1、精選優質文檔-傾情為你奉上新概念英語第一冊全部語法 (2008-05-07 13:50:35) 一時態：一般現在時，現在進行時，一般過去時，現在完成時，一般將來時，過去進行時，過去完成時，過去將來時1. 一般現在時 表示一般性，經常性的動作或一般性事實。usually, sometimes, always, often 等詞在英文中被稱為“頻度副詞”，是用來表示動作頻率的，但程度上有別。一般來說可按頻率大小排列：alwaysusuallyoftensometimesseldom（很少）hardly evernever（從不） 含有be動詞的句子He is a teacher.The girl

2、is very beautiful.Tim and Jack are students.變疑問句將be動詞移到句首Is he a teacher?Is the girl very beautiful?Are Tim and Jack students?變否定句在be動詞后面加notHe is not a teacher.The girl is not very beautiful.Tim and Jack are not students.肯定回答及否定回答Yes, he is. No, he is not.Yes, she is. No, she is not.Yes, they are.

3、No, they are not.不含有be動詞的句子，即含有一般動詞的句子第三人稱單數及單數名詞He likes books.She likes him.The dog likes bones.變疑問句在句首加does, 動詞變為原型Does he like books?Does she like him?Does the dog like bones?變否定句在主語及動詞之間加doesnt, 動詞變為原型He doesnt like books.She doesnt like him.The dog doesnt like bones.肯定回答及否定回答：Yes, he does. No,

4、 he doesnt.Yes, she does. No, she doesntYes, it does. No, it doesnt.注意：第三人稱單數形式一般在動詞后面加S，不要和名詞復數混淆，變否定句或疑問句時名詞復數沒有任何變化。其他人稱及復數名詞I want to have a bath.We have some meat.The students like smart teachers.變疑問句在句首加doDo you want to have a bath?Do we have any meat?Do the students like smart teachers?變否定句在主

5、語和動詞之間加dont.You dont want to have a bath.We dont have any meat.The students dont like smart teachers.肯定回答及否定回答Yes, I do. No, I dont.Yes, we do. No, we dontYes, they do. No, they dont.2. 現在進行時表示現在正在進行的動作。構成：主語be動詞動詞的現在分詞其它成分We are having lunch.He is reading a book.The dog is running after a cat.The b

6、oys are swimming across the river.變疑問句將be動詞移到句首Are we having lunch?Is he reading a book?Is the dog running after a cat?Are the boys swimming across the river?變否定句在be動詞后面加 notWe are not having lunch.He is not reading a book.The dog is not running after a cat.The boys are swimming across the river.特殊疑

7、問句：what, which, how, where, who, etc.疑問詞動詞主語現在分詞What are you doing?What is she doing?What is the dog doing?(必背)沒有進行時的動詞表示狀態，思想，感情和感覺的動詞不能表示正在進行的動作1. 表示感覺，感官的詞see, hear, like, love, want,2. have, has當”擁有”講時沒有進行時3. 一般過去時表示過去發生的動作或事件，常和表示過去的時間狀語連用，如yesterday, last night, the day before yesterday, 3 day

8、s ago,含有be動詞的句子， 將動詞變為過去式，am, is的過去式為was，are的過去式為wereI was at the butchers.You were a student a year ago.The teacher was very beautiful ten years ago.變疑問句將be動詞移動到句首Were you at the butchers?Were you a student a year ago?Was the teacher very beautiful ten years ago?變否定句在be動詞后面加notI was not at the butc

9、hers.You were not a student a year ago.The teacher was not very beautiful ten years ago.肯定回答否定回答Yes, I was. No, I was not.Yes, you were. No, you were not.Yes, he/she was. No, he/she was not.特殊疑問句：What did you do?(必背)不含有be動詞的句子，將動詞變為過去式，動詞過去式構成見附錄I finished my homework yesterday.The boy went to a res

10、taurant.The Sawyers lived at King Street a year ago.變疑問句在句首加did， 動詞變為原型Did you finish your homework yesterday?Did the boy go to a restaurant?Did the Sawyers live at King Street a year ago?變否定句在主語和動詞之間加did notI did not finish my homework yesterday.The boy did not go to a restaurant.The Sawyers did no

