1、虛 擬 語(yǔ) 氣 總 覽1. 英語(yǔ)中的三種語(yǔ)氣 英語(yǔ)共有三種語(yǔ)氣，陳述語(yǔ)氣、祈使語(yǔ)氣和虛擬語(yǔ)氣。陳述語(yǔ)氣用來(lái)講述事實(shí)，有肯定、否定、詢(xún)問(wèn)和感嘆等形式，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有人稱(chēng)、時(shí)態(tài)和數(shù)的變化；祈使語(yǔ)氣用于提出請(qǐng)求、建議、勸告、命令和警告等，以動(dòng)詞原形起句，否定式句前加Dont；虛擬語(yǔ)氣表示說(shuō)話(huà)人所言?xún)?nèi)容不是事實(shí)，而是一種假設(shè)、愿望、建議、請(qǐng)求、命令或猜測(cè)，有時(shí)只是說(shuō)話(huà)者的主觀愿望，或表達(dá)他/她的強(qiáng)烈情感，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用特殊形式。2. 非真實(shí)條件句的虛擬語(yǔ)氣條件從句主句過(guò)去had donewould/should/might/could/ought to have done現(xiàn)在did（be用were）would

2、/should/might/could/ought to do將來(lái)1、did2、should do3、were to dowould/should/might/could/ought to do 巧計(jì)主句中五個(gè)虛擬引導(dǎo)詞：MS COW(奶牛女士)：might, should, could, ought to, would2.1. 與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反1). If I had had much money at that time, I would have bought you what you want.2). If you had been more careful, the mistake m

3、ight have been avoided.3). If you had taken my advice, you wouldnt have made such a mistake.4). We wouldnt have succeeded if it had not been for their help.5). If you had been here yesterday, you would have met the film star.6). If I had known more about giving first aid, I could have helped them.7)

4、. If you had got up earlier, you would have caught the train.8). If we had had enough rain last year, we could have gained a good harvest.9). If you had worked a little harder, you could have passed the final examination.10). If they had invited her to the party, she would have attended it.2.2.與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)

5、相反1). If I were you, I would go there at once.2). If my classmates were here, they would help me.3). If I were you, I would accept the job.4). If classes were smaller, children would learn more.5). If I were ten years younger, I would start all over again.6). If I had enough money, I would buy a lar

6、ge house.7). If I had time, I would go shopping with you.8). If I knew all the answers to all your questions, I would be a genius.9). If he were here now, we would ask him about it.10). If I had time, I would study French.11). If I knew her number, I could ring her. (可惜我不知道)12). If there were no gra

7、vity, we should not be able to walk. (實(shí)際上地球引力始終存在。)13). If I knew the answer, I would tell you. (實(shí)際上我確實(shí)不知道，所以肯定不能告訴你。)14). If I had money on me, I would lend you some.15). We would not be able to walk if there were no friction.16). If you were in my position, what would you do?17). If they treated m

8、e as a slave, I had to resign.18). If there were no examinations, we should have a much happier time.19). If wishes were horses, beggars might ride. (如果幻想能成為馬匹，叫花子們都有了坐騎。)20). Life might be too dull if it had no difficulties in it. (倘若生活中沒(méi)了困難，就會(huì)過(guò)于平淡。)2.3. 與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反1). If it rained / should rain / were

9、 to rain tomorrow, we would have a rest.2). If the sun were to rise from the west, I would marry you. (注意：對(duì)將來(lái)虛擬的條件從句中，在實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性方面過(guò)去式did最大，should do中等，were to do最小。如本句太陽(yáng)沒(méi)有可能從西方升起，所以本句用were to最恰當(dāng)。)3). If I were to meet her tomorrow, I would ask her about it.4). If green plants should disappear some day,

10、 there would hardly be any life on the earth.5). If I were to do the work, I would do it in a different way.6). If it should(were to) rain this afternoon, the football match would be put off.7). If you missed the film this evening, you would be sorry for it. (如果今晚錯(cuò)過(guò)了這場(chǎng)電影，你會(huì)遺憾的。實(shí)際上，你不會(huì)錯(cuò)過(guò)。)8). If I we

