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1、英語語法大全1. 名詞名詞可以分為專有名詞(Proper Nouns)和普通名詞 (Common Nouns),普通名詞又可分為下面四類: 1)個體名詞(Individual Nouns):表示某類人或東西中的個體,如:gun。 2)集體名詞(Collective Nouns):表示若干個個體組成的集合體,如:family。 3)物質名詞(Material Nouns):表示無法分為個體的實物,如:air。 4)抽象名詞(Abstract Nouns):表示動作、狀態、品質、感情等抽象概念,如:work。 個體名詞和集體名詞可以用數目來計算,稱為可數名詞(Countable Nouns),物質

2、名詞和抽象名詞一般無法用數目計算,稱為不可數名詞(Uncountable Nouns)。1.1 名詞復數的不規則變化1)child-children foot-feet tooth-teeth mouse-mice man-men woman-women注意:與 man 和 woman構成的合成詞,其復數形式也是 -men 和-women。如: an Englishman,two Englishmen. 但German不是合成詞,故復數形式為Germans;Bowman是姓,其復數是the Bowmans。2)單復同形如:deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese ,li

3、,jin,yuan,但除人民幣元、角、分外,美元、英鎊、法郎等都有復數形式。如:a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters3)集體名詞,以單數形式出現,但實為復數。如: peoplepolicecattle 等本身就是復數,不能說 a people,a police,a cattle,但可以說a person,a policeman,a head of cattle,the English,the British,the French,the Chinese,the Japanese,the Swiss 等名詞,表示國民總稱時,作復數用。如: The

4、Chinese are industries and brave.中國人民是勤勞勇敢的。4)以s結尾,仍為單數的名詞,如: a. maths,politics,physics等學科名詞,為不可數名詞,是單數。 b. news 是不可數名詞。 c. the United States,the United Nations 應視為單數。The United Nations was organized in 1945. 聯合國是1945年組建起來的。 d. 以復數形式出現的書名,劇名,報紙,雜志名,也可視為單數。"The Arabian Nights" is a very int

5、eresting story-book. <<一千零一夜>>是一本非常有趣的故事書。5) 表示由兩部分構成的東西,如:glasses (眼鏡)trousers,clothes, 若表達具體數目,要借助數量詞 pair(對,雙);suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers6)還有一些名詞,其復數形式有時可表示特別意思,如:goods貨物,waters水域,fishes(各種)魚1.2 定語名詞的復數名詞作定語一般用單數,但也有以下例外。1) 用復數作定語。 如:sports meeting 運動會 students

6、reading-room 學生閱覽室 talks table 談判桌 the foreign languages department 外語系 2) man, woman, gentleman等作定語時,其單復數以所修飾的名詞的單復數而定。 如:men workerswomen teachers gentlemen officials3) 有些原有s結尾的名詞,作定語時,s保留。 如:goods train (貨車) arms produce武器生產 customs papers 海關文件 clothes brush衣刷 4) 數詞+名詞作定語時,這個名詞一般保留單數形式。 如:two-doz

7、en eggs兩打雞蛋 a ten-mile walk 十里路 two-hundred trees 兩百棵樹 a five-year plan.一個五年計劃 個別的有用復數作定語的,如: a seven-years child1.3 不同國家的人的單復數名稱 總稱(謂語用復數) 一個人 兩個人中國人 the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese瑞士人 the Swiss a Swiss two Swiss澳大利亞人the Australians an Australiantwo Australians 俄國人the Russians a Russian two Russi

8、ans意大利人the Italians an Italian two Italians希臘人the Greek a Greek two Greeks法國人the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen日本人the Japanese a Japanese two Japanese美國人the Americans an American two Americans印度人the Indians an Indian two Indians加拿大人the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians德國人the Germans a Germans two