11、t live at King Street a year ago.肯定回答及否定回答Yes, I did. No, I didnt.Yes, he did. No, he didnt.Yes, they did. No, they did not.4. 現在完成時構成：主語+助動詞have, has+過去分詞用法：1)表示過去發生的和現在有某種聯系的動作，常和just, usually, already, since等時間副詞連用I have just had lunch. (飽了，不用再吃了)He has had a cup of tea.（不渴了，不用再喝）They have alread

12、y had their holiday. （不能再度假了）The boy has already read the book. （已經知道書的內容了，不用再看了）2)詢問別人是否做過某事一般用現在完成時：Have you finished your homework?Have you been to Beijing?Have he seen the film?3)表示開始于過去并持續到現在的動作I have lived in Beijing for twenty years.I have worked for this school for 1 year.4)表示一種經歷，經驗：去過地方，做過

13、事情，經歷過事情I have never had a bath.I have never seen a film.I have never been to cinema.I have ever been to Paris.Have been to表示去過，have gone to 表示去了I have been to London. (人已經回來)He has gone to London.（人還在那里）5)表示一種結果， 一般不和時間副詞聯用I have lost my pen.I have hurt myself.He has become a teacher.She has broken

14、 my heart.句型變化：變疑問句將助動詞移到句首，變否定句在助動詞后面加not.e.g. Have you lost your pen? I have not lost my pen.肯定回答及否定回答Yes, I have. No, I have not.特殊疑問句：What have you done?What has he done?一般過去時與現在完成時的區別：凡是有明確的表示過去的時間狀語的句子為過去時注意：有些動詞表示的動作有一個終點，不能再延續，因此不能和表示一段時間狀語連用錯：Ive left Beijing for 3 days.對：I left Beijing 3 d

15、ays ago. I have been away from being for 3 days.5. 一般將來時表示將來將要發生的動作， 經常和tomorrow, next year, the day after tomorrow, the year after the next, in five hours time, etc. 表示將來的詞聯用結構： 主語+助動詞will+動詞原形I will go to America tomorrow.The pilot will fly to Japan the month after the next.Jack will move into his

16、 new house tomorrow morning.變疑問句將助動詞移到句首Will you go to America tomorrow?Will the pilot fly to Japan the month after the next?Will Jack move into his new house tomorrow morning?變否定句在助動詞后面加notI will not go to America tomorrow.The pilot will not fly to Japan the month after the next.Jack will not move

17、into his new house tomorrow morning肯定回答及否定回答Yes, I will. No, I will not.Yes, he/she will. No, he/she will not.Yes, he will. No, he will not.特殊疑問句：What will you do?6. 過去完成時：用法：在過去的時間里，兩個動作中，發生在前的哪個動作要用過去完成時。結構：had+過去分詞After she had finished her homework, she went shopping.They had sold the car before

18、 I asked the price.The train had left before I arrived at the station.After/before引導的時間狀語從句放在句首要在句子后面加逗號，如果放在主句后則不用加。變疑問句將助動詞移到句首Had she finished her homework?變否定句在助動詞后面加notShe hadnt finished her homework.肯定回答及否定回答Yes, she had. No, she hadnt.特殊疑問句：What had she done?7. 過去進行時表示過去正在進行的動作,經常用在when, whil

19、e, as引導的狀語從句中。結構：was/were+doingWhen my husband was going into the dining room this morning, he dropped some coins on the floor.While we were having dinner, my father was watching TV.8過去將來時一般過去時表示從過去的某一時間來看將來要發生的動作或存在的狀態。過去將來時常用于賓語從句和中。 一般過去將來時的出發點是過去，即從過去某一時刻看以后要發生的動作或狀態。 結構：would doShe said she wou

20、ld go here the next morning.2 特殊句型：there be 句型，be going to 結構1. Be going to 結構表示打算，準備，計劃做某事結構：主語+be動詞+going to +動詞原型I am going to make a bookcase.They are going to paint it.The father is going to give the bookcase to his daughter.變疑問句將be動詞移到句首Are you going to make a bookcase?Are they going to paint

21、it?Is the father going to give the bookcase to his daughter?變否定句在be動詞后面加notI am not going to make a bookcase.They are going to paint it.The father is not going to give the bookcase to his daughter.肯定回答及否定回答Yes, I am. No, I am not.Yes, they are. No, they are not.Yes, he is. No, he is not.特殊疑問句What ar

