1、.The plant immune system.MAMPS or PAMPs：microbial- or pathogen-associated molecular patternsPTI:PTI:PAMP-triggered immunityPRRsPRRs: pattern recognition receptorsETS:ETS:effector-triggered susceptibilityETI:ETI: effector-triggered immunityHR:HR: hypersensitive cell death responseA zigzag model illus

2、trates the quantitative output of the plant immune system.MAMPS or PAMPs：microbial- or pathogen-associated molecular patternsPTI:PTI:PAMP-triggered immunityPRRsPRRs: pattern recognition receptorsETS:ETS:effector-triggered susceptibilityETI:ETI: effector-triggered immunityHR:HR: hypersensitive cell d

3、eath responseA zigzag model illustrates the quantitative output of the plant immune system.MAMPS or PAMPs：microbial- or pathogen-associated molecular patternsPTI:PTI:PAMP-triggered immunityPRRsPRRs: pattern recognition receptorsETS:ETS:effector-triggered susceptibilityETI:ETI: effector-triggered imm

4、unityHR:HR: hypersensitive cell death responseA zigzag model illustrates the quantitative output of the plant immune system.Plant immune system activation by pathogen effectors that generate modified self molecular patterns.Co-evolution of host R genes and the pathogen effector complement.1.圖位克隆法2.轉

5、座子標簽法3.同源序列法轉座子標簽法技術克隆基因的主要步驟是:采取農桿菌介導等方法把轉座子導人目標生物體;轉座子在目標生物體內的初步定位;轉座子插入突變的鑒定和分離;利用一些帶轉座子及報告基因的重組質粒來檢測轉座子在目標生物體內的活動性;對轉座子插入引起的突變體,利用轉座子序列作探針,分離克隆目的基因。.定位克隆技術是根據目標基因在染色體上的位置進行基因克隆的一種方法,目標基因精確定位在染色體特定位置之后,用目標基因兩側緊密連鎖的標記篩選含有大的插入片段的基因組文庫(如BCA和YA)C,通過染色體步行(ChormosomeWalkign)篩選到含有目標基因的克隆,最后通過遺傳轉化和功能互補實驗進行驗證。其核心任務是染色體步行,如果能找到與目標基因很近的標記,以至于二者之間的距離小于基因組文庫中克隆的平均插入片段大小,就可以直接篩選到含有目標基因的克隆,最終得到候選基因,這種策略稱為染色體登陸(Chromo