1、The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the one and only international organization that deals with the global rules of trade between nations. 世界貿易組織是世界唯一處理國際貿易問題的國際組織 Replaced the General Agreement on Tariff and Trade (GATT) on January 1, 1995. 它于1995年1月1日取代了關稅及貿易總協定Toensurethemultilateraltradingsyst

2、emworksassmoothly,predictablyandfreelyaspossibleby:確保多邊貿易系統盡可能平穩的，可預計的，自由的運行lProvidingaforumfornegotiatingtraderightsandobligationsand提供一個協商貿易權力和責任的論壇lOfferingadisputesettlementsystemforresolvingtradeissuesbasedoncommonlyagreedrules.提供爭端解決機制在大多數同意的基礎上解決貿易問題。 Agreementsarenegotiatedandsignedbygovernm

3、ents,buttheirultimateobjectiveistohelpproducersofgoodsandservices,exportersandimportersconducttheirbusinessassmoothlyandfreelyaspossible各國政府協商并簽署協議，但各國政府的最終目標是幫助商品和服務的生產者，進口商和出口商盡可能的平穩的，自由的進行他們的生意。Byfacilitatingmutuallybeneficialtradeagreements,theWTOstrivestoimprovethewelfareofthepeoplesofthemember

4、countries通過促進相互收益的貿易協議，世界貿易組織努力改善其成員國的公民收益Tradeagreementsbetweenmembercountriesarereachedthroughtradenegotiationrounds.成員間的貿易協定由多輪貿易協商決定WTOtradeagreementsarenegotiatedandpassedbyconsensus世界貿易組織的貿易協定由多數意見協商和通過lTheagreementsconstitutethelegalground-rulesforinternationalcommerce. 協定為國際商業制定法律法規 Essentia

5、lly,theyarecontracts,guaranteeingmembercountriesimportanttraderights.本質上，成員簽訂合同，保證成員國的重要的貿易權力Theyalsobindgovernmentstokeeptheirtradepolicieswithinagreedlimitstoeverybodysbenefit.他還約束政府保持他們的同意限制每個人利益的貿易政策TheWTO,aspartofitsfunction,monitorstheconsistencyofnationalpolicieswithestablishedtraderulesandme

6、mberscommitments. 世界貿易組織的部分功能，監管已制定的貿易法規和成員許諾的各國政策的一致性ThehighestgoverningbodyoftheWTOistheMinisterialConference.世界貿易組織的最高統治機構是部門的會議lMeetsatleastonceeverytwoyears最少每兩年聚會lCantakedecisionsonallmattersunderanyofthe multilateraltradeagreementsandnegotiation processes.可以在各種多邊貿易協定和協商過程上作決定TheGeneralCouncil

7、isthenexthighestgoverningbody.常任理事會是第二高的統治機構lOverseestheday-to-dayoperationsoftheagreementsandministerialdecisions監管每天協定和部門決定的執行lBranchesintosubsidiarybodiesandspecialcommittees輔助機構和特別會議有分支AllWTOmemberscanparticipateinallthenegotiations,councilandcommitteemeetings. 所有世界貿易組織的成員可以參加所有協商，理事會和成員會議Thecur

8、rentround,knownastheDohaDevelopmentAgenda(DDA)waslaunchedinNovember2001atDoha,Qatar.現在的回合，就是著名的多哈發展議程于2001年在卡塔爾的多哈進行Includenegotiationsonarangeofsubjectsincluding:協商包括許多不同課題：Agriculture,Non-agriculturalmarketaccess,Services,traderelatedintellectualpropertyrights,disputesettlementrules,WTOrules,envir

9、onment,developmentandoutstandingimplementationissues.農業，非農業市場準入，服務業，和貿易相關的知識產權，爭端解決機制，世界貿易組織機制，環境，發展和顯著的執行問題AgriculturaltradewaseffectivelyoutsideoftheGATTuntilthelastround,calledtheUruguayround(1986-1994).農業貿易在關稅及貿易總協定外指導最后的一輪談判，即烏拉圭回合InthecurrentWTOnegotiations,agriculturaltradehasprovedtobethemos

10、tproblematicarea.現在的世界貿易組織協商，農業貿易是問題最多的領域Thenegotiationsonagriculturaltradeliberalizationfocusonthreemainpillars:農業貿易自由化的協商集中在3個主要方面lMarketaccess-tariffs,tariffratequotasandspecialsafeguard市場準入關稅，關稅率配額和特別保護lExportcompetition-exportsubsidies,exportcredits,foodaid,andstatetradingenterprise出口競爭出口補助，出口信

11、用，食品救援和國營貿易企業lDomesticsupport-Amber,blue,greenprogramsSpecialanddifferentialtreatmentfordeveloping countries特別和差異對待發展中國家AFrameworkAgreementreachedonJuly31,20042004年7月31日框架協議達成NextphaseisforestablishingModalities(numericaltargetsandrules)下個階段要建立特征（多個目標和法規）NextMinisterialConferencescheduledforDec2005.

