1、第一段：寫論文斛決什么問題1、問題的童述a.介紹重點詞開頭：有!11：“Handmove"irrigation,acheapbutlabor-intensivesystemused0nsmallfarms,consistsofamovablepipew什hsprinklerontopthatcanbeattachedtoastationarymain.例2:isareal-lifecommonphenomenonwithmanycomplexities.例3：An(effectiveplan)iscrucialtob.直接指出問題：例1：Wefindthe0Ptimalnumbero

2、ftollboothsinahighwaytoll-plazaforagivennumberofhighwaylanes：thenumberoftollboothsthatminimizesaveragedelayexperiencedbycars.例2：Abrand-newuniversityneedstobalancethecostofinformationtechnologysecuritymeasureswiththepotentialcostofattackson什ssystems.例3：Wedeterminethenumberofsprinklerst.usebyanalyzing

3、theenergyandmotionofwaterinthepipeandexaminingtheengineeringparametersofsprinklersavailableinthemarket.例4：Aftermathematicallyanalyzingtheproblem,ourmodelinggroupwouldliketopresentourconclusions,strategies,(andrecommendations)tothe例5：Ourgoalis.that(minimizesthetime)2 .解決這個問題的偉大態義反而說明.如果沒有Withoutimple

4、mentingdefensivemeasure,theuniversityisexposedtoanexpectedlossof$8.9millionperyear.3 .總的解決就透a.通過什么方法解決什么問題例：WeaddresstheproblemofoptimizingamusementparkenjoymentthroughdistributingQuickPasses(QP),reservationslipsthatideallyallowanindividualtospendlesstimewa什inginline.b.實際問題轉化為數學鎮型例1Weformulatethepro

5、blemasanetworkflowinwhichverticesarethelocationsofescortsandwheelchairpassengers.例2：qnaivestrategywouldbetoemploytheminimumnumberofescortstoguaranteethatallpassengersreachtheirgatesontime.c,將問題分階段考慮例3：Wedividethejumpintothreephases：flyingthroughtheair,punchingthroughthestack,andlandingontheground.第二

6、、三段：具體分析1.在什4旗型中/定立了什會旗型Word資料.a.主流模理例1：Weformulateadifferentialmodeltoaccountfortheratesofchangeoftheseuses,andhowthischangewouldaffecttheoverallconsumptionofwaterw什hinthestudiedregion.例2：WeexaminedthemathematicaleffectsofWedevelopedadetailed(simulationmethodology)totestourideasandtoquantifythediff

7、erencesbetween(among)different(strategies).例3：Basedon(writeyourbasis.suchasthetheoryofsupplyanddemand),weestablishamodel(suchasdifferentialequationsystemthatincludesdemand,supply).例4：To(writetheaims),weestablishacriterion(writethecriterion).b.螟型非主流例5:Webuildamodeltodeterminehowtolayoutthepipeeachtim

8、etheequipmentismoved.例6：Wedetermine例7：Webuildamodeltodetermine例8：WeformulateamodelforByanalyzing.andexamining2、分析模型使用什金敦樨,怎自做,一般三句話)a.寫歷史效據例1：UsinghistoricaldatafromtheUnitedStates,wedetermineinitialconditionsforourmodel.b.寫計算機模擬例1：thismodelleadstoacomputersimulationofcatch-cantestsoftheirrigationsy

9、stemand例2：Softwarepackingreachesbycalculatingandcomparingc.運用敷據饃擬令!11：togroundthismodelinreality,weincorporateextensivedemographicdataandrun例2：Wefitthemodifiedmodeltodata(suchas1970-2003.).Weconcludethat(writethelastconclude).d.講詳細分析有!11：Wephysicallycharacterizethesystemthat.例2：Weprovideastrategy(wr