11、re to see her tomorrow, I would invite her home.9). If you lived there for several months, you would change your mind about the place.10). If things were to be done twice, all would be wise. (如果事情能被做兩次，人人都會(huì)變得明智。)2.4. 混合型1). If you had followed the doctors advice, you would be much better now.(過(guò)去現(xiàn)在)2

12、). If you had worked hard, you would be a college student now.(過(guò)去現(xiàn)在)3). If you had listened to me, you wouldnt be in such trouble now.(過(guò)去現(xiàn)在)4). If you had got six more votes yesterday, you would be our chairman now. (過(guò)去現(xiàn)在)5). If I had earned much money last summer, I would go on a vacation next mont

13、h. (過(guò)去將來(lái))6). If you hesitated this moment, you might suffer in future. (現(xiàn)在將來(lái))7). If the doctor had come sooner last night, Tom would be alive today. (過(guò)去現(xiàn)在)8). If I were you, I would have gone to her birthday party. (現(xiàn)在過(guò)去)9). If it had rained last night, the ground would be wet now. (過(guò)去現(xiàn)在)10). If you

14、 hadnt lent me some money, I couldnt have bought the new house and most likely I wouldnt be still living in the dangerous house now. (過(guò)去過(guò)去現(xiàn)在)2.5. if的省略與條件句的倒裝1). Were I you, I would have accepted the job.2). Were she here, she would support us.3). Were you to go fishing with me, you would have a muc

15、h happier time. 4). Were men angels, no government would be necessary. (如果人人都是天使，政府就沒(méi)有必要了。) 5). Were she my daughter, I wouldnt allow her to study abroad.6). Had you come earlier, you would have met my girlfriend.7). Had I time, I would come. (本句中had是實(shí)意動(dòng)詞，而非主動(dòng)詞。)8). Had I been informed earlier, I co

16、uld have done something to prevent it from happening.9). Many persons in the worls would have succeeded had they not wasted their valuable time.10). Should it be fine tomorrow, we would go outing.11). Should you change your mind, no one would blame you.12). We would gone to your birthday party had y

17、ou invited us.13. I would go should it be necessary.14). What would have happened had Bob walked farther, as far as the river bank?15). Had it not been for you, I would have lost my way. 16). Were it not for water, no plant could grow. (注：例句8、9知識(shí)點(diǎn)見(jiàn)“二6Ba”。)17). Be they common people or high-ranking o

18、fficials, they stand equal before the law. (Whether they be)18). Be the weather what it may, I will leave tomorrow. (Whether the weather be what it may, ) (注：例句13、14知識(shí)點(diǎn)見(jiàn)“八5”。)注意：在這一結(jié)構(gòu)中，若條件句為否定句，not應(yīng)被放在主語(yǔ)之后，而不能縮寫(xiě)成werent, shouldnt或hadnt而置于居首。如例15，16。2.6. 含蓄型：A. with ：“要是有，如果有”，表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)。1). With yo

19、ur help, we would have worked out the problem. (要是有你的幫助，我們?cè)缇徒獬鲞@道題了。實(shí)際上你沒(méi)有幫助我們，我們也沒(méi)有解出這道題。)2). With a little asssistance, Alexander would have succeeded.3). With better equipment, we could have done it better.B. a. without / but for / if it were not for(were it not for) / if it hadnt been for(had it

20、not been for) / in the absence of + Sb. /Sth.b. but that + 句子； 注意: a.b. 都表示“要不是，若非，如果沒(méi)有,如果不是”, 表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)。1). Without your help, I wouldnt have made such rapid progress.2). Without the programmer(程序編制人員), the computer would be useless. 3). Without sunshine, nothing could grow on earth.4). Without

21、water or air, nothing could live.5). Without contradiction nothing could exist. (沒(méi)有矛盾，就沒(méi)有世界)6). Without him, we would have failed.7). Without the difficulies we would not know great mens toughness. (如果沒(méi)有困難， 我們就不會(huì)了解偉人的堅(jiān)韌性格。)8). I would never make it without the havits of order and diligence. (假如沒(méi)有按部就

22、班和勤奮的習(xí)慣，我就不會(huì)成功。)9). Without challenges, Obama would never have been President of the United States.10). Without steel, there would be no modern industry. (沒(méi)有鋼，就沒(méi)有現(xiàn)代工業(yè)。)11). But for the rain, we should have had a pleasant journey.12). But for your timely rescue, the boy would have drowned.13). But fo