12、Modalitiescouldbeestablishedbythen.下一個部門會議定于2005年12月，特征應該在那時建立Countryconcessionsandschedulingphasefollows國家讓步和行程安排階段隨后Completionofround-2006or2007or2008(?)完成回合-2006or2007or2008(?)OBJECTIVE:tosettledisputesbetweenMemberstoensurethattheWTOtradingrulesarerespectedandenforced目標：在成員間協調爭端以保證世界貿易組織的貿易法規被尊重

13、和執行WHOCANINITIATEADISPUTE:onlyWTOMembergovernments誰可以開始一個爭端：只有是世界貿易組織的成員國政府WHATARETHEGROUNDSFORDISPUTE:aviolationofaWTO Membersrightsandobligationscoveredbytheagreement爭端的范圍是什么:違背世界貿易組織成員協定中包括利益和義務STRENGTH:優點lRulingsarebinding裁決有限定性lUnbiasedruling裁決沒有偏見lSettimelinesforprocess進l程有時間表lStructuredproces

14、s有結構的進行lOnesetofdisputesettlementrules一套爭端解決法則WEAKNESS:缺點lLengthyprocess進程長lHighlylegalinnature過高的法律性lCostly-legalexpenses法律費用高lNointerimrelieforcompensationforharmsufferedduringdisputeprocess對于爭端進行期間的損失無補償減輕或補償Consultation咨詢PanelEstablished座談小組確立PanelReview座談小組回顧PanelReport小組報告AppellateBodyEstablis

15、hed申訴組織成立AppellateBodyReview申訴組織回顧Panel/AppellateBodyReportAdopted修改小組/受理上訴組織報告Implementation執行Appeal申訴lInCasesofNon-Implementation假設沒有執行Complainingmembercanapplyforretaliation上訴成員可以實施報復ComplainingmembercanrequestanImplementationpanelfollowssameprocessofinitialrulingandappeal上訴成員可以要求執行小組遵循同樣的最初的裁決和上

16、訴過程l295requestforconsultation295要求咨詢l110Panelsestablished110座談小組建立l71Paneland47AppellateBodyreportswereadopted71座談小組和47受理上訴的團體報告被采用l7authorizationsgrantedtotakeretaliatoryactions7個授權被授予采取報復性行動lCanadahasbeeninvolvedinthreesignificantagriculturaldisputes加拿大有三期顯著的農業爭端EUBeefhormones歐盟荷爾蒙牛肉Canadadairy加拿大

17、牛奶品CanadianWheatBoard加拿大小麥協會lIn 1989, the European Union (EU) banned the use of growth-promoting hormones in livestock and imposed a ban on the importation of meat derived from cattle treated with these hormones1989年,歐盟禁止對牲畜使用促進生長的荷爾蒙并對使用這種和惡夢的牛的肉類進口實施了禁止lBoth Canada and the United States consistent

18、ly opposed the EUs import ban on the grounds that it was not based on scientific evidence and therefore created an unjustified barrier to trade.加拿大和美國一致抗議歐盟的進口限制,基于此限制不是基于科學依據因此對貿易造成了阻礙lTheWTOagreementbecameeffectivein1995andgaveCanadaandtheUSanopportunitytochallengethebanusingtheAgreementonsanitary

19、andPhytosanitarymeasures(SPSAgreement)世界貿易組織協定1995年生效,并給與加拿大和美國用衛生檢疫和植物衛生檢疫條約挑戰歐盟禁令的機會lWTO members, including Canada and the EU, negotiated the SPS Agreement to ensure that, while countries have the right to provide the level of health protection they deem appropriate, sanitary and phytosanitary mea

20、sures must be based on science and they should not be used as disguised restrictions on trade.世界貿易組織的成員,包括加拿大和歐盟協商協定以卻表，在成員國有權提供他們認為正確健康保護水平的同時，衛生檢疫和植物衛生檢疫措施必須基于科學的基礎并且不能偽裝用于限制貿易lCanada conducted a review of all six growth-promoting hormones at issue and found them to be safe when used in accordance

21、 with good veterinary practices.加拿大對種促進生長的荷爾蒙進行了檢驗，發現根據獸醫實踐他們都是安全的lIn July 1996, Canada held formal WTO consultations with the EU regarding the ban. The consultations were unsuccessful in resolving the dispute, and Canada requested the establishment of a WTO dispute settlement panel. 年月，加拿大對于歐盟的相關禁令

22、舉行了世界貿易組織正式的咨詢咨詢自解決爭端方面沒有成功，加拿大要求成立世界貿易組織爭端解決小組l年10月小組成立lThe Dispute Settlement Panel released its final report in August 1997. The report concluded that there was no justification for the ban and that the EU was in violation of its WTO obligations. 1997年8月爭端解決小組發表了他們最后的報告.報告指出禁令是沒有正當道理的,歐盟違反了世界貿易組織

23、的職責lThe EU exercised its right under the WTO dispute settlement procedures and appealed the panel report in September 1998.歐盟行使了其在世界貿易組織爭端解決程序中的權力,于1998年9月向小組報告申訴lThe Appellate Body, which released its report on January 16, 1998, also concluded that there was no scientific basis for the ban and that

