、描述造成這種情況變化的原因。 3.第三句總結(jié)和預(yù)測。9三、寫正文（三段論）v第一段：提出論點(diǎn)(introduction)v第二段：進(jìn)行論證(body)v第三段：給出結(jié)論(conclusion)10四、檢查和修改v語言檢查語言檢查句子的檢查句子的檢查 1. 大小寫及單詞的拼寫。 2. 時(shí)態(tài)，語態(tài)，人稱，主謂一致。 3. 句子是否完整。 4. 字?jǐn)?shù)是否足夠。 5. 標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)。v語篇檢查語篇檢查段落和語篇的檢查段落和語篇的檢查

4、1.主題是否明確，觀點(diǎn)是否可靠，論證是否有力，結(jié)論是否恰當(dāng)。 2. 主題句是否放在句首，段落中的銜接詞是否恰當(dāng)。11寫作的基本原則一、一、 長短句原則長短句原則 v寫一個(gè)短小精辟的句子，可以起到畫龍點(diǎn)睛的作用。而且如果我們把短句放在段首或者段末，也可以揭示主題： 12vAs a creature, I eat; as a man, I read. Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind, they ar

5、e in a way quite similar. v強(qiáng)烈建議強(qiáng)烈建議：在文章第一段（開頭）用一長一短，且先長后短；在文章主體部分，要先用一個(gè)短句解釋主要意思，然后在闡述幾個(gè)要點(diǎn)的時(shí)候采用先短后長的句群形式; 文章結(jié)尾一般用一長一短。 13二、二、 主題句原則主題句原則v寫一個(gè)主題句，放在文章的開頭（保險(xiǎn)型）或者結(jié)尾。 v特別提示：隱藏主題句可是要冒險(xiǎn)的特別提示：隱藏主題句可是要冒險(xiǎn)的！ vTo begin with, you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared before the exam（主題句）. Without s

6、ufficient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly. 14三、 一二三原則 v文章要通過關(guān)鍵性的“標(biāo)簽”來判定是否結(jié)構(gòu)清楚，條理自然。151）first, second, third, last2）firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally 3）the first, the second, the third, the last 4）in the first place, in the second place, in the third place,

7、lastly165）to begin with, then, furthermore, finally（強(qiáng)烈推薦） 6）to start with, next, in addition, finally（強(qiáng)烈推薦） 7）first and foremost, besides, last but not least（強(qiáng)烈推薦） 8）most important of all, moreover, finally 9）on the one hand, on the other hand（適用于兩點(diǎn)的情況） 10）for one thing, for another thing（適用于兩點(diǎn)的情況）1

8、7四、四、 短語優(yōu)先原則短語優(yōu)先原則v有兩個(gè)好處：v其一、用短語會(huì)使文章增加亮點(diǎn)；v其二、關(guān)鍵時(shí)刻思維短路，只有湊字?jǐn)?shù)，怎么辦？用短語是一個(gè)辦法！ 18vI cannot bear it. 可以用短語表達(dá)：I cannot put up with it. vI want it. 可以用短語表達(dá)：I am looking forward to it. 這樣字?jǐn)?shù)明顯增加，表達(dá)也更準(zhǔn)確。 19五、多變句式原則 1）加法（串聯(lián)） 在句子之間加and： I enjoy music and he is fond of playing the guitar. 如果是二者并列的，我們可以用一個(gè)超級(jí)句式： No

9、t only the fur coat is soft, but it is also warm. 其它的短語可以用： besides, furthermore, likewise, moreover 202）轉(zhuǎn)折v The car was quite old, yet it was in excellent condition. The coat was thin, but it was warm. v更多的短語： despite that, still, however, nevertheless,in spite of213）因果vThe snow began to fall, so w

10、e went home. vv更多短語： then, therefore, consequently, accordingly, hence, as a result, for this reason, so that 224）失衡句（頭重腳輕，或者頭輕腳重）v讓考官看到你的句子與眾不同。其實(shí)就是主語從句，表語從句，賓語從句的變形。 This is what I can do. Whether he can go with us or not is not sure. v同樣主語、賓語、表語可以改成如下的復(fù)雜成分： When to go, Why he goes away 23作文常見錯(cuò)誤v

