1、非謂語動(dòng)詞用法具體講解（1）  非謂語動(dòng)詞是英語中一個(gè)重要的語法點(diǎn)，也是一個(gè)難點(diǎn)。非謂語動(dòng)詞按傳統(tǒng)語法分類，有不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞。對非謂語動(dòng)詞在某些方面所具有的相同的語法功能作一番比較，尤其是從它們的內(nèi)涵上進(jìn)行區(qū)分是很有必要的。這里從他們的成分不同進(jìn)行詳細(xì)講解：1.動(dòng)名詞和不定式都可以作主語，兩者所表達(dá)的意思是一樣的。例如：To see is to believe.Seeing is believing.不過，使用動(dòng)名詞時(shí)，通常暗示說話者曾經(jīng)做過某事，有過某種體會(huì)，使用不定式時(shí)，可能僅表示說話者的看法。試比較：Going to college was difficult for m

2、e.上大學(xué)對我來說是困難的。（說話者曾考過大學(xué)，固有此體會(huì)）To go to college is difficult.上大學(xué)是困難的。（說話者僅僅提出看法）2.動(dòng)名詞短語和不定式短語都可以it用作形式主語，而把真正的主語，即動(dòng)名詞短語和不定式短語放在后面，一般可以互換。例如：It takes half an hour for me to go from here to my home.It takes half an hour my going from here to my home.一般來說，在此類句子中用不定式作真正主語的比較多，而動(dòng)名詞作真正主語的請況，常見于no good

3、,no use(或useless),worthwhile,a waste.dangerous.等詞作表語的句子中。例如：It is no good your waiting here.It is no use asking him about it.It is worthwhile learning another language.It's a waste of time arguing about it.It's dangerous playing with fire.3.動(dòng)名詞能在There is no.否定結(jié)構(gòu)中作主語。例如：There is no joking abo

4、ut such a serious matter.There is no knowing whether he will agree to our plan.在上述句型中，動(dòng)名詞不能帶邏輯主語，也不能與不定式替換，如不能說：There is no your joking with him.或There is no to joke with him.4.在疑問句中，句首總用動(dòng)名詞，而不用不定式。例如：Does our saying that mean anything to him?Is his saying true?二、作表語。1.動(dòng)名詞和不定式都可以作表語，正象它們作主語一樣，很難說出它們

5、之間嚴(yán)格的語義差別，可以互換。一般而言，在表示比較抽象的一般行為，多用動(dòng)名詞，在表示具體某動(dòng)作，特別是將來的動(dòng)作時(shí)，多用不定式。例如：Our duty is serving the people heart and soul.This is foe him to decide.His wish is to be a doctor.2.分詞也可作表語，此時(shí)分詞相當(dāng)于形容詞，因此分詞不能代之以動(dòng)名詞或不定式。例如：The news was exciting.The time is pressing.動(dòng)名詞和不定式做表語時(shí)，起名詞的作用。因此可以和主語換位，而分詞作表語時(shí)，起形容詞的作用，不能和主語

6、換位。例如：我們能將"Our duty is serving the people heart and soul."換為"Serving the people heart and soul is our duty."但是我們不能把"The time is pressing."換成"Pressing is the time."3.主語如果是動(dòng)名詞，則表語也用動(dòng)名詞，主語如果是不定式，表語也用不定式，不能交叉。（僅指同時(shí)使用動(dòng)名詞或不定式作主語和表語的情況）。例如：Seeing is beliving.或To see

7、is to belive而不能說Seeing is to belive. 或To see is beliving.4.分詞包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞，都能作表語，但現(xiàn)在分詞作表語多表示主語所具有的特征（A），過去分詞多表示主語所處的狀態(tài)（B）。非謂語動(dòng)詞用法具體講解(2) (A)The news is very surprising.   The situation is encouraging.   The food smells inviting.(B)My brother is quit interested in maths.  