9、 Germans英國人the English an Englishman two Englishmen瑞典人the Swedish a Swede two Swedes2. 冠詞和數詞冠詞是虛詞,有三種,一種是定冠詞(the Definite Article),另一種是不定冠詞(the Indefinite Article),還有一種是零冠詞(Zero Article)。2.1 不定冠詞的用法1) 表示"一個",意為one;指某人或某物,意為a certain。 A Mr. Ling is waiting for you.2) 代表一類人或物。 A knife is a t

10、ool for cutting with. Mr. Smith is an engineer.3) 詞組或成語。 a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a pile / a great many / many a / as a rule / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word/ in a short while / after a while / have a cold / have a try / keep an eye on / all of a sudden2.2 定冠詞的用法1)特指雙方都明白的人或物: Ta

11、ke the medicine.2)上文提到過的人或事: He bought a house. I've been to the house.3)指世上獨一物二的事物: the sun, the sky, the moon, the earth 4)單數名詞連用表示一類事物,如:the dollar 美元;the fox 狐貍;或與形容詞或分詞連用,表示一類人:the rich 富人; the living 生者。5)用在序數詞和形容詞最高級,及形容詞only, very, same等前面: Where do you live?I live on the second floor. T

12、hat's the very thing I've been looking for. 那正是我要找的東西。6)與復數名詞連用,指整個群體: They are the teachers of this school.(指全體教師) They are teachers of this school. (指部分教師)7)表示所有,相當于物主代詞,用在表示身體部位的名詞前:She caught me by the arm.8)用在某些由普通名詞構成的國家名稱、機關團體、階級、等專有名詞前: the People's Republic of China the United S

13、tates 9)用在表示樂器的名詞之前: She plays the piano.10) 用在姓氏的復數名詞之前,表示一家人: the Greens 格林一家人 (或格林夫婦)11) 用在慣用語中:in the day, in the morning (afternoon,evening), the day after tomorrow,the day beforeyesterday,the next morning,in the sky (water,field,country)in the dark,in the rain,in the distance,in the middle (of

14、),in the end, on the whole,by the way,go to the theatre2.3 零冠詞的用法1) 國名,人名前通常不用定冠詞:England,Mary;2)泛指的復數名詞,表示一類人或事物時,可不用定冠詞;They are teachers. 3)抽象名詞表示一般概念時,通常不加冠詞;Failure is the mother of success.失敗乃成功之母。4)物質名詞表示一般概念時,通常不加冠詞,當表示特定的意思時,需要加定冠詞;Man cannot live without water.5)在季節、月份、節日、 假日、日期、星期等表示時間的名詞

15、之前,不加冠詞; We go to school from Monday to Friday. 6)在稱呼或表示官銜,職位的名詞前不加冠詞; The guards took the American to General Lee. 7)在三餐、球類運動和娛樂運動的名稱前,不加冠詞 如:have breakfast,play chess 8)當兩個或兩個以上名詞并用時,常省去冠詞; I can't write without pen or pencil.9)當by 與火車等交通工具連用,表示一種方式時,中間無冠詞;by bus,by train; 10)有些個體名詞不用冠詞;如: sch

16、ool,college,prison,market,hospital,bed,table,class,town, church,court 等個體名詞,直接置于介詞后,表示該名詞的深層含義; go to hospital去醫院看病 go to the hospital 去醫院 (并不是去看病,而是有其他目的)11)不用冠詞的序數詞;a. 序數詞前有物主代詞 b. 序數詞作副詞 He came first in the race.c. 在固定詞組中 at (the) first,first of all,from first to last2.4 冠詞與形容詞+名詞結構1) 兩個形容詞都有冠詞,

17、表示兩個不同東西。 He raises a black and a white cat. 他養了一只黑貓和一只白貓。 The black and the white cats are hers. 這只黑貓和白貓都是他的。2) 如后一個形容詞無冠詞,則指一物。 He raises a black and white cat. 他養了一只花貓。2.5 冠詞位置1) 不定冠詞位置不定冠詞常位于名詞或名詞修飾語前。注意:a. 位于下列形容詞之后: such,what,many,half, I have never seen such an animal. Many a man is fit for t