22、e you going to do?What are they going to do?What is the father going to do?(必背)2. There be 句型表示哪里有什么東西(某處有某物)There is單數名詞表示場所的詞（一般為介詞詞組）There is a book in this room.There is a pen on the tableThere are復數名詞表示場所的詞（一般為介詞詞組）There are two pens on the table.There are three schools there.變疑問句將be動詞移到句首Is th

23、ere a book in this room?Are there two pens on the table?變否定句在動詞后面加notThere is not a book in this room.There are not two pens on the table.肯定回答及否定回答Yes, there is. No, there is not.Yes, there are. No, there are not.三問句：一般疑問句，特殊疑問句，選擇疑問句，反意疑問句，選擇疑問句，否定疑問句一般疑問句: 助動詞/be動詞+主語Are you a teacher? Do you want

24、 to have a cup of tea?特殊疑問句: 特殊疑問詞+一般疑問句What is your name?選擇疑問句: orDo you want beef or lamb?反意疑問句: 肯定陳述句+否定疑問部分，否定陳述部分+肯定疑問部分You dont need that pen, do you?否定疑問句: 一般疑問句+否定詞Arent you lucky? Dont you want have a rest?四冠詞用法：a/an/the的一般用法詳細見筆記不定冠詞-所表示1) 表示"一個"，意為 one ；指某人或某物，意為a certain 。A Mr.

25、 Ling is waiting for you.2) 代表一類人或物。A knife is a tool for cutting with.Mr. Smith is an engineer.3) 詞組或成語。a little / a few / a lot of / a type of / a pile / a great many / many a / as a rule / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word / in a short while / after a while / have a cold / have a try / keep an

26、 eye on / all of a sudden不定冠詞-作用1） 不定冠詞在句子中最大的語法功能是：用在的單數形式前表示泛指-表明一類人或事物區別于它類。例：I am a Chinese. 我是(一個)中國人。This is a book. 這是（一本）書。2）為了讀音的方便，在以元音音素開頭的可數名詞的單數名詞前用an而不用a。當我們使用an時，條件有三： 這個名詞的讀音必須是以元音音素開頭-即它的 音標的第一個音素是元音，而不是說它是以元音字母開頭。它必須是個可數名詞。它還必須是個單數名詞。我們常常見到這類用法：a university 一所大學 an hour 一個小時an oran

27、ge 一只桔子 an engineer 一位工程師an ordinary man一個普通人an honest person一位誠實的人不定冠詞-基本用法1）用于泛指人或者事She wanted to rent an apartment near the campus. .她想在學校附近租一套房子。Before she left for London, Sally sent me a picture of herself. 薩莉動身去前送給我一張她的照片。A grammar book is necessary to a language learner. 對語言學習者來說，語法書是很必要的。A

28、teacher likes putting a watch on his / her desk while lecturing .老師講課時總愛將手表放在講臺上。2) 用于某些詞組中。這種用法是約定束成的，我們只有遵從而無旁的選擇。例如：have a rest（休息） have a look（瞧瞧） have a good time（過得開心）take a shower（淋浴） take a break（休息） take a bath（洗澡）get a cold（患感冒） get a fever（發燒） develop into a habit （養成習慣）make a living（謀生）

29、make a guess at（猜測） make a difference between（區分）in a moment（過一會兒） in a sense（在某種意義上） in a way（在某種程度上）once in a while（間或） have an advantage over（優于）have an edge（略勝過）as a result（因此）as a rule（通常）as a whole（總體上說）a/an 不定冠詞和 the 的用法在名稱或唯一地名前禁用在或唯一地名前禁用：名稱前禁用:1）Mr.Green lives in Bridge Stree.基本文法說明英文中的冠詞是

30、用來指稱陪伴單數可數名詞，也就是當你在句子中提到單個或單件的人事物時，需要在前面加個冠詞來表示單“一”的存在。而冠詞中又分為不定冠詞以及定冠詞兩類。顧名思義，定冠詞 the的使用時機在于你所提到的單數名詞是“那一個”“這一個”特別指定的目標物，反之如果沒有特定的指稱對象就只要用不定冠詞 a/an就可以了。錯誤發生情況及修正練習仔細看看下列的句子，哪里出了錯？又該如何修正？A. I am not English. I am Chinese.我不是英國人。B. Our department needs a secretary and accountant.我們部門需要一名秘書和一名會計。C. I