8、 She looked disappointed.5.動(dòng)詞“be過去分詞”這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)有時(shí)可能是be 表語，有時(shí)可能是被動(dòng)語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)。這兩者的主要區(qū)別是：帶表語的結(jié)構(gòu)表示主語的特征或所處的狀態(tài)，被動(dòng)語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)僅表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作。例如：The library is niw closed.The library is usually closed at six.The house is surrounded with trees.The enemy was soon surranded by us.6.動(dòng)詞 “be現(xiàn)在分詞”這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)，有時(shí)可能是be表語，有時(shí)可能是謂語動(dòng)詞進(jìn)行體結(jié)構(gòu)。這兩種結(jié)構(gòu)的主要

9、區(qū)別是：帶表語的結(jié)構(gòu)表示主語的特征或補(bǔ)充說明主語的內(nèi)容（A），謂語動(dòng)詞進(jìn)行體結(jié)構(gòu)僅說明主語正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作（B）。例如：(A)His hobby is collecting stamps.   The earth is spinning round all the time.(B)He is collecting stamps.    I was doing morning exercises at 7:00 this morning.7.值得注意的是不定式結(jié)構(gòu)做表語時(shí)通常帶to ，但在主語部分具有一個(gè)動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞do時(shí)，不定式也可省略to。這個(gè)do可以是限定

10、動(dòng)詞形式，也可以是非限定動(dòng)詞形式，而且不論什么時(shí)體形式都可以。例如：All I did was empty the bottle.All you do is talk about cars.All she seems to do is gossip with the neighbours.The only thing I can do now is go on by himself.What I really wanted to do was drive all night.(但what引導(dǎo)的主語從句中，如果do是進(jìn)行體形式，則表語必須用動(dòng)名詞。例如：What he's dong is

11、 spoiling the whole thing.)三、作賓語。動(dòng)名詞和不定式均可以在一些動(dòng)詞后面作賓語，但有兩種情況：（一）在某些動(dòng)詞后只能接不定式，如：wish,decide,hope,refuse,want,agree,care,choose等,或只能接動(dòng)名詞作賓語，如：finish,enjoy,mind,suggest,practise,keep,avoid等，還有些動(dòng)詞詞組，如：keep on,go on,cannot help 等。(二）在有些動(dòng)詞，如：begin,start,continue,attempt,intend,plan,need,want,require,desir

12、e,cannot help,leave off,hate,try,like,love,prefer,propose,mean,remember,forget,stop,go on等后面既可以用不定式作賓語（個(gè)別例外），也可以用動(dòng)名詞，視具體情況比較如下：1.一般說來begin,start,continue后面跟動(dòng)名詞還是不定式?jīng)]有什么區(qū)別。但是know,understand,see,realize, recognize等表示知覺的詞作賓語時(shí)，只能用不定式。例如：He began to understand the importance of combining theory with prac

13、tice.He began to realize his mistakes.2.love,like,hate,prefer后面跟動(dòng)名詞多表示習(xí)慣和經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作，跟不定式多表示一次具體的動(dòng)作。例如：I like swimming.He prefers to walk rather than ride in a bus.3.在下列情況下要用不定式。(A)在would like (love,hate,prefer)后表示一個(gè)特定的新動(dòng)作，或Would you like.?的句型時(shí)。例如：I'd hate to work with him.Would you like to go with m

14、e?非謂語動(dòng)詞用法具體講解(3)當(dāng)謂語動(dòng)詞已用于進(jìn)行體時(shí)。例如： It's beginning to rain.I'm starting to work on my essay .We are proposing to start at eight. 4.在remember,forget,regre后面跟動(dòng)名詞與不定式意義不同。跟動(dòng)名詞時(shí)，說明動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)作先于謂語的動(dòng)作，跟不定式時(shí)，指不定式動(dòng)作后于謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作。例如：I remember posting the letter.Don't forget to remind him of this afternoon&#

15、39;s meeting.I'll remember to bring it back.I regret to say that he can't come to help you.I regretted saying this.5.在need,want之后，用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義，或用不定式的被動(dòng)態(tài)，意義并無差別，但用動(dòng)名詞較為普遍。例如：The radio needs repairing.或The radio needs to be repaired.The shoes want mending. 或The shoes want to be mended.He ne

16、eds to look after.（He needs to be looked after.）*rewuire,deserve也能這樣用，但不及 need,want普遍。例如：His letter requires answering to be answered immediately.The little boy deserves rewarding to be rewarded.6.在attempt,intend,plan等動(dòng)詞后用不定式結(jié)構(gòu)比用動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)多見。例如：Don't attempt to do (doing) it by yourself.She didn'

17、t intend to pay (paying) the bill this month.Mr Smith planned to take (taking) a holiday abroad.7.在try,cannot help,propose,mean,stop,leave off,go on后用動(dòng)名詞還是不定式取決于它們本身的含義和用法。試比較如下：(1)He tried to write better.   He tried writing with a brush.(2)I couldn't help finishing it.   I

18、couldn't help to finish it.(3)I propose to leave for Shanghai at the beginning of next month.   He proposed putting off the discussion.(4)I mean to get there before sunset.   We know that learning a language does not mean just working in a class.(5)They stopped talking. 