18、he job.b. 當名詞前的形容詞被副詞as, so, too, how, however, enough修飾時,不定冠詞應放在形容詞之后: It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent. So short a time. Too long a distance.c. quite,rather與單數名詞連用,冠詞放在其后。 但當rather,quite 前仍有形容詞,不定冠詞放其前后均可。如:quite a lot d. 在as,though 引導的讓步狀語從句中,當標語為形容詞修飾的名詞時,不定冠詞放形容詞后: Brave a man thoug

19、h he is,he trembles at the sight of snakes. 他盡管勇敢,可見到蛇還是發抖。 當名詞被比較級形容詞修飾時,不定冠詞通常置于比較級形容詞之后。2) 定冠詞位置 定冠詞通常位于名詞或名詞修飾語前,但放在all, both,double,half,twice,three times等詞之后, 名詞之前。 All the students in the class went out.2.6 數詞一、基數詞1)基數詞寫法和讀法: 345three hundred and forty-five;2)基數詞一般是單數形式,但下列情況,常用復數: a. 與of 短語連

20、用,表示概數,不能與具體數目連 用,如scores of people 指許多人; b.在一些表示"一排"或"一組"的詞組里; 如:They arrived in twos and threes.他們三三兩兩的到達了。 c. 表示"幾十歲"; d. 表示"年代",用 in +the +數詞復數; e. 在乘法運算的一種表示法里,如:3 x 5 = 15 Three fives is (are) fifteen.二、序數詞 序數詞的縮寫形式: first-1stsecond-2ndthirty-first-31st三

21、、數詞的用法1)倍數表示法 a. 主語+謂語+倍數(或分數)+ as + adj. + as I have three times as many as you.我有你三倍那么多。 b. 主語+謂語+倍數(分數)+ the size (amount,length) of The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.地球是月球的49倍。 c. 主語+謂語+倍數(分數)+ 形容詞(副詞)比較級+ than The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year. 今年比去年

22、糧食產量增加8%。 d. 還可以用by+倍數,表示增加多少倍 The production of grain has been increased by four times this year. 今年糧食產量增加了4倍。2)分數表示法構成:基數詞代表分子,序數詞代表分母。分子大于1時,分子的序數詞用單數,分母序數詞用復數: 1/3 one-third ; 3/37 three and three-sevenths.3. 代詞代詞是代替名詞的一種詞類。英語中的代詞,按其意義、特征及在句中的作用分為:人稱代詞、物主代詞、指示代詞、自身代詞、相互代詞、疑問代詞、關系代詞和不定代詞八種。一、人稱代詞

23、是表示"我"、"你"、"他"、"她"、"它"、"我們"、"你們"、"他們"的詞。人稱代詞有人稱、數和格的變化,見下表:數 單數 復數 格 主格 賓格 主格賓格 第一人稱 I me weus 第二人稱 you you youyou he him they them 第三人稱 she her they them it it they them 如:He is my friend.It's me.二、 物主代詞表示所有關系的代詞,也可

24、叫做代詞所有格。物主代詞分形容性物主代詞和名詞性物主代 詞二種,其人物和數的變化見下表。 數 單數 復數 人稱 第一 第二 第三 第一第二第三 容詞性物主代詞 my your his/her/its our your their 名詞性物主代詞 mine yours his/hers/its ours yours theirs如: I like his car. Our school is here,and theirs is there.三、 指示代詞有this,that,these,those等。如: That is a good idea.四、反身代詞有myself, ourselves

25、, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, themselves如: She was talking to herself. 她自言自語。五、相互代詞有each other 和one another兩組,但在運用中,這兩組詞沒什么區別。如: They love each other.他們彼此相愛。六、不定代詞有a11,both,each,every等,以及含有some-,any-,no-等的合成代詞,如anybody, something, no one。這些不定代詞大都可以代替名詞和形容詞,在句中作主語、賓語、表語和定語,但none和由