31、am eating an apple pie. An apple pie is still hot.我正在吃蘋果派。這派還正熱著呢。錯誤修正及解釋正確的句子如下：A. I am not an English.I am a Chinese.根本忘記在單數名詞前面加冠詞會發生這樣的錯誤通常是因為受到中文習慣的影響，因為在中文的表達里我們并不一定會把“一個”或“一樣”等等的量詞說出來或寫出來，所以在英文表達的時候要特別留意。B. Our department needs a secretary and an accountant.有的時候忘記在后面的單數名詞加冠詞雖然and 之類的連接詞有連接前后兩

32、個名詞的功用，但是個別的冠詞還是不能省哦！C. I am eating an apple pie. The apple pie is still hot.搞不清楚定冠詞 the 應該用在“那一個”“這一個”特別指定的目標物前面通常第一次提到一樣東西或一個人的時候，我們是在介紹全新或者是聽者不知道的人事物，因此不需要特別指定只要用不定冠詞 a/an 就可以了。但是當我們在后來的敘述或談話中再次提到“那”一樣東西或“某”個人的時候，就要用到定冠詞 the 來表示先前已經提過的單數名詞。 定冠詞基本用法1. 用以特指某（些）人或某（些）事物This is the house where Luxun

33、once lived.這是曾經住過的房子。2.用于指談話雙方都明確所指的人或事物Open the door, please.請把門打開。3.用以復述上文提過的人或事物（第一次提到用“a或an”，以后再次提到用“the”）Once there lived a lion in the forest. Every day the lion asked small animals tolook for food for him.從前森林里住著一只獅子。每天這只獅子要小動物們為他尋找食物。4.用在和前January is the first month of the year.一月份是一年當中的第一個月

34、。Shanghai is the biggest city in China.是中國最大的城市。5.表示世界上宇宙中獨一無二的事物the sun 太陽 the moon 月亮the earth 地球 the sky 天空the world 世界6.指由普通名詞構成的專有名詞the West Lake the Great Wall 長城the United States the United Nations 聯合國定冠詞的用法-27.表示方向、方位in the east 在東方 in the west 在西方in the front 在前面 at the back 在后面in the botto

35、m 在底部 at the top 在頂部on the right 在右邊 on the left 在左邊8.在海洋、江河、湖泊、山脈、海峽、海灣等地理名詞前the Pacific Ocean the Yellow River the Tainshan Mountains the Taiwan Straits 9. 在姓氏復數前，表示一家人The Bakers came to see me yesterday.一家人昨天來看我。10.和某些形容詞連用，使形容詞名詞化，代表一類人或物the poor 窮人 the rich 富人the sick 病人 the wounded 傷員the good

36、好人 the beautiful 美麗的事物11.用在表示階級、政黨的名詞前the working class the Chinese Communist Party 12. 用在the very強調句中This is the very book I want.這就是我想要的那本書。13. 在the more, the more的句式中The more you drink, the more you like it.你越喝就越愛喝。14.表示演奏樂器時，樂器的前面要加theplay the piano 彈鋼琴play the violin 拉小提琴中國樂器名詞前不與冠詞連用:play erhu

37、(二胡)15.某些固定的表達法in the morning 在早上 in the afternoon 在下午in the evening 在晚上 go to the cinema 去看電影go to the theatre 去看戲 all the year round 一年到頭on the way to 前往.去的路上16.the加單數可以表示一類人或事物The horse is a useful animal.馬是一種有用的動物。注意：像這類句子還有如下兩種寫法A horse is a useful animal.Horses are useful animals.17.在“動詞+sb.+介

38、詞+the+身體某一部位”中要用 the，而不用人稱代詞。take sb. by the arm 抓住某人的手臂hit sb. in the face 打某人的臉be red in the face 臉紅be lame in theright leg 右腿瘸 等結構中,名詞前要用the特殊用法18. 特指雙方都明白的人或物：Take the medicine. 把藥吃了。19. 與復數名詞連用，指整個群體：They are the teachers of this school.指全體教師)They are teachers of this school. (指部分教師)20. 表示所有，相當