10、itethelogicalstrategy).例3：The.modelis(efficient,intuitive,andflexible)andcouldbeappliedto.例4：Tomeettheneedsofpeopletodayw什hout,weestablishacriterionofrational合理的標準)oilallocation(分配).3.總結該嫌型的納杲/將利什金媯論a.說明不是及優但能產生作用例：WeshowthatthisstrategyisnotoptimalbutcanbeimprovedbyassigningdifferentWord資料.numbersb

11、.說明如果用這個模型,結果如何例1：IfDeltaAirlinesweretoutilizethenaivestrategyatAtlantaInternationalAirport,thecostwouldbe例2：Wemodifythemodeltoreflect(sometrendsuchasexponentiallyincreasing)andgeneralizethemodelto(otherfield).例3：OurresultsaresummarizedintheformulafortheoptimalnumberBoftollboothsforc,通過其上情況的利率得到的結論例

12、：Forvarioussituations,weproposeanoptimalsolution.d,得出了結論例1：weelicitthataconclusion.例2：X/econcludewithaseriesofrecommendationsforhowbestto.e.近一步說期其他因素對模型的影響例：Inadditiontothemodel,wealsodiscusspoliciesforf.用真實數據檢除模型例:Todemonstratehowourmodelworks,weapplyitto最后一段：寫總的結論a,說明結光的可行性例：Oursuggestedsolution,w

13、hichiseasytoimplement,includesadetailedtimetableandthearrangementofpipes.b.說明算法的廣泛性例1：Ouralgorithmisbroadenoughtoaccommodatevariousairportconcourses,flightschedules,andflightdelays.例2：Ouranalysisbeganbydeterminingwhatfactorimpact,Ourconclusionsarepresentedc,說明模更可用于其他領域例：Sinceourmodelisbasedonitcanbe

14、appliedto(otherdomain).其他(承上啟下的連接詞/常用詞組)例：Inadditiontothemodelwealsodiscuss引才局部()回憶研究背景,常用詞匯方review,summarizetpresent,outline,describe等(2)說明寫作目的,常用詞/有purpose.attempt.aim等,另外還可以用動詞不定式充當目的狀語來表達(3)介紹論文的支點去或研究圖,常用詞匯有study,present,include,focus,emphasize,emphasis,attention等方決局部()介紹研究或忒除過我,常用詞匯市teststudy,

15、investigate,examine,experimentdiscuss,consider.analyze,analysis等(2)說明研究或試舲方法,常用詞匯有measure,estimate,calculate等(3)介紹應用.用途,常用詞匯有等結杲局部()展示研究結果,常用詞匯有show,result,present等(2)介紹結論,常用詞匯有summary,introduce,conclude等討論局部()述論文的論皮和作者的觀點,常用詞匯有suggest,repot,present,expect,describe等(2)說明論證,常用詞正有等support,provide,indi

16、cate,identify,find,demonstrate,confirm,clarify(3)推薦才.建議,常用詞匯有suggest,suggestiontrecommendsrecommendationtpropose,necessity,necessary,expect等.藥妾中有用的鈍語匯：critical至關支要的algorithm運算法那么amethodofevaluating評價方決appropriate近似的consider考慮configurations布局optimal統一的maximize使最大化strategy策略parameter參數,主要的決定因素accuracy

17、精確性strengthsandweaknesses優A和缺Econtact相關的contract4立,構造calculate計算establish災立formula公式modify改叱rational合理的countermeasure對裝criterion林準,準那么Assumptions引出:Wemakethefollowingassumptionsaboutprocessinthispaper.a.不考慮因素例1：Wedonottakeintoaccountinteractionsbetweenfactors.Word資料.例2：Theinfluenceofcanbeneglected例3

18、：.is,ideal"in.canbeneglected.b.為了荷化康曼.之后反反不正確,但是合理.例1：Infactfinrealityjfactorseffecteachothers,butinordertosimplifythemodel,weignoretheinteractionsbetweenfactors.例2：Infactinrealityfactorseffecteachothers,butinordertosimplifythemodel,weignoretheinteractionsbetweenfactors.c.近似：canbeapproximatedas

