1、Unit10 American literatureStep1復習各種時態英語中不同時間發生的動作要用不同的動詞形式來表示，這就是動詞的時態，英語動詞共有十六種時態，現將常用的幾種歸納如下：一般現在時一般現在時可用來表示普遍真理或客觀事實。如：Light goes faster than sound光比聲音傳播速度快。Two plus three is five二加三等于五。The earth moves around the sun while the moon moves around the earth地球繞著太陽轉而月亮繞著地球轉。經常性、習慣性的動作或存在的狀態America is

2、growing older today10 out of every 100 Americans are over 65美國是一個人口正趨于老化的國家，每一百個美國人中就有十人年齡超過六十五歲。Tom gets up at 6:00 and goes to school at 7:30 every morning湯姆每天早上六點起床，七點半上學。Suzhou is a beautiful city蘇州是一座美麗的城市。表示現在時刻發生的動作或存在的狀態。Here comes Mr. Wang王先生來了。What time is it now？現在幾點？Now，look，I open the d

3、oor你瞧我現在開門。表示計劃、安排好的將來的動作。如：I leave for Shanghai next Tuesday. 我下周二去上海。His birthday falls on May 4五月四日是他生日。They attack at midnight他們定于午夜發起進攻。在時間、條件從句中，用一般現在時表示將來的動作。如：If it rains tomorrow，well have to stay at home如果明天下雨，我們只得呆在家里。Ill ten him the news as soon as he comes hack他一回來我就告訴他這個消息。舞臺動作說明、運動解說、

4、劇情介紹等。如：Smith passes to Tom，Tom to Jack，Jack to Simons，nice balland Smith shoots史密斯傳給湯姆，湯姆傳給杰克，杰克傳給西蒙，好球！史密斯射門。Shylock advances toward Antonio and prepares to use his knife夏洛克向安東尼奧走去，準備動刀了。一般過去時表示過去經常或反復發生的動作。如：I used to go to school early我過去總是很早去學校。Every morning I took a walk when I lived in the co

5、untry我住在鄉間時，每天早上都去散步。過去某個時間發生的動作或存在的狀態。如：Where were you yesterday？昨天你在哪里？I met Alice in the street but we didnt stop to talk我在街上遇到了艾麗絲，但我們沒有停下來聊天。Did you enjoy the film？你喜歡那部電影嗎？在口語中，一般過去時可用來代替一般現在時，表示婉轉的語氣。如：I wonder if you could help me不知你能否幫我個忙。Did you wish to see me？你要找我嗎？在時間、條件從句中用一般過去時表示過去將來發生

6、的事。如：They said they would all leave if Mike stayed他們說如果邁克留下，他們就都走。Mother promised to buy a bike for Tom if he passed the exam母親答應如果湯姆考試及格就給他買輛自行車。一般將來時一般將來時表示將來某一時刻要發生的動作或存在的狀態。如：You will get wet if you go out without an umbrella你出門不帶傘會被淋濕的。He will be sixteen years old next month下月他就滿十六歲了。I am sorry

7、 I shall not be free tomorrow morning對不起，明天上午我沒空。be going to表示現在打算在最近或將來要做的事，或表示說話人根據已有跡象推斷可能要發生的事。如：We are going to have an English evening tonight今晚我們準備開個英語晚會。It looks as if its going to rain看上去天要下雨了。I think he is going to leave soon我認為他很快就會離開。be不定式，表示按計劃安排要發生的事，或用來征求對方意見。如：There is to be a party

8、on Saturday evening星期六晚上有個聚會。Am I to go on with the work？這工作我還繼續干下去嗎？I am to meet Mr. Smith at eleven this morning我要在今天上午十一點鐘見史密斯先生。be about不定式，表示即將發生，意為“即將”“正要”。如：Lets hurry. The meeting is about to begin讓我們快點，會議就要開始了。The Smiths are about to start on a journey史密斯一家就要去旅行了。【注】be about不定式表示馬上就要進行的動作，故

9、在句中與表示具體的將來時間連用，但可以和as或when引導的時間狀語從句連用。如：As I came，she was about to go to the cinema我到時，她要去電影院了。When I reached home，Mother was about to go shopping我到家時，母親準備出去購物。【注】will和be going to都可表示意愿，但前者多表示決心、意志；而后者表示經過考慮后的打算。請比較：He is studying hard and is going to take the college entrance exams他正努力學習，正準備考大學。Th