39、于，用在表示身體部位的名詞前：She caught me by the arm. 她抓住了我的手臂。21. 用在某些由普通名詞構成的國家名稱、機關團體、階級、等專有名詞前：the People's Republic of China the United States 美國22. 用在某些習慣用語中at the same time 同時 by the way 順便問一句for the present 暫時 go to the cinema 看電影in the end 最后 in the dark 在黑暗中，不知道in the least 一點，絲毫 in the open 在野外in

40、the past 在過去 in the long run從長遠來看in the event of 萬一 in the morning 在上午in the way 擋道，礙事 on the whole總體上on the other hand 另一方面 on the contrary相反地out of the question不可能的5 限定詞：some, any, many, muchsome, any 修飾可數名詞或不可數名詞，some用于肯定句，any用于否定句和疑問句，注意，當期待對方的答案為肯定回答時用somemany修飾可數名詞，much修飾不可數名詞，在口語中表示很多一般不用many

41、, much, 而用a lot of, 在否定句中表示很多用many, much.I have a lot of money. I dont have much money.6 六名詞：種類，復數，名詞所有格1名詞分為可數名詞和不可數名詞2不可數名詞無法分開的東西：water, tea, bread, milk, rice（米）抽象的東西：love, beauty, coldness（寒冷）不可數名詞有以下特點：不能用a, an修飾 不能加s和單數be動詞或動詞搭配可數名詞：單數可數名詞要用冠詞修飾，復數可數名詞要在名詞后面加s,名詞復數共有以下幾種變化：規則變化的名詞復數形式規則1一般情況+

42、se.g. shellshells bookbooks規則2以s, x, ch, sh結尾+ese.g. foxfoxeschurchchurches, busbuses, watchwatches規則3以o結尾+s或+ese.g. potatopotatoes, Negro'ni:gruNegroes, heroheroes, tomatotomatoes，7 （口訣：黑人英雄愛吃土豆和西紅柿），剩下一般加s, radioradios規則4以f, fe結尾的，變f, fe為vese.g. lifeliveshalfhalves, shelfshelves, citycities, w

43、ifewives規則5以輔音字母+y結尾, 變y為i+ese.g. skyskiesflyflies不規則變化的名詞復數形式man men woman women foot feetgoose geese tooth teeth單數 復數child children sheep sheep deer deer mouse mice fish fish八副詞：用法及形容詞變副詞的變化u 副詞可以修飾形容詞，動詞，副詞或整個句子。如：The book is very good.He runs fast.She came here quite early.Certainly I will go wi

44、th you.u變化：1直接在形容詞后加-ly,careful-carefully, slow-slowly,2以輔音字母加y結尾的形容詞，把y變I, 加-ly,happy-happily, lucky-luckily3有些詞形容詞和副詞的形式相同，不需要做任何變化fast, hard, late4有些詞加上-ly后意思與原詞相差很遠：neary-nearly, high-highly, late-lately,九情態動詞的使用：can, must, may, might, need,1情態動詞can（能夠）, must（必須）, may（可以）結構：主語+can/must/may+動詞原型H

45、e can make the tea.Sally can air the room.We can speak English.變疑問句將情態動詞移到句首Can he make the tea?Can Sally air the room?Can we speak English?變否定句在情態動詞后面加notHe cannot make the tea.Sally cannot air the room.We cannot speak English.肯定回答及否定回答Yes, he can. No, he cannot.Yes, she can. No, she cannot.Yes, we

46、 can. No, we cannot.特殊疑問句：What can you do?(必背)注意：情態動詞的句子沒有第三人稱單數的變化，不要在情態動詞或動詞后面加S。2Must/have to的區別must 表示必須，是主觀上覺得應該做，have to是不得不，是由于客觀條件逼迫的必要要做must 只能用在表示現在和將來的句子里，而have to do可以用在任何時態3must, may, might表示猜測：u must do 表示對現在事實的猜測u must have done表示對過去事實的猜測u must have been doing 表示對過去正在進行的事實的猜測u may/mig

47、ht do, may/might have done表示沒有任何事實依據的猜測，might的可能性更小。U cant/couldnt 表示不可能4need 用法：u表示“需要”時為實意動詞，后面可以加名詞，也可以加不定式：I need a pen. Do you need any beer? No, I dont.I need to have a rest.U Need doing=need to be done，表示被動The flowers need watering.U Need在否定時做情態動詞使用You neednt go so early. =You dont need to go