19、  They stopped to talk.(6)They left off finishing.   They left off to fish.(7)He went on explaining the text.   He went on to tell a story about Einstein.四、用it作形式賓語。動(dòng)名詞（或復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)）和不定式（或復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)）在某些動(dòng)詞，如：find,consider,think,count,know,believe,judge,imagine,feel,guess,prove,make,realiz

20、e,see,understand,take,suppose 后作賓語尚需要一個(gè)形容詞（或名詞）作賓語補(bǔ)足語，意思才能完整，此時(shí)要用it作形式賓語，而動(dòng)名詞（或復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)）或不定式（或復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)）則在它的補(bǔ)語后面出現(xiàn)。1.一般說來，使用動(dòng)名詞和不定式，其意義一樣，但在表示抽象的一般行為時(shí)，多用動(dòng)名詞。而表示某一次行為，特別是將來的行為時(shí)，多用不定式。例如：He found it necessary (for him) to work hard at English.We consider it wrong knowing him非謂語動(dòng)詞用法具體講解(4) 2.當(dāng)賓語不足語是no good,no u

21、se,no help,useless,dangerous,no sense,senseless,waste等時(shí)，真正的賓語多為動(dòng)名詞。例如：I think it no good talking again about it.I find it a waste of time watching TV all night.3.動(dòng)名詞比較短的時(shí)候，能有兩種形式。即可用it作它的形式賓語，也可直接用動(dòng)名詞做賓語，但不定式只能用it作它的形式賓語。例如：We consider meeting her foolish.*如果改成不定式結(jié)構(gòu)，就只能用后一種形式。We cosider it foolish t

22、o meet her.只是在think或 see與形容詞 fit組成的固定詞組 think fit,see fit中，兩者不能分開，不定式做賓語時(shí)，才不使用引導(dǎo)詞it。例如：The government thought fit to raise the prices of some foods.We must wait until he sees fit to join us.五、作介詞的賓語。動(dòng)名詞能在一切介詞后作賓語。例如：Only by working hard was the problem solved.He had passed by John without seein

23、g him.I don't like his method of teaching English.而不定式一般不能作介詞的賓語，只有個(gè)別場合，即在含有否定意義的帶有介詞but,except,than的結(jié)構(gòu)中或 be about的結(jié)構(gòu)中才能用不定式。例如：(1)They desired nothing except(or:but)to succeed.(2)He did nothing but laugh.(3)He did nothing else than laugh.(4)He was about to die(near death).間或也有介詞save,beside

24、s之后跟不定式結(jié)構(gòu)的，但這種用法在當(dāng)代英語中較為罕見。例如：(5)It had no effect save to make him angry.(6)I hardly remember what I did besides read.（在以上(2) ，(3)，(6)例句中，不定式在介詞后沒有帶to是因?yàn)榫渲杏袑?shí)義動(dòng)詞do.）但帶疑問詞的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)用作介詞賓語的情況卻比較普遍。例如：I've no idea about what to do next.The first was the question of what to call it.六、作復(fù)合賓語中的賓語補(bǔ)足語。在see,wa

25、tch,hear,feel,notice 等動(dòng)詞后面的復(fù)合賓語中，既可以用現(xiàn)在分詞也可以用不帶 to的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語不足語，但含義略有區(qū)別。要表示動(dòng)作的進(jìn)行，即非全過程，用現(xiàn)在分詞。要表示動(dòng)作的完成，即全過程，用不帶 to的不定式。試比較如下：I saw him cross the street.(He crossed the street.I saw it.)I saw him crossing the street.(I saw him while he was crossing the street.)不過，有時(shí)候，現(xiàn)在分詞和不定式的這種區(qū)別并不十分講究，可以互相通用。例如：I oft

26、en see old people play/playing chess in the park.如果賓語不足語是由短暫動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞表示的，有時(shí)用不定式也可理解為一次動(dòng)作，用現(xiàn)在分詞則表示反復(fù)動(dòng)作。例如：We heard the door salm.We heard the door salmming.動(dòng)名詞一般作賓語不足語，但它用作賓語的注釋，具有同位關(guān)系時(shí)，可在name,call（作 name解釋）等動(dòng)詞后作賓語不足語。例如：We call(or:name)such a way of life"eating the bread of idleness".表示心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞，