24、 the EU was in violation of its WTO obligations.受理上訴的團體，在1998年1月16日發表了報告，總結了禁令沒有科學依據，歐盟違反了世界貿易組織的職責。l年2月13日世界貿易組織的爭端解決機構采取了小組和受理上訴團體的報告lFollowing the adoption of the reports, the EU requested four years to implement the rulings. Canada did not agree since the time requested was well in excess of the

25、 15-month guideline given to WTO members to implement rulings, and the matter was referred to an arbitrator.報告采用后，歐盟要求4年的時間去實行其規則。加拿大不同意，因為歐盟要求的時間超過了15個月的方正，根據世界貿易組織成員國執行的規則，此事件提交給仲裁機構lThe WTO Arbitrator concluded that there were no particular circumstances to justify giving the EU more than 15 mont

26、hs to implement the rulings and gave the EU until May 13, 1999, to comply with its WTO obligations.世界貿易組織仲裁機構決定沒有特殊情況合理的給歐盟超過15個月的時間去執行規則，并要求歐盟在1999年5月13日之前遵從其世界貿易組織的義務。lThe EU did not meet the May 13, 1999, deadline for implementation.歐盟沒有達到1999年5月13日的最終限制去實現。lOn May 14, 1999, the Canada announced

27、that it would be requesting authorization from the WTO Dispute Settlement Body to retaliate against the EU for its continued ban. 1999年5月14日，加拿大宣布其相會要求世界貿易組織爭端解決小組的授權報復歐盟仍在實行的禁令。lOn July 12, 1999, the WTO Arbitrators determined that the value of Canadas nullification or impairment suffered as a resu

28、lt of the EU ban was $11.3 million annually.1999lOn July 29, Canada announced the list of products that will be subject to a 100-percent duty beginning on August 1, 1999.7月29日，加拿大宣布了100%關稅的產品清單，將越1999年8月1日實行lCanadahasasystemofdomesticsupplymanagementfordairyproductsthathasthreemajorcomponents加拿大有國內牛

29、奶產品的供應管理系統，有3個主要成分Productionlimitingquotasformilk牛奶生產限制配額Administereddomesticprices(milkclasses)管理的國內價格（牛奶種類）Tariffsonimporteddairyproducts對進口牛奶產品有關稅lSince1996(?)CanadaalsoexporteddairyproductsthroughtheSpecialMilkClasssystem自從1996(?)加拿大通過特別牛奶種類系統也出口牛奶產品lTwooftheSpecialmilkclasses(Classes5dand5e)pro

30、videdmilktodairyprocessorsatpricessignificantlybelowdomesticpricesandwereforexportonly兩個特別牛奶種類(種類5d和5e)提供牛奶給牛奶也加工者已顯著低于國內價格的價格而且借給出口者lNewZealandandtheUnitedStatesobjectedtothesespecialclassesonthegroundsthattheywereprohibitedexportsubsidies新西蘭和美國抗議這種特殊種類是禁止性出口補助lTimelineofdispute爭端時間表ConsultationsNo

31、vember1997,January1998咨詢-1997年11月,1998年1月PanelestablishedMarch25,1998小組建立1998年3月15日PanelRulingMarch17,1999小組結論1999年3月17日lThePanelfindsCanadasexportsofdairyproductsunderSpecialMilkClasses5(d)and5(e)tobesubsidized.小組發現加拿大的特別牛產種類5d和5e牛奶產品的出口是補助的lCanadafilesnoticeofappealJuly15,1999加拿大提出申訴通知1999年7月15lWT

32、OAppellatebodyreportreleasedOctober13,1999世界貿易組織受理上訴的機構報告發布1999年10月13日lAppellatebodyupholdsoriginalpanelfinding受理上訴小組支持原來的小組的發現lCanadatakesstepstoimplementWTOruling加拿大采取政策實施世界貿易組織的法規lEliminatesClass5eexportsCreatesCommercialExportMilk(CEM)system取消種類5e出口創造商業出口牛奶政策Asystemofcontractswherefarmeragreesto

33、produceandsellmilktoprocessoratworldprices,processorexportsallproductsproducedfromthismilk一個農民同意的生產和銷售牛奶給加工者以世界價格,加工者出口以這種牛奶生產的產品的合同系統Nomarketingboardsareinvolvedinestablishingcontractsorsettingprices沒有市場協會參與建立合同或設定價格lUSandNZdonotacceptCEMsystemclaimingthatitisalsoanillegalexportsubsidy美國和新西蘭不接受CEM系

34、統,聲稱系統還是不合法的出口補助lUSandNZrequestCompliancepanelFebruary16,2001美國和新西蘭要求依從小組2001年2月16日lCompliancepanelreportJuly11,2001依從小組報告2001年7月11日ReportfindsthatCEMsystemisanillegalexportsubsidy-報告發現CEM系統是一個不合法的出口補助lCanadaappealsCompliancepanelfindingSeptember4,2001加拿大上訴依從小組的發現2001年9月4日lAppellatebodyreleasesreportDecember3,2001受理上訴的團體發表報告2001年12月3日