19、alinerfunctionof.例2：.areassumedtobethesame.Inpractice,thereisaslightdifference.例3：canbeapproximatedasalinerfunctionof.d.幼畋考虎(可附原因)例1：Anairportconsistsof1to10concourses,eachofw什hconsistsof2to50gates.Gatesinthesameconcoursearegenerallylocatedclosetooneanother,whilethetraveltimebetweenconcoursescanbequ

20、itelengthy.Hence,weassumethatinter-concoursetravelismuchlengthierthanintra-concoursetravel.2：Aaveragefastwalkingspeedis250ft/min(3mph),butaveragespeedwhenarmsareimmobilized(aswhenpushingawheelchair)isonlyft/min(2mph)GrossandShi2001.Weassumethatanescortwalksatthesespeeds.例3：Anescortcanoperateonlyonew

21、heelchairatatime.U.S.Dept,oftransportationguidelinesdiscouragesleavingWPsunattended.Hence,theescorttakesaWPtotheconnectingflightandremainsuntiltheflightleaves.e.直揉走義(做2：例1：Tomeasurethewedefine例2：Yearlyindustrystatisticscanbeusedvalid.例3：Sthmayberepresentedby例4：.areindependentandrandomlydistributed總結

22、：Add讓ionalassumptionsaremadetosimplifyanalysisforindividualsections.Theseassumptionswillbediscussedattheappropriatelocations.公式由假彼得那么心人1. WeassumelaminarflowanduseBernoulli'sequation：(由假設得刊的公AJ公式Where符號解片Accordingtotheassumptions,ateveryjunctionwehave由于假4殳公式由原因痔列公式2. .Becauseourfieldisflatwehave

23、公式.sotheheightofoursourcerelativetooursprinklersdoesnotaffecttheexitspeedv2由原因得到的公式力公式Sincethefluidisincompressible由于液體是不可壓縮的,wehave公式Where公式用原泉的公式推出公式3. Pluggingvlintotheequationforv2.weobtain將公式1代人公式2中得到J公式11. Puttingthesetogether杷公式放在一起,becauseofthelawofconservationofenergy,yields：公式12. Therefore

24、,from2,3,5,wehavetheithjunction由前幾個公式得公式Putting1-5together,wecanobtainpupateveryjunction.infact,atthelastjunction,wehave公式Puttingtheseinto1,weget杷這些公式代入1中公式WhichmeansthattheCommonly,hisaboutFromtheseequations,從這個公式中我們知道weknowthat引出妁束條件4.UsingpressureanddischargedatafromRainBird結果,Wefindtheattenuatio

25、nfactor得到衰減因子,常救,余致tobe公式計算結杲6. Tofindthenewpressure,weusethe00,whichstatesthatthevolumeofwaterflowinginequalsthevolumeofwaterflowingout:為了找到新值,我們用什么方程公式WhereOis；：7. SolvingforVNweobtain公式的評公式Wherenisthe8. .Wehavethefollowingdifferentialequationsforspeedsinthex-andy-directions：公式Whosesolutionsare解公式

26、9. Weusethefollowinginitialconditions使用初值todeterminethedragconstant：公式根據麻南公式10. X/eapplythelawofconservationofenergy根據能量分怛定律.Theworkdonebytheforcesis公式Thedecreaseinpotentialenergyis多能的成少公式Theincreaseinkineticenergyis動能的增加公式Drugactsdirectlyagainstvelodty,sotheaccelerationvectorfromdragcanbefoundNewto

27、n'slawF=maas:牛頓第二定律WhereaistheaccelerationvectorandmismassUsingtheNewton'sSecondLaw.wehavethatF/m=aand公式Sothat公式Settingthetwoexpressionsfort1/t2equalandcross-multiplyinggives公式22, Weapproximatethebinomialdistributionofcontenderswithanormaldistribution：公式Wherexisthecumulativedistributionfunct