11、語法錯(cuò)誤，是閱卷人員的主要“照顧點(diǎn)” 。24一 不一致v所謂不一致不光指主謂不一致，它還包括了數(shù)的不一致時(shí)態(tài)不一致及代詞不一致等v例 When one have money, he can do what he want to .(人一旦有了錢，他就能想干什么就干什么)v剖析：one是單數(shù)第三人稱，因而本句的have應(yīng)改為has; 同理，want應(yīng)改為wants.本句是典型的主謂不一致 改為：Once one has money ,he can do what he wants (to do)251） We can use computers in doing everything you l

12、ike. 2） A college student should be able to do their washing on their own.3） Horse is an useful animal. 4） The exam will be held in the December, 2004. 26二 修飾語錯(cuò)位v例.I believe I can do it well and I will better know the world outside the campus. v剖析：better位置不當(dāng)，應(yīng)置于句末27三 句子不完整（Sentence Fragments）例There

13、are many ways to know the society. For example by TV, radio, newspaper and so on . v剖析：本句后半部分“for example by TV, radio, newspaper and so on .”不是一個(gè)完整的句子，僅為一些不連貫的詞語，不能獨(dú)立成句v改為：There are many ways to know society ,for example ,by TV ,radio ,and newspaper.281 主從句疊置1） There are more and more students like

14、 to use the computer. 2） There are still many problems should be noted and resolved.2 簡單句疊置I like chatting on line very much, I go to the net bar almost every weekend.293 從句疊置As is known to all that computers play an important role in many fields of our life.4 句子成分缺失If work hard, we will surely be s

15、uccessful.5 語序錯(cuò)誤1） Why college students spend more and more time on the computer? 2） I often wonder where have they got their money.30四 邏輯關(guān)系不清v例1：At the age of ten, my grandfather died. 這句中“at the age of ten”v改為：When I was ten, my grandfather died.v例2 To do well in college, good grades are essential

16、.改為：To do well in college, a student needs good grades.31五 詞性誤用v“詞性誤用”常表現(xiàn)為：介詞當(dāng)動(dòng)詞用；形容詞當(dāng)副詞用；名詞當(dāng)動(dòng)詞用等例 None can negative the importance of money.剖析：negative 系形容詞，誤作動(dòng)詞。改為：None can deny the importance of money.32vIt is my point that reading must be selectively. （誤） In my opinion, reading must be selective

17、. （正）vHonest is so important for every person. （誤） Honesty is so important for everyone. （正）vThe old man was hit by a car when he across the street. （誤）vThe old man was hit by a car when he was crossing the street. （正）vI wish you can consider my suggests. vIf a person wants to success, he must learn

18、 to endure sufferings and setbacks.33六 指代不清v例1. Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid.(瑪麗和我姐姐很要好，因?yàn)樗鏊陌槟铩?Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid.34v例2. And we can also know the society by serving it yourself. v剖析：句中人稱代

19、詞we 和反身代詞yourself指代不一致。改為： We can also know society by serving it ourselves.35七句子重疊v例 There are many ways we get to know the outside world. v剖析：這個(gè)句子包含了兩層完整的意思：“There are many ways.” 以及“We get to know the outside world.”。簡單地把它們連在一起就不妥當(dāng)了。v改為：There are many ways for us to learn about the outside world. 36八 用詞不當(dāng)v例 The increasing use of chemical obstacles in agriculture also makes pollution.農(nóng)業(yè)方面化學(xué)物質(zhì)使用的不斷增加也造成了污染。v把obstacles“障礙”，“障礙物”誤作substance“物質(zhì)”。v“the increasing use (不斷增加的使用)” 應(yīng)改為“abusive use (濫用)”。改為：The abusive use of chemical substances in agriculture also causes/leads to pollution.37九 累贅v例1