10、ey will go their own way in spite of the difficulties不管有多少困難，他們都決心走自己的路。【注】will可用于條件句中表示意愿，這時will是情態動詞。If shell listen to me，Ill give her some advice如果她愿意聽我說，我會給她一些勸告。【注】上句中用在條件句中的will表示意愿，不是表示單純的將來，但be going to可用于條件句中表示單純的將來。如：If you are going to visit the museum next week，please take Helen along如果

11、下周你去參觀那個博物館，請帶上海倫一起去。【注】一般將來時還可以表示一種傾向或一種固有的特性。如：All living things will die without air and water沒有空氣和水，所有的生物都將死亡。Water will boil if heated to 100水如果被加熱到攝氏一百度就會沸騰。過去將來時表示從過去某一時間來看將要發生的動作，主要用在賓語從句中。如：Jack said he would go to Hawaii for the holiday杰克說他將去夏威夷度假。I asked if he would come and repair my TV

12、set我問他是否可以來給我修理電視機。I thought it would rain，and sure enough it did我想會下雨，果然下了。【注】從過去某一時間來看將要發生的事，還可以用werewas going to do或werewas to do或waswere about to do來表示。如：He said he was going to try他說他準備試一試。I was about to go when a friend dropped in我正要出門，來了一個朋友。She was to meet Kurt at an appointed place on the s

13、treet她將和庫爾特在街上約定的地方見面。【注】waswere不定式的完成式表示本來打算做某事，而后來沒有做。如：I was to have seen him last Sunday but he did not come我本打算上星期天和他見面的，但他沒有來。I was to have told you about it but I didnt have time to come over我本來要告訴你的，但我沒有時間過來。現在進行時表示正在進行的動作。如：The telephone is ringingWould you answer it？電話鈴響了，請你接一下，好嗎？They are

14、 making preparations for it他們正在做準備工作。表示現階段正在進行，而此刻不一定在進行的動作。如：He is studying English and teaching Chinese他在學習英語，又在教漢語。Professor Smith is translating a novel these days這些天史密斯教授正在翻譯一本小說。有些表示“變化、移動”概念的動詞，它們的現在進行時表示將要發生的動作，類似動詞有go，start，arrive，return等等。如：Are you leaving for Shanghai tomorrow？明天你去上海嗎？How

15、 many of you are coming to the party？你們有多少人來參加聚會？現在進行時態與always，forever，constantly，continually等副詞連用時，表示反復出現的或習慣性的動作，并且含有某種感情色彩，如贊嘆、厭惡等。如：He is always making silly mistake他總是犯愚蠢的錯誤。You are always interrupting me！你老打斷我的話。She is always thinking of her work她老想到她的工作。He is continually reminding me of what

16、I owe him他老提起我欠他錢的事。過去進行時表示過去某一時刻或某一段時間正在進行的動作。如：Tom was watching TV when I came in我進來時，湯姆正在看電視。She was then working in an army hospital那時她在一家陸軍醫院工作。At that time he was working in a laboratory那時他在一家實驗室工作。During the summer of 2003 she was travelling in Europe2003年夏天她在歐州旅行。和現在進行時一樣，某些動詞如come，go，leave，

17、stay等的過去進行時表示過去將來的動作。如：She told me she was sending me some new stamps soon她告訴我，不久她就會給我寄幾張新郵票來。She knew the plane was taking off in five minutes她知道飛機五分鐘后就要起飛了。和現在進行時一樣，過去進行時與always，forever，continually，constantly，frequently連用時，表示過去的經常性、習慣性動作，并帶說話者的某種感情，如贊美、厭惡等。如：The two brothers were frequently quarre

18、lling. 這倆兄弟老是吵架。He was always complaining about something他老是怨這怨那。She was continually asking questions她老是提問題。【注】過去進行時與一般過去時的區別，前者表示一個正在進行的尚未完成的動作，而后者表示一個業已完成的動作。如：She was writing lettersI didnt want to disturb her她在寫信，我不想打擾她。She wrote several letters and asked me to post them她寫了幾封信讓我寄出去。It was rainin