28、ionofthestandardnormaldistribution.ClearingdenominatorsandsolvingtheresultingquadraticinBgives公式Asananalyticapproximationto.fork=1.wegetB=c26,Integrating,使結合wegetPVT=constant,where公式Themaincompositionoftheairisnitrogenandoxygen,soi=5andr=1.4.so23, AccordingtoFirstLawofThermodynamics,weget公式Where.wea

29、lsothenhave公式WherePisthepressureofthegasandVisthevolume.WeputthemintotheIdealGasInternalFormula：公式Where對公式變形13. DefineA=nlwtobethe定義;rearranging1produces將公式變形得到公式WemaximizeEforeachlayer,subjecttotheconstraint2.ThecalculationsareeasierifweminimizeWord資料.1/E.為了得到兼人依,求他例數的及小值Neglectingconstantfactors忽略

30、常數J,weminimize公式使及從的求條件14. Subjecttotheconstraint使服從約束條件公式WhereBisconstantdefinedin2.However,aslongasweareobeyingthisconstraint,wecanwrite艮據約束條件我們得到公式Andthusfdependsonlyonh,thefunctionfisminimizedat求及力、值公式Atthisvalueofh,theconstraintreducesto公式牯杲說明15. Thisimplies臘岳thattheharmonicmeanofIandwshouldbe公

31、式So,intheoptimalsituation5.Thisvalueshowsverylittlelossduetofriction.結果說明Theescapespeedwithfrictionis公式16. Weuseasimilarprocesstofindthepositionofthedropletresultingin公式Witht=0.0001s,errorfromtheapproximationisvirtuallyzero.17. Wecalculateditstrajectory44,using公式18. Forthatcase,usingthesameexpansion

32、foreasabove,公式19. Solvingfortandequatingittotheearlierexpressionfort,weget公式20. Recallingthatinthisequalityonlynisafunctionoff,wesubstitutefornandsolveforf.theresultis公式Asv=.,thisequationbecomessingular單救的.由語句痔到公式21. Therevenuegeneratedbytheflightis公式24 .Thenwehave公式Wedifferentiatetheideal-gasstatee

33、quation公式Getting公式25 .WeeliminatedTfromthelasttwoequationstoget(排除因素徑列)公式26 .X/efistexaminethepaththatthemotorcyclefollows.Takingtheairresistanceintoaccount,wegettwodifferentialequations公式WherePistherelativepressure.Wemustfirstfindthespeedvlofwateratoursource：弋初值J公式圖引用的文故教林所品的圖：1、分階段圖的引入：Firstwestud

34、ythe(文故),showingunderthesituation.分階段圖的引出：Thecompressionprocessisdividedintothree(致去)phases,asshowninthefigure：Thefirstphase：deformation,accordingto;thesecondphase：deformation.Thecompressiongrowsmoreslowlyandreachesthemaximum.Thethirdphase：deformation：Aftercompressionreachesthemaximum,therateofdefor

35、mationstartstofall.Theunrecoverabledeformationgoesonincreasing.(200365)2、引用已有的橫型圖：AmodelofflowrateforinstanttotalfailureisrighttriangularU.S.ArmyCorpsofEngineers1997.(seeFigure1)(2OO55354)3 .通過歷史致據作圖：X/evalidateourmodelbyexamininghistoricalHIVratesfromprenatalclinicsinSouthAfricabetween1995and2OO5(F

36、igure1).(2006244)4 .擬合的圖形：Figure1showsthenumberofbagsstillleftfortheEDStoprocessatairportAaftereachminuteinairportB,theresultsaresimilar.(2003260)t已根M計算所曲的國：1、為了(ej的),我們作了圖.Todemonstratebetterthechangeinflowratewithtimewhenthebreachbeginstform,weplotoverashorterrangeoftimeinFigure5.(200555)WeplotWfo