23、r friction, people could neither walk, nor even stand up. (注：以上例句1-13without, but for都可互換，并可替換為in the absence of; 若是對(duì)現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)的虛擬，可用If it were not for替換；若是對(duì)過(guò)去的虛擬則可用If it had not been for來(lái)替換。)14). But that he saw it, he could not have believed it.15). The little girl would have fallen into the river but

24、that the PLA man caught her.16). But that you didnt let me take that cup of tea I would have been posioned to death.17). She would have come to see you that day but that she was ill. (=But for her illness)18). But that it snowed heavily, they could have arrived there earlier. (=But for the heavy sno

25、w, )19). She would have bought the book but that she had no money then. 20). If it werent for my job, I would come with you.21). If it were not for his wifes money he would never be a mayor. 22). If it hadnt been for the doctors care, I should not be speaking to you now.23). If it had not been for y

26、ou, I could not have worked out the problem.C. or, or else, otherwise；1). I didnt catch the bus, otherwise I wouldnt have missed the film.2). I got up too late, otherwise I wouldnt have been late for the meeting.3). She wasnt feeling very well. Otherwise she wouldnt have left the meeting so early.4)

27、. I was ill that day. Otherwise I would have taken part in the parade(游行).5). I am busy now. Otherwise, I would help you.6). He cant have written to me, otherwise I would have got his letter by now.7). He told me of your arrival, or I would have known nothing about it.8). The soldier fled away, or h

28、e would have been killed.9). I didnt know that he was a liar, or else I wouldnt have believed him.D. 通過(guò)上下文推斷，沒(méi)有引導(dǎo)詞，真正的含蓄。1). Born in better times, he would have been a scholar(學(xué)者).2). I would do so in your position.3). Given more time, we would do it better.4). Unless you had done it earlier, you wo

29、uld have failed.2.7. suppose(that), supposing(that); provided (that); assuming (that); on condition that; given that1). Suppose/supposing that there were no gravity, objects would not fall to ground when dropped. =If there were no gravity, objects would not fall to ground when dropped.2). Supposing

30、you couldnt write, what would you do?3). Children were permitted into the hall for the film provided (that) they did not make any trouble.4). The guards allow the tourists to go into the woods on condition that they (should)do no harm to the animals.(on condition that = only if, 它所引導(dǎo)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)氣可陳述，可虛

31、擬，但均表示一個(gè)真實(shí)條件。)5). Given that he doesnt agree to do it, we shall do it alone.(given that表示一個(gè)真實(shí)條件，其從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用陳述語(yǔ)氣。)3. 賓語(yǔ)從句的虛擬語(yǔ)氣3.1. wishwish that had done 表示對(duì)過(guò)去已發(fā)事情的虛擬wish that did/were 表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在正發(fā)事情的虛擬wish that were to/should/could/might/would do 表示對(duì)將來(lái)要發(fā)事情的虛擬 1). I wish I were a bird.2). The ugly girl wishe

32、s she were better looking.3). Sometimes I wish I were living in a different time and a different place.4). How I wish every family had a large house with a beautiful garden!5). I have never been to New York, but how I wish I had.6). I wish I could fly to the moon in a spaceship one day.7). How we wi

33、sh we could have a rest tomorrow!8). I wish I could stand on a busy street corner, hat in hand, and beg people to throw me all their wasted hours. (我希望自己站在熙熙攘攘的大街上，手里拿著帽子，乞求人們把廢棄的時(shí)光扔給我。)9). I wish I had never met him.10). I wish you hadnt spent so much money. 3.2. would rather (that) 本結(jié)構(gòu)從句是一般過(guò)去時(shí)時(shí)，表示

34、一個(gè)對(duì)現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)的愿望；是過(guò)去完成時(shí)時(shí)，表示對(duì)過(guò)去已發(fā)事件的一種妄想，表明說(shuō)話(huà)者寧愿某人做或沒(méi)有做某事，實(shí)際上卻恰恰相反。具有相同用法的結(jié)構(gòu)還有would sooner, would as soon, would just as soon，它們可替換would rather。 1). I would rather you were home now.2). Id sooner you painted the wall green next time. 3). I would rather you had been there with me. (實(shí)際上不是你，是別人) 4). Id rathe