48、 so early.Must I clean the desk right now? No, you neednt.十不定代詞及不定副詞：SomeanynoeverythingsomethinganythingnothingeverythingonesomeoneanyoneanythingeveryonewheresomewhereanywhereanywhereeverywherebodysomebodyanybodynobodyeverybodyI looked for my book everywhere, but I cant find it anywhere.If you want

49、 go somewhere, if you want to be someone, you must wake up.Help! Somebody? Anybody?You are really something.Since everybody is here, lets begin our class.Where did you go? I went nowhere.Nobody is at home.I have nothing left.十一 感嘆句：由what引導的感嘆句。what修飾名詞或名詞短語，有以下兩種：1. What+a(an)+（形容詞）+可數名詞+！或是：What+名詞

50、詞組+主語+謂語！如：What an apple this is!What a fine day it is!2. What+(形容詞）+可數或不可數名詞+主語+謂語！What kind women they are!What nice music it is!由How引導的感嘆句。how用來修飾形容詞、副詞或動詞。其結構是：How+形容詞（副詞）+主語+謂語！How hard the workers are working!How clever the girl is!How quickly the boy is writing!注意：當how修飾動詞時，動詞不跟著感嘆詞提到主語之前。How

51、 the runner runs!what與how引導的感嘆句，一般下可以相互轉換，轉換后意義不變。如：What an interesting story it is!=How interesting the story is!what a beautiful building it is!=How beautiful the building is!在口語中，感嘆句的主語和謂語常常省略。如：What a nice present!（省略it is）How disappointed!（省略she is或其它可作本句主、謂的詞語）12 祈使句：l 第二人稱： let+其他人稱代詞 祈使句的否定，

52、加dont反意疑問祈使句（第二人稱）祈使句表示請求，命令，建議，邀請等，謂語動詞一律用原型，句子中通常不用主語，句末用驚嘆好或者句號，用降調。肯定句 動詞原型例， Come here, please. Go downstairs, please. Stand up. Sit down. Be quiet. Be careful.祈使句中如果有喚語，一定要用逗號隔開，放在句首或者句尾Come in, Amy.Sit down here, Tom.Mary, give me a book please.否定：Don't+動詞原型Don't come here.Dont sit do

53、wn.Dont stand up.Dont give me it.let sb. doLet me pass.Let us have a rest.Lets have a rest.(反意疑問)：Lets have a walk along the river, shall we?Let us go out for a drink, will you?十三倒裝句：so/neither的倒裝eg.He can swim. So can I.I didnt go to class. Neither did I.1. 完全倒裝：1）So + be/助動詞/情態動詞 + 主語。表示不同的主語有著相同的

54、肯定的情況。如：He is a student. So is his brother.即：他兄弟和他一樣，都是一個學生。2）Neither + be/助動詞/情態動詞 + 主語。表示不同的主語有著相同的否定的情況。如：He can't play soccer. Neither can his brother.即：他兄弟和他一樣，都不會踢足球。2. 部分倒裝：1）So + 主語 + be/助動詞/情態動詞。表示前句主語的肯定的情況屬實。如：-She likes flowers. -So she does.翻譯：-她喜歡花兒。-她的確如此（她的確喜歡花兒）。2）Neither + 主語 +

55、 be/助動詞/情態動詞。表示前句主語的否定的情況屬實。如：-I haven't been to Beijing. -Neither you have.翻譯：-我沒有去過北京。-你的確是這樣的（你的確沒有去過北京）。結構：so/neither+be+ 主語so/neither+助動詞+ 主語so/neither+情態動詞+ 主語一般現在時, do, does/am, is, are現在進行時, am, is, are一般過去時, did現在完成時, have, has一般將來時, will, shall,過去進行時，was, were過去完成時，had過去將來時, would14 直接引語/間接引語如果引語的主句所用動詞為過去時，那么間接引語要做相應變化：時態，人稱，時間地點及指示詞u時態變化：一般現在時一般過去時現在進行時過去進行時一般過去時過去完成時現在完成時過去完成時一般將來時過去將來時be going towas/were going to/wouldcan-couldmay-mightu時間地點及指示詞的變化：herethere, tomorrow