37、rvaluesofBfrom6to13,instepsof0.25,togetherwiththebest-fitquarticinFigure2(200592)2、根據數據擬合的圖：Fitting(式子)tothedatain(表),wegetthecurveinFigure1,forthefunction(公式).(2005211)X/eusethegraphinFigure1tosimulatethearrivalofpassengers.(2003201)ThesimulationmodelalsogeneratessystemcharacteristicsfortheETDmachi

38、nesatairportA.TheseresultsareshowninFigure3.(2003232)3.根據取值不同電圖：X/etake2001asthestartingpoint,whentotalremainingoilwas1.1178bbl.Wecalculatethetimetooilexhaustionunderdifferentcases：GDPgrowingat10%,5%,3%,and1%.(Figure3)For10%;for5%:for3%;for1%(2005213X233)Word資料.4、用軟件f如MATLAB)&四：Tosolvethediffere

39、ntialequationsinourmodel,weuse(theODE45numericalintegrator)inMATLABon(式子)tofindtheresultsinFigure3.(2005232)5.圖形的改比：Generallyspeaking,theshapeofthetargetisnottooirregular,sowechoosefivetypicalshapesofthetargetsindifferentsizes.InFigure3a.weillustratethemaximumsectionofatypicalbean-shapedtarget,whose

40、maximumdimensionis35mm.Usingtheskeletongenerationalgorithm,wegetcorrespondingskeletonshowninFigure3b.ThenweapplytheGA-ba$edshotplacementalgorithm,resultinginthreeshotsforthetarget:one14mmhelmetandtwo8mmhelmets.Thelocationsandsizesofthehelmetsin2DareindicatedinFigure3c,while3Dshotplacementsareshownin

41、Figure4.(2003130)6、示意圖：TheirrigationorderandpositionofsprinklersarepresentedinFigure4.(2006127)ThisalgorithmcanbeviewedintheflowchartinFigure3.X/edefinesomeoftheobjectsfoundinthechart.(2006164X165)表裊的格式：走頭或上注：紅字標記代表可通用的句孑1、在莪前對莪的來港和數據進行說明例1InTableLwesummarizetheminimumnumberofescortsneededtoreacheac

42、hservicelevel表的斛釋局部Foreachairport,thedifferencebetweentheGoodandAdequateservicelevelsisroughlyafactoroftwo,withslightlyincreasingreturnstoscale;withlargerscales,thestaffarespreadmoreuniformly,soitislesslikelythatajobwillcropupw什hnobodycloseenoughtotakeit.Table1.Numbersofescortsneededtoachieveservice

43、levels.AiiportTrafficPassengersservedNumberofescortsAdequateServiceGoodServiceLinelight4269heavy841018Logaiilight78917heavy1551531O'Harelight2752756heavy55047106例2表的斛釋局部(前面的說出數據的來源,然后締選出比擬代表性的數據遂行說明)OWedeterminedabsoluteandrelativecriticalityvaluesforeachcountryforwhichallthedatausedincomputingp

44、arameterswasavailable(108countries).Wethenusedrelativecriticalityinselectingourmostcriticalcountries,bycontinent.Hadweusedabsolutecriticalityitwouldhavegivenprecedencetolargenations,desp什erelativelymildH1V/AIDSsituations.Table2:MostCriticalCountiiesbvContinentCountryContinentCriticality(Relative)Boi

45、swaiiaAfrica4097469ThailandAsia0.283505TongaAustralia0.06667UkraineEurope0.135426BahamasNorthAmerica0.614664GuyanaSouthAmerica0.4312例3Thetablebelowisthegeneratedirrigationschedulefortherepositioningofthesprinklers,given12-hourworkdayforarancher.Eachpipeissetinplacefor5hours.IrrigationscheduleDayTim.