26、some,any,no等構成的復合不定代詞只能作主語、賓語或表語;every和no只能作定語。如:- Do you have a car? Yes,I have one.- I don't know any of them.七、 疑問代詞有who,whom,whose,what和which等。在句子中用來構成特殊疑問句。疑問代詞都可用作連接代詞,引導名詞性從句(主語從句、賓語從句和表語從句)如:Tell me who he is. 八、 關系代詞有who,whom,whose,that,which,as等,可用作引導從句的關聯詞。它們在定語從句中可作主語、表語、賓語、定語等;代表主句中

27、為定語從句所修飾的那個名詞或代詞(通稱為先行詞)。如: He is the man whom you have been looking for. 他就是你要找的那個人。4. 形容詞和副詞4.1 形容詞及其用法 形容詞修飾名詞,說明事物或人的性質或特征。通常可分成性質形容詞和敘述形容詞兩類。1)直接說明事物的性質或特征的形容詞是性質形容詞,它有級的變化,可以用程度副詞修飾,在句中可作 定語、表語和補語。例如:hot 2)敘述形容詞只能作表語,所以又稱為表語形容詞。這類形容詞沒有級的變化,也不可用程度副詞修飾。大多數以a開頭的形容詞都屬于這一類。例如:afraid 害怕的。(錯)He is an

28、 ill man. (錯)She is an afraid girl (對)The man is ill. (對)The girl is afraid. 這類詞還有: well,unwell,ill,faint,afraid,alike,alive,alone,asleep,awake 等。3)形容詞作定語修飾名詞時,要放在名詞的前邊。但是如果形容詞修飾以-thing為字尾的詞語時,要放在這些詞之后,例如: something nice4.2 以-ly結尾的形容詞1) 大部分形容詞加-ly可構成副詞。但 friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,u

29、gly,brotherly,仍為形容詞。 (錯) She sang lovely. (錯) He spoke to me very friendly. (對) Her singing was lovely. (對) He spoke to me in a very friendly way.2)有些以-ly 結尾既為形容詞,也為副詞。如:daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early The Times is a daily paper. The Times is published daily.4.3 用形容詞表示類別和整體1) 某些形容詞加上定冠詞可以泛指一類人,與謂語

30、動詞的復數連接。如:the dead,the living,the rich,the poor,the blind,the hungry,the disabledThe poor are losing hope.2) 有關國家和民族的形容詞加上定冠詞指這個民族的整體,與動詞的復數連用。 the British,the English,the French,the Chinese. The English have wonderful sense of humor.4.4 多個形容詞修飾名詞的順序多個形容詞修飾名詞時,其順序為: 限定詞-數詞-描繪詞(大小,長短,形狀,新舊,顏色) -出處-材料

31、性質,類別-名詞 a small round table a tall gray building a dirty old brown shirt a famous German medical school an expensive Japanese sports car一般與被修飾形容詞關系密切的形容詞靠近名詞;如果幾個形容詞的重要性差不多,音節少的形容詞在前,音節多的方在后,在不能確定時,可參照下表:限定詞+數量詞(序數詞在前,基數詞在后)+性狀形容詞+大小、長短、高低等形體+名詞those + three + beautiful + large + square新舊+顏色+國籍+材料+

32、名詞old + brown + wood + table4.5 副詞及其基本用法副詞主要用來修飾動詞,形容詞,副詞或其他結構。一、副詞的位置: 1) 在動詞之前。 2) 在be動詞、助動詞之后。 3) 多個助動詞時,副詞一般放在第一個助動詞后。 注意: a. 大多數方式副詞位于句尾,但賓語過長,副詞可以提前,以使句子平衡。 We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us. b. 方式副詞well,badly糟、壞,hard等只放在句尾。 He speaks English well.二、副詞的排列順序:1) 時間,地點副詞,小單位的在

33、前,大單位在后。2) 方式副詞,短的在前,長的在后,并用and或but等連詞連接。 Please write slowly and carefully.3) 多個不同副詞排列:程度+地點+方式+時間副詞。注意:a. 副詞very 可以修飾形容詞,但不能修飾動詞。 (錯)I very like English. (對)I like English very much. b. 副詞enough要放在形容詞的后面,形容詞enough放在名詞前后都可。 I don't know him well enough. There is enough food for everyone to eat.