35、r you had more health than wealth.5). Id rather you hadnt done that. (實(shí)際上已做) 6). I would rather that I had stayed at home yesterday. (實(shí)際上并沒(méi)有) 7). I would just as soon that John hadnt spoken rudely to me. 8). Id rather you had told me the truth.9). Id rather everyting hadnt happened between us. 試比較：

36、1)、would rather后接動(dòng)詞原形，表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)某種行為的一種主觀愿望或選擇，為陳述語(yǔ)氣。 1). I would rather stay at home than go to the cinema. 2). The brave soldiers would tather die than surrender to the enemy. 3). Id rather not go to the cinema tonight. 2)、would rather后接不定式完成時(shí)表示對(duì)已發(fā)生事件的后悔。 4). Id rather not have told her the news. Sh

37、e is such a gossip. 5). The film was terrible. Id rather not have gone to the cinema last night. 6). -Did you blame him for his mistakes? -Yes, but Id rather not have done it.3.3. 表示愿望、建議、請(qǐng)求、命令等含義的動(dòng)詞. 這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)形式為should + 動(dòng)詞原形，should可以省略，但引導(dǎo)詞that通常不省略。常用的這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞有：advise忠告，建議 ask要求 command命令 decide決定

38、demand要求 desire希望，可望 determine決定 insist堅(jiān)持order命令 prefer寧愿 promise允諾 propose提議recommend推薦，勸告 request要求 require要求 suggest建議. 巧記賓從用虛擬語(yǔ)氣的動(dòng)詞 方法一、一堅(jiān)二命三建四要 一堅(jiān)持 insist二命令 order, command 三建議 suggest, advise, recommend四要求 require, request, demand, desire 方法二、DISCO （迪斯科）D demandI insistS suggestC commandO orde

39、r 方法三、I drop caps. I insistDdemand/desireRrequire/request/recommendOorderPproposeCcommandAadvisePpreferSsuggest. 例句 1). The driver demanded that all the passengers show their tickets to him. 2). The officer ordered that his troops move on to the front. 3). The commander commanded that we attack at o

40、nce. 4). In the past men generally preferred that their wives work in the home. 5). I prefer that you not eat that much. 6). I propose that Mr. Li be the chairman. 7). I recommended that you should reduce your expenditure. 8). He asks that he be given an opportunity to try this method. 9). I asked t

41、hat I be allowed to see her.10). He insisted that a doctor be sent for at once.11). Our teacher insisted that we not play computer games at school.12). Who do you suggest be sent to work there?13). We suggest that he give less money to his child.14). Mr. Wang suggested that I take enough sleep befor

42、e the final examination.15). He determined that she set off at once.16). She advised that we keep the door locked.17). They require that visitors not smoke in the workshop.18). Mr. Wang required that all the students be polite to others.注：以上各例句賓語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞前統(tǒng)統(tǒng)省略了should。 、suggest與insist之例外 suggest作“建議”解時(shí)

43、用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，作“表明”解時(shí)用陳述語(yǔ)氣；insist作“堅(jiān)持”解時(shí)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，作“堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為，堅(jiān)持說(shuō)”解時(shí)用陳述語(yǔ)氣。 1). The smile on my mothers face suggested that she was delighted with my examination result. (非虛擬)2). His yawns suggested that he was sleepy. （非虛擬）3). All these facts suggest that he is innocent. （非虛擬）4). Janes pale face suggested that she w

44、as ill, and his parents suggested that she have a medical examination. (前實(shí)后虛)5). He insisted that he had done right. （非虛擬）6). He insisted that he was not involved in the case. （非虛擬）7). He insisted that he had not been late that morning. （非虛擬）8). He insisted that what he said was true and we insisted

45、 that he go and have a look. (前實(shí)后虛)9). The aged man insisted that he wasnt ill and shouldnt be sent to the hospital.4. 主語(yǔ)從句的虛擬語(yǔ)氣基本結(jié)構(gòu)：It be /seem + (表示愿望、建議、命令、要求、意志、驚訝、不滿(mǎn)、遺憾等意義的) 形容詞/過(guò)去分詞/名詞 + that + 主語(yǔ)+ （should）+動(dòng)詞原形.在本結(jié)構(gòu)中it是形式主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)是后面的that從句， 從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式為should do, should 可以省略。4.1. It is + adj.