46、Sprinklerposition(xposition,yposition)inmetersfromthelowerleftcomerofthefieldDayi8amL23.75Day11pm23.75.23.75(movethesprinklerandpipesettonewlocation)Day1GpmTurnoffsprinklertoavoidoitirrigation.Day28am46.75,23.75Day21pm69.5,23.75Day2GpmIirnofFsprinklertoavoidovi*rirrigation.Dny38am10,G.25Dny31pm32.75

47、,6.25Day36pmTurnoffsprinklertonvoidov<tirrigntion.Day48am55.5,6.25r)uy41pm78.25,6.25Dny4GpmTurnoffsprinklertoavoidov<tirrigation.Day5Repentsdirdnlc.Andsomedataprocessingwecangettherelevantstatisticaldatainformationofpatientanddonorcharacteristicsforthesimulation.Table5:Agedistnbinionsfornewpat

48、ientsusedinthesinnilarionsDeceasedDonorPercentLivingDonorPercentAllDonorTypesPercentPediatric17,62918.02%480.06%廣.6779.93%Adult80,13981.92%80.04999.91%160.18890.02%Unknown520.05%240.03%760.04%AllAoes797,820180.1211177,9411ThegraftsurvivalratesshowinthefollowingUNOSdataforkidneytransplantsintheU.S(ba

49、sedonOPTNdataasof2006):Tablelimeafterdonation12:KidneyGraftSurvivalRatesFiomdeceaseddonoisFromlivingdonorsOneyear8840%9440%Tlireeyears77.50%87.60%Fiveyears65.50%78.70%2、在表后對表的東進杼說明Table9:ComparisonofLinearFitParametersforoutModelsModelSlopeInterceptR2BasicCarTiachuig1.6991.7380.997Macroscopic1.5981.

50、2150.99SCeRiilarAutomata1.6720.2280.998Table9showslinearfitparametersforallthreemodels.Notethatallthreemodelsarewelldescribedbyalinearequation.例2Usingthecellularautomatamodel,wecomputewaitingtimeasafunctionofboththenumberoflanesandthenumberoftollbooths.ForafixedL,wecompareallvaluesofCtotaiandchooset

51、helowestone.TheresultsofthismethodarepresentedinTable6.例3AnalyzingtheorgantransplantpoliciesinothercountriesThereisafigureofLegislation,practiceanddonorratesinseveralcounnies.e.g.,Spain.US.France.Gennany.UKandsoon.岡Table4:Legislation,practiceanddonorratesCountryLegislationActualpracticeDonois(pmp)an

52、nualrateSpainPieruinedconsenilulbmiedconsent33.8BelstiumPresumedconsentPresumedconsentandfamilyinformed24.4AustriaPieruinedconsentPresiunedconsent23.3USInformedconsentwithInformedconsentwith22.1Accordingtotheabovedata,wecanseethatmanyoftheEuropeancountrieshavethehighratesofthedonor,particularlyinSpa

53、in.ThisphenomenonshowsthattheorgantransplantisalsohotinEurope.AlthoughtherelevantpoliciesandstatutesinthesecountriesarelesscomprehensivethanthatinU.S,therestillalotwhatU.Scouldlearnfrom.Here,wemainlyanalyzetheorgantransplantpoliciesinSpain,U.KandKoreathisthreecountries.Populntion%R<%icm#Populatio

54、n%Roxicn#Population%13.0323.0236.1543.51r.3.4363.4573.J383.2293.50103.19112.78123.33133.213.00153.43163.384.43184.763.243.12212.973.173.17213.212.442.12273.663.793.71labk1;PopulationFractionineavhLegislativeDistrictThepopulationcontainedineachregionissummarizedintable1.(在荻后對數據的余遂行忌姑Table6:Optimizati

55、onforCellularAucomataModelOptimal#BoothsHihwavLanesTopicalDavRushHour2443564175896101171213S1415h.2729圖表的解釋局部AsindicatedinTable6,thereisfairlygoodagreementbetweentherecommendednumberofboothsforatypicaldayandforpeakhours.However,wenotethattheoptimalboothnumberforatypicaldayneverexceedsthatforrushhour.Rushhourseemstorequireslightlymoreboothsthana