19、g this morning今天早晨一直在下雨。It rained this morning今天早晨下雨了。【注】動詞hope，think，wonder的過去進行時并非指過去，而是指現在，表示謙虛，有禮貌的詢問或建議。如：I was wondering whether youd like to go with me我不知道你是否愿意和我一起去。I was hoping we could have dinner to together我希望我們能在一起吃飯。將來進行時表示將來某一時刻或某段時間內進行的動作。如：Dont phone me between 7 and 8 p.mWell be ha

20、ving dinner then七、八點鐘之間別來電話，那時我們正在吃晚飯。At this time tomorrow，Ill be taking a test明天這時我會在考試。A week from today，well be flying home一星期之后我們就乘坐飛機回家了。將來進行時還可用來表示安排要做的事。如：Well be spending the winter in Australia我們將在澳大利亞過冬。Professor Blake win be giving a lecture on American Literature tomorrow evening布萊克教授明晚

21、將作一個關于美國文學的報告。【注】將來進行時比一般將來時語氣委婉客氣。如：When you pay back the money？（不太客氣）When you be paying back the money？（比較委婉）現在完成時表示發生在過去或已經完成了的動作對現在造成的影響或結果，換言之動作已發生在過去，著重的是對現在的影響。如：Have you ever been to the Great Wall？你過去長城嗎？I have forgotten her telephone number我忘了她的電話號碼了。Weve not been to the cinema recently我們最

22、近沒去看電影。表示過去已經開始，持續到現在的動作或狀態。如：He has worked as an animal trainer for many years. 他當了好幾年的訓獸師。Ive waited a week for your answer等你的答復我等了一個星期。用于時間或條件從句中，表示將來某時完成的動作。如：Dont get off the bus until it has stopped等車停了再下車。Well start at three oclock if it has stopped raining by then我們將在三點鐘動身，如果那時雨停了的話。【注】現在完成時

23、和一般過去時的比較：這兩個時態雖都表示過去發生的事，但著眼點不一樣，現在完成時是要說明過去的動作對現在的影響，而一般過去時只是單純的談過去的動作或狀態本身，不與現在相聯系。如：“Come and have breakfast with us”“Thank youIve just had it”“來跟我們一塊兒吃早飯吧。”“謝謝，我已吃過了。”（飽了，吃不下了）I had my breakfast in the dining hall我在飯廳吃的早飯。（僅說明吃飯這個事實）Ive chosen some CDs for the party我為晚會選了幾張唱盤。（可以在晚會上聽了）I chose

24、some novels and bought them我挑了幾本小說買下了。（沒說明與現在的聯系）I have seen him我見過他了。I saw him yesterday我昨天見到他了。現在完成進行時表示一個由過去某時起一直持續的動作，這個動作可能剛停止，也可能還在繼續。如：There you are！Ive been waiting for two hours！你到底來了，我等你等了二個小時了！She is very tiredShes been working the whole morning她很累，她干了一個上午了。It has been raining，but it has

25、just stopped now天一直下雨，剛停。有時現在完成進行時不是指某動作一直在不停地進行，而是表示一直到說話時的一段時間內一直重復的動作，常常有感情色彩。如：He has been calling on her several times this week他這個星期幾次來看她。Weve been having a lot of rain recently最近雨水很多。有時現在完成進行時表示“剛才”或“近來”發生的動作，也就表示直到說話時為止的一段時間內發生的動作。這一動作到說話時已經結束，而且不再繼續下去。這種用法主要表示某一動作所產生的結果或對現在的影響。如：You have be

26、en cleaning the classroomI think我想你剛才在打掃教室吧！（言外之意：Your clothes are covered with dust）The boy has been playing with toys那男孩一直在玩玩具。（言外之意：There are toys hare and there on the noor）Her eyes are redShe has been crying她眼睛紅了，她一直在哭。【注】現在完成進行時和現在完成時的比較：這兩個動作都表示“從過去開始一直持續到現在”的動作，有時可換用，但現在完成時著重動作的結果，而現在完成進行時著重

27、表示動作的未完成，強調動作的持續性。如：I have been reading the book我一直在讀這本書。（強調動作的持續性）I have read the book我讀過這本書了。（強調動作的結果）Who has been drink my wine？誰喝了我的酒？（已喝掉）Who has been drinking my wine？誰喝我的酒來著？（被喝掉一些）【注】不用進行時態的動詞。感官動詞等不可用現在完成時或進行時，但可用其現在完成時。如：I have known him since I was a child我從孩子時起就認識他了。I havent seen him for