34、(or: food enough)4.6 兼有兩種形式的副詞1) close與closely close意思是"近";closely 意思是"仔細地" He is sitting close to me. Watch him closely.2)late 與lately late意思是"晚"; lately 意思是"最近" You have come too late. What have you been doing lately?3)deep與deeply deep意思是"深",表示空間深度

35、;deeply時常表示感情上的深度,"深深地" He pushed the stick deep into the mud. Even father was deeply moved by the film.4)high與highl high表示空間高度;highly表示程度,相當于much The plane was flying high. I think highly of your opinion.5)wide與widely wide表示空間寬度;widely意思是"廣泛地","在許多地方" He opened the doo

36、r wide. English is widely used in the world.6)free與freelyfree的意思是"免費";freely 的意思是"無限制地" You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like. You may speak freely; say what you like.4.7 形容詞與副詞的比較級大多數形容詞(性質形容詞)和副詞有比較級和最高級的變化,即原級、比較級和最高級,用來表示事物的等級差別。原級即形容詞的原形,比較級和最高級有規則變化和不規則變化兩種。1)

37、 規則變化 a. 單音節詞和少數雙音節詞,加詞尾-er,-est構成比較級和最高級。 以y結尾的雙音節詞改y為i,再加 -er,-est 如:easy, busy, early, angry, hungry, pretty, happy 少數以-er,-ow結尾的雙音節詞,加-er,-est如:clever, narrow b. 其他雙音節詞和多音節詞,在前面加more, most構成比較級和最高級importanteasily2) 不規則變化 原級 比較級 最高級 good/ wellbetter best bad / ill worse worstold older/elder oldes

38、t/eldest much/many more mostlittle less leastfar farther/further farthest/furthest 4.8 as + 形容詞或副詞原級 + as1)在否定句或疑問句中可用so as。He cannot run so/as fast as you.2)當as as 中間有名詞時采用以下格式: as +形容詞+ a +單數名詞 as + many/much +名詞 This is as good an example as the other is. I can carry as much paper as you can.3)用表

39、示倍數的詞或其他程度副詞做修飾語時,放在as的前面。This room is twice as big as that one. Your room is the same size as mine.4) 倍數+ as + adj. + as<=> 倍數+ the + n + ofThis bridge is three times as long as that one. Your room is twice as large as mine. This bridge is three times the length of that one. Your room is twic

40、e the size of mine.4.9 比較級形容詞或副詞 + than注意: 1)要避免重復使用比較級。 (錯) He is more cleverer than his brother. (對) He is more clever than his brother. (對) He is clever than his brother. 2)要避免將主語含在比較對象中。 (錯) China is larger that any country in Asia. (對) China is larger than any other countries in Asia. 3)要注意對應句型

41、,遵循前后一致的原則。 The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing. It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out. 4)要注意冠詞的使用,后有名詞的時候,前面才有可能有名詞。 比較:Which is large, Canada or Australia? She is taller than her two sisters. Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia? She is the taller of th

42、e two sisters.4.10 可修飾比較級的詞1)a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等 2)還可以用表示倍數的詞或度量名詞作修飾語。 3)以上詞(除by far)外,必須置于比較級形容詞或副詞的前面。4.12 the + 最高級 + 比較范圍1) The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world. 形容詞最高級前通常必須用定冠詞 the,副詞最高級前可不用。 形容詞most前面沒有the,不表示

