1、詞的翻譯技巧外語系 朱世梅英漢兩種語言在句型結(jié)構(gòu)和表達(dá)習(xí)慣上各有特點(diǎn)，如果機(jī)械地把英語的名詞譯成漢語的名詞,英語的動(dòng)詞譯成漢語的動(dòng)詞，如此等等，譯文就顯得不夠自然通順。為此,我們?cè)诜g時(shí)可以按照原作上下文意思的需要，把原作中某些詞在譯文中進(jìn)行詞類轉(zhuǎn)換。一、轉(zhuǎn)譯法（一）轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞1. During the half-hour talk, the two sides excha nged views on the choices of terms of payme nt, but they made no men ti on of the mode of tran sportatio n.在半小時(shí)

2、的商談中，雙方就付款方式交換了意見，但沒提到運(yùn)輸方式。（原文中名詞 mention轉(zhuǎn)換成譯文動(dòng)詞：”提到”。）2. This is an argume nt for, not aga in st, an in stitutio nal approach to intern ati onal problems.這是表示贊成在處理國(guó)際問題時(shí)應(yīng)由一套機(jī)構(gòu)來商討的論據(jù)，它不是表示反對(duì)這種做法的（原文介詞for和明aga in st轉(zhuǎn)換成譯文動(dòng)賓詞組"表示贊成”和"表示反對(duì)”。）3. Scien tists are con fide nt that a11matter is in d

3、estructible.科學(xué)家們深信一切物質(zhì)是不滅的。（原文形容詞與系詞連用構(gòu)成謂語，在翻譯時(shí)可轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語的動(dòng)詞“深信”。）4. Be through with the oiling of the parts before the machine is operated在開動(dòng)機(jī)器之前，要把部件的上油工作做完。（原文作表語的副詞through轉(zhuǎn)換成譯文動(dòng)詞“做完”。）（二）轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞1. Gases differ from solids in that the former has greater compressibility than the latter.氣體和固體的區(qū)別，在于前者比后者有

4、更大的壓縮性。（原文動(dòng)詞山differ轉(zhuǎn)換成譯文的名詞“區(qū)別”。）2. At con sta nt temperature, the pressure of a gas is in versely proport ional to its volume.溫度不變，則氣體壓力和其體積成反比例。（原文形容詞proportional轉(zhuǎn)換成譯文名詞“比例”。）3. People in en terprises must be mathematically in formed, if they are to make wise decisi on.企業(yè)管理人員要想作出明智的決策就必須懂得數(shù)學(xué)。（原文副詞

5、mathematically轉(zhuǎn)換成譯文名詞“數(shù)學(xué)”。）（三）轉(zhuǎn)譯成形容詞1. He noticed a very close agreement between the two countries on the Berlin problem.他注意到兩國(guó)在柏林問題上的意見是非常一致的。（原文名詞昭a(bǔ)greement轉(zhuǎn)換成譯文形容詞"一致的”。）2. The electro nic computer is chiefly characterized by accuracy and quick computati on.電子計(jì)算機(jī)的主要特點(diǎn)是正確和迅速計(jì)算。（原文副詞chiefly 轉(zhuǎn)換

6、成譯文形容詞“主要”。）（四）轉(zhuǎn)譯成副詞1. It is our great pleasure to note that our shipbuildi ng in dustry is develop ing vigorously.我們很高興地看到，我國(guó)造船工業(yè)正在蓬勃發(fā)展。（原文名詞pleasure轉(zhuǎn)換成譯文副詞“高興地”。）2. He said, if this was the case, he would be temped to try.他說,如果情況是這樣，他頗有躍躍欲試之感。（原文動(dòng)詞tempt轉(zhuǎn)換成譯文副詞“躍躍”。）3. We have made a careful study

7、of the properties of these chemical eleme nts.我們仔細(xì)地研究了這些元素的特性。（原文形容詞careful轉(zhuǎn)換成譯文副詞“仔細(xì)地”。）二、增譯法增譯法是根據(jù)句法結(jié)構(gòu)和修辭效果的需要，在譯文中增加一些原文中無其形而有其意的詞。增譯是為了使譯文意思清楚完整、流暢通順。試看下列例句：1. We have han died textiles for more tha n 30 years.我公司經(jīng)營(yíng)各種紡織品已有三十多年。（在復(fù)數(shù)名詞前增譯表示復(fù)數(shù)概念的詞“各種”，使復(fù)數(shù)意義更明確。）2. The major problem in fabrication i

8、s the control of contamination and foreign materials, e.g. that of drugs.制造過程中的主要問題是如何控制污染和雜質(zhì)，例如,藥品的制造。（根據(jù)上下文的邏輯意義，補(bǔ)充表示動(dòng)作的名詞“過程”。）3. Some process, such as oil refining, may be completely automated from start to finish.有些生產(chǎn)過程，例如提煉石油，可以自始至終全部自動(dòng)化。（從上下文意義的需要出發(fā)，增譯漢語動(dòng)詞“生產(chǎn)”。）4. Speed and reliability are th

9、e chief adva ntages of the electr onic computers.速度快、可靠性高是電子計(jì)算機(jī)的主要優(yōu)點(diǎn)。（在譯文名詞“速度”和“可靠性”后增加形容詞“快”和“高”。）5. Note again that considerable simplification in solving the above can be achieved if the data are made symmetrical.還要注意，在解決上述問題時(shí)，如果使數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)稱，就能得到很大程度的簡(jiǎn)化。（英語中因慣用法或上下文關(guān)系，常省去不影響理解全句意義的詞語，例如，此句中的” theabove”

10、 ,但漢語譯文中必須增譯這些省去的詞語，否則譯文就不夠清楚。）6. A desig ner must have a good foun dati on in statistics, kin ematics, dyn amics and stre ngth of materia1s.一個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)人員必須在靜力學(xué)、運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)、動(dòng)力學(xué)和材料力學(xué)這四個(gè)方面有很好的基礎(chǔ)。（在句中列述幾種情況后，隨即附以“三個(gè)方面”、“五個(gè)項(xiàng)目”等詞語 ，這些叫做概括性詞 語。英語原文中往往沒有這種詞語，在漢語譯文中需要增譯。）三、省譯法省譯法指的是在英譯漢時(shí)省略英文原作中某些詞語，從而使譯文言簡(jiǎn)意賅、通順流暢，更符合漢語的習(xí)慣

11、。但是，省譯不是隨意刪改原文的涵義 ，而是在忠實(shí)原文思想內(nèi)容的原則下 ，省略 那些累贅的詞語。1. We cannot see sound waves as they travel through air.聲波在空氣中傳播時(shí)是看不見的。（當(dāng)人稱代詞用以泛指一般人時(shí)，通常省譯。）2. Our associated export cooperation was founded in 1990 and our lines are mainly arts and Crafts.1990年我們聯(lián)營(yíng)出口公司成立，我們主要經(jīng)營(yíng)工藝品。（英語中使用介詞的頻率很高，翻譯時(shí)如逐詞譯出，勢(shì)必顯得很累贅。在漢譯時(shí)介詞

12、常省略不 譯。）3. This laser beam covers a very narrow range of freque ncies.這個(gè)激光束的頻率范圍很窄。（在完整表達(dá)原文內(nèi)容時(shí)，可按漢語表達(dá)法，省譯動(dòng)詞，用形容詞“很窄”作謂語。）4. If I had known it, I would not have joined in it.早知如此，我就不參加了。（表示條件的連詞if, 一般譯為“假如”、“如果”等，但在日常口語體或文言文結(jié)構(gòu)中，往往可以省略不譯。）5. The applica nts who had worked at a job would receive prefere nee in