28、 a long time我很久沒見過他了。過去完成時表示在過去某時間之前已經發生或存在的狀態。When I rang，Mary had already gone to work我打電話時瑪麗已經上班了。By dusk，the news had spread through the town到黃昏，消息已傳遍全鎮。The room was dirtyI hadnt cleaned it for weeks房間很臟，我已幾個星期沒打掃了。過去完成時還可表示過去某一時間發生的動作或狀態一直延續到某個時候，并可能繼續下去，常用for或since或by引導時間狀語。如：She had lived in

29、the south for three years before she came here她來這兒之前，在南方住了三年。By the end of last month，I had studied in the college for two years到上月底，我在這所學院已學習兩年了。【注】表示過去的兩個動作緊接著發生，可不用過去完成時，而用一般過去時，常見于as soon as，before，after，immediately，instantly，the moment等引導的帶有時間狀語從句的復合句中。如：I loved you the moment I saw you我一見到你就愛上

30、你了。Immediately she entered，his eyes lit up她一進來他的眼睛就亮了起來。Directly I walked in the door I smelt smoke我一進門就聞到煙味。【注】某些表示意愿、希望、打算、意圖等的動詞，其過去完成時表示本打算做而未做的事，這些動詞是：think，suppose，plan，want，intend，mean等。I had hoped to send him a Christmas card, but I forgot to do so我本來希望寄一張圣誕卡給他的，但我忘了寄了。We had thought to retu

31、rn early but he wouldnt let us go我們本想早點回來的，但他們不讓我們走。She had intended to speak，but time did not permit她本想發言，可時間不允許。過去完成進行時表示從過去某時開始，一直持續到過去的那個時刻的動作，該動作可能剛結束，也可能還要繼續。如：I had been waiting in the room for half an hour before she called me in.在她喊我進去之前，我已經在房間里等了半個小時。She was out of breathShe had been runni

32、ng她氣喘吁吁。她一直在跑來著。Jane was annoyedPeter had been phoning her every night簡很不高興，彼得每晚給她打電話。【注】請注意過去完成進行時與過去進行時的區別：Last night I was reading a novel when the bell rang昨晚鈴響時，我正在讀一本小說。（當時正在讀）Last night I had been reading a novel when the bell rang到昨晚鈴響時，我一直在讀一本小說。（一直在讀）【注】請注意過去完成進行時或現在完成進行時的區別：前者表示到過去某個時刻還在進

33、行，后者表示到現在還在進行。試比較：He had been smoking for twenty years when he decided to give it up當他決定戒煙時，他已有二十年的煙齡了。He has been smoking for twenty years他已有二十年的煙齡了。（到現在為止）【注】請注意過去完成進行時與過去完成時的區別：前者表示到過去某時為止動作一直在持續，未必完成，而后者表示動作已完成。試比較：She said she had been writing her composition她說她一直在寫作文。（可能尚未完成）She said she had w

34、ritten her composition她說她的作文已寫完了。（已完成）將來完成時表示將來某個時間之前已經完成的動作。如：Im sure he will have settled the problem before you arrive there我相信在你到那兒之前，這個問題他已經解決了。On Monday hell have been in America for three years到星期一，他在美國就滿三年了。The film will have started by the time we get to the cinema我們到電影院時電影已開始。By ten oclock

35、 this evening，I shall have reviewed lessons到今晚十點鐘，我將復習完功課了。語法專項訓練1.This exercise is easy and covers the main verb tenses and can be done on the Internet, which interest the Ss.By the end of the year, she _ with a degree in business.already graduateswill have already graduatedhas already graduatedAns

36、wer bAs soon as I _ home, it started to rain heavily.getgotwill have gottenAnswer bWe _ the chance to visit many museums in Paris last vacation.hadhad hadhave hadAnswer aI _ on this project for days without success.have been workedhave been workinghad being workedAnswer bDont worry. She _ by herself

37、.is used to livingis used to liveused to livingAnswer aI _ hard until I pass the TOEFL.will studystudyhave studiedAnswer aNext month we _ our 5th wedding anniversary.will be celebratedwill have been celebratingwill be celebratingAnswer cIf you _ it, give it a go.didnt tryhavent triedhadnt triedAnswer bI wish I _ a millionaire so I could travel all over the world.washad beenwereAnswer cHe _ to class this morning because he was sick.didnt comehadnt comehasnt comeAnswer aHe _ it