43、最高級的含義,只表示"非常"。It is a most important problem. = It is a very important problem. 注意: 使用最高級要注意將主語包括在比較范圍內。 (錯)Tom is the tallest of his three brothers. (對)Tom is the tallest of the three brothers.2) 下列詞可修飾最高級,by far, far, much, mostly, almostThis hat is nearly / almost the biggest. 注意:a. ve

44、ry可修飾最高級,但位置與much不同。 This is the very best. This is much the best. b. 序數詞通常只修飾最高級。 Africa is the second largest continent.3) 句型轉換:Mike is the most intelligent in his class. Mike is more intelligent than any other students in his class.4) "否定詞語+比較級","否定詞語+ so as"結構表示最高級含義。 Nothing

45、 is so easy as this.= Nothing is easier than this.= This is the easiest thing.4.13 和more有關的詞組1) the more the more越越 The harder you work,the greater progress you'll make.2) more B than A , less A than B與其說A不如說B He is more lazy than slow at his work. = He is less slow than lazy at his work.3) no m

46、ore than 與一樣,不比多 The officials could see no more than the Emperor.no less than與一樣 He is no less diligent than you.4) more than不只是,非常 She is more than kind to us all.5. 動詞1)根據其在句中的功能,可分為實義動詞(Notional Verb)、系動詞(Link Verb)、助動詞(Auxiliary Verb)、情態動詞(Modal Verb)。注:有些情況下,有些動詞是兼類詞,如:We are having a meeting.

47、(having是實義動詞。) He has gone to New York.(has是助動詞。)2)根據其后是否帶有賓語,可分為及物動詞(Transitive Verb即vt.)、不及物動詞(Intransitive Verb即vi.)注:同一動詞有時可用作及物動詞,有時可用作不及物動詞。如:She can dance and sing. She can sing many English songs.4)根據是否受主語的人稱和數的限制,可分為限定動詞(Finite Verb)、非限定動詞(Non-finite Verb)如:She sings very well.(sing受主語she的限

48、制,故用第三人稱單數形式sings) She wants to learn English well.(to learn不受主語she的限制,沒有詞形變化,是非限定動詞) 注:英語中共有三種非限定動詞:動詞不定式(Infinitive)、動名詞(Gerund)、分詞(Participle)。5)根據動詞的組成形式,可分為單字詞(One-Word Verb)、短語動詞(Phrasal Verb)、動詞短語(Verbal Phrase) 如:The English language contains many phrasal verbs and verbal phrases. (contains是

49、單字動詞。) Students should learn to look up new words in dictionaries. (look up是短語動詞。) The young ought to take care of the old. (take care of是動詞短語。)6)動詞有五種形態:原形(Original Form)、第三人稱單數形式(Singular From in Third Personal)、過去式(Past Form)、過去分詞(Past Participle)、現在分詞(Present Participle)。6. 動名詞6.1 動名詞作主語、賓語和表語1)

50、作主語 Fighting broke out between the South and the North.2)作賓語 a. 動詞后加doing V. + doing admit 承認appreciate 感激avoid 避免 complete 完成 consider 認為delay 耽誤deny否認 detest 討厭endure 忍受 enjoy 喜歡 escape 逃脫 prevent阻止 fancy 想象finish 完成 imagine想象 mind 介意 miss 想念 postpone 推遲practise 訓練 recall 回憶 resent 討厭resist 抵抗 res

51、ume 繼續 risk 冒險 suggest 建議 face 面對 include 包括stand 忍受 keep 繼續 forgive 寬恕 understand 理解advise, allow, anticipate, dislike, dread, encourage, excuse, forbid, forgive, involve, permit, prevent, recollect, suggest 如:Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please? The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught.b. 詞組后接doing admit to, preferto, be used to, lead to, devote oneself to, object to, stick to, look forward to, no good, no use,It's worth, as well as, It's no use /good, b

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