46、+ that + (should) do 常用的此類(lèi)形容詞有：advisable明智的 amazing令人吃驚的 disappointing令人失望的 embarrassing令人尷尬的 essential重要的 important重要的 incredible令人難以置信的 natural自然的 necessary 必需的,不可缺少的 strange奇怪的 surprising令人驚訝的 vital 至關(guān)重要的 urgent緊急的 astonishing 令人驚訝的 imperative 勢(shì)在必行的 1). It is natural that he object to a plan like

47、 that. 2). It is necessary that we tell him the truth at once. 3). It is not necessary that everyone be a scientist. 4). It is essential that every child be given the same educational opportunities. 5). It is urgent that a doctor should be sent for immediately.6). It is advisable that everyone have

48、a map.7). It is vital that the headmaster receive this letter this evening.8). It is important that you should thank those who supported you through the disappointments. (重要的是, 你應(yīng)該感謝那些在你失意時(shí)給予你支持的人。)9). It is really strange that the girl be married so early. (真奇怪，那小姑娘竟然這么早就出嫁了！)10). It is amazing tha

49、t he should have learnt so much in such a short time.11). It is strange that he have left without saying good-bye.12). It is surprising that he should be so foolish as to believe her lie13). It was astonishing that she have kept the secret from him all through their lifetime.14). It seems incredible

50、 that he have finished the work so soon. (他竟然這么快就完成了工作，這似乎令人難以置信。)注意： a. 在It is amazing/surprising/astonishing/strange/incrediable/a pity/a shame that . 結(jié)構(gòu)中，that虛擬從句表示說(shuō)話(huà)人的驚訝、懊悔、失望等強(qiáng)烈的情感，含有“竟然, 居然”的意思，表明所發(fā)生的事情非常出人意料。如上面例句9-14。再如：15). Its a pity that he should miss the lecture. （真遺憾，他竟然錯(cuò)過(guò)了這次演講。）16). I

51、ts a pity that he should turn down my offer. (真遺憾，他竟然拒絕了我的提議。)17). It is a shame that she should behave like that. (她竟然表現(xiàn)的那么差勁，真丟人。)b. 本結(jié)構(gòu)還可形變?yōu)镮t is + of + 上述形容詞相對(duì)應(yīng)的名詞形式+ that (should) do。如：18). It is of utmost importance that you be here on time.4.2. It is + 過(guò)去分詞 + that (should) do 常見(jiàn)的此類(lèi)過(guò)去分詞有：sugge

52、sted ordered desired proposed decidedrecommended requested required demanded1). It is suggested that more trees should be planted to prevent sandatorms.2). It is required that the students wear school uniforms at school.3). It is decided that no smoking be allowed in the library.4). It is demanded t

53、hat one of the students should stay to look after the things.5). It is proposed that this matter be considered at the next meeting.6). It is recommended that the work shouldnt be started until all the preparations have been made.5. 表語(yǔ)從句的虛擬語(yǔ)氣基本結(jié)構(gòu)：(表示提議、建議、命令、要求的)名詞 + be + that +主語(yǔ)+ (should)+ 動(dòng)詞原形.常見(jiàn)的

54、此類(lèi)名詞有：advice decision demand idea order plan recommendationproposal request suggestion pity desire wish requirement1). My suggestion is that we should try our best to help the refugees of the earthquakes.2). The commanders order was that soliders set out at once.3). Our idea is that the match be put

55、 off.4). Our decision is that the school remain closed.5). The doctors advice was that you give up smoking.6). His propoal is that the matter be discussed at the next meeting.7). Our wish is that he should do what he pleases.8). My desire is that all the members of the family gather once a year.6. 同位語(yǔ)從句的虛擬語(yǔ)氣 基本結(jié)構(gòu)：(表示提議、建議、命令、要求的)名詞 + that +主語(yǔ)+ (should)+ 動(dòng)詞原形. 常見(jiàn)的此類(lèi)名詞有：advice decision demand idea order plan recommendationproposal request suggestion pity desire wish requirement1). The people expres