27、如：consider,declare,find,prove,think,know,believe,discover,imagine,judge,suppose,understand后的賓補(bǔ)前常用 to be，也可省去。We found him(to be)cruel.七、作定語。非謂語動(dòng)詞用法具體講解(5)試就兩個(gè)大的方面做一比較。 （一）作前置定語1.不定式不能單獨(dú)作前置定語，但不定式一般體被動(dòng)語態(tài)可以和否定詞not,never或某個(gè)副詞連在一起作前置定語（A），不定式一般體主動(dòng)態(tài)有時(shí)和形容詞（或副詞）構(gòu)成形容詞作前置定語（B），或一些已成為固定的形容詞做前置定語（C）。A.thi

28、s never-to-be-forgotten day a not-to-be-ignored fact the much-to-be-longed-for placeB.an easy-to-use book a well-to do familyC.wait-and-see attitude hit-or-miss reading2.動(dòng)名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞做前置定語，其主要區(qū)別如下：(1)現(xiàn)在分詞說明名詞所做的動(dòng)作，朗讀時(shí)，主重音落在后面的名詞上。例如：a sleeping' child,a walking' man，而動(dòng)名詞說明

29、名詞的性能，朗讀時(shí)主重音落在動(dòng)名詞上。例如：a' sleeping pill， a' walking stick(2)現(xiàn)在分詞作定語，常表示主動(dòng)的意思并表示一個(gè)進(jìn)行體中動(dòng)作，被修飾的名詞 是它的邏輯主語?，F(xiàn)在分詞相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句。例如：a sleeping child 含義是 a man that is sleepinga walking man 含義是 a man that is walking動(dòng)名詞作定語，和名詞或有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系（A）或有動(dòng)狀關(guān)系（B）或能轉(zhuǎn)換成介詞短語來說明名詞（C）。例如：A.drinking-water    (&

30、#215;××drinks water) listening material   (×××listens to the material)B.waiting-room(×××waits in the room) walking -stick(walks by the stick)C.sleeping-pill(pill for sleeping) cooking-salt   (salt for cooking)(3)過去分詞作前置定語與現(xiàn)在分

31、詞一樣，具有同樣的語法功能，但它表示被動(dòng)或完成，其意義較之前三者有明顯的不同。例如：excited people(People that were excited)boiled water(water that boiled)（二）作后置定語。1.動(dòng)名詞不能作后置定語，但動(dòng)名詞和介詞構(gòu)成短語時(shí)，可作后置定語。例如： They don't approve of his method of teaching students. Have you any objection to going there on foot?另外，在某些名詞，如：opportunity,cha

32、nce,way后既可用介詞加動(dòng)名詞，也可用不定式作定語，含義無差別。例如：I hope to have an opportunity of seeing you again. to seeThere'll be a chance of visiting the Summer Palace,I think. to visitThat's the best way of doing it. to do 2.不定式和分詞均可以作后置定語，其主要區(qū)別如下：（1）不定式作定語，多表示它所說明的詞的內(nèi)容或狀態(tài)，沒有一定的時(shí)間性或在謂語動(dòng)作之后發(fā)生。例如：No

33、investigation,no right to speak.He is always the first to come.I have something to tell you.（2）現(xiàn)在分詞作定語，表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作（A），或表示經(jīng)常性動(dòng)作或(現(xiàn)在或當(dāng)時(shí)）的狀態(tài)。例如：(A)Tell the children playing(who are playing)there not to make so much noise.非謂語動(dòng)詞用法具體講解(6)   Did you see the man talking(who was talking)to the teache

34、r.(B)They lived in a room facing(that faced)the south.   The building standing(that stands)here is built this year.（3）過去分詞作定語，表示其動(dòng)作或是在謂語動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生（A）或僅表示被動(dòng)含義，不強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間性（B）。例如：（A）Yesterday he received a photograph sent(which had been sent)by his aunt in Nanjing.（B）He is a man loved(who is loved)by all.八、作狀語。除各自做狀語的功能外，不定式和分詞都能在句子里作結(jié)果狀語和原因狀語。現(xiàn)在比較如下：（一）不定式除用在enoughto,so as to,too.to.,only to等結(jié)構(gòu)中表示結(jié)果外，一般表示一個(gè)隨后發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，其動(dòng)作通常是一個(gè)未曾料到的不愉