1、英語句子成分和英語句子結構講解及練習簡單句的五個基本句型v 主語 不及物動詞 She came. v 主語 及物動詞 賓語 She likes English.v 主語 系動詞 主語補語 v She is happyv 主語 動詞 間接賓語 直接賓語v She gave John a bookv She bought a book for me.v 主語 動詞 賓語 賓語補語 v She makes her mother angry v The teacher asked me to read the passage.v （ There +be There lies a book on the

2、 desk. 主謂賓 v 名代動詞名代 v we- saw -you. v we- did -the work. v 主系表 v 名代系動詞形容次名詞代詞v you are beautiful v you seems worried. v you are a stufent. v 相同點都三部分，主語也一樣 不同動詞和系動詞，時態一樣，否定式不同動詞加助動詞，系動詞不用 表語可以是形容詞，賓語不行 只有賓語有補足語2、句子成分：英語句子成分分為七種：v 主語、謂語、賓語、定語、狀語、表語、賓語補足語。v 1、主語是句子所要說的人或事物,回答是“誰”或者“什么”。通常用名詞或代詞擔任。v 如：I

3、m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐)v 2、謂語動詞說明主語的動作或狀態,回答“做(什么)”。主要由動詞擔任。v 如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打掃房間)v 3、表語在系動詞之后,說明主語的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么樣”。通常由名詞、代詞或形容詞擔任。v 如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、賓語表示及物動詞的對象或結果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名詞或代詞擔任。v 如：He can spell the word.(他能拼這個詞)v 有些及物動詞帶有兩個賓語,一個指物,一個指人。指物的叫直接賓語,

4、指人的叫間接賓語。間接賓語一般放在直接賓語的前面。v 如：He wrote me a letter . (他給我寫了一封信)v 有時可把介詞to或for加在間接賓語前構成短語,放在直接賓語后面,來強調間接賓語。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他給我寫了一封信)5、定語修飾名詞或代詞,通常由形容詞、代詞、數詞等擔任。如： Shanghai is a big city .(上海是個大城市)6、狀語用來修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞,通常由副詞擔任。如：He works hard .(他工作努力) 7、賓語補足語用來說明賓語怎么樣或干什么,通常由形容詞或動詞充當。v 如：They

5、usually keep their classroom clean.(他們通常讓教室保持清潔) /v He often helps me do my lessons.(他常常幫我做功課) / v The teacher wanted me to learn French all by myself.(老師要我自學法語)8同位語通常緊跟在名詞、代詞后面,進一步說明它的情況。v 如：Where is your classmate Tom ?(你的同學湯姆在哪里？)1. 主語（subject）：句子說明的人或事物。 The sun rises in the east （名詞）  

6、;   He likes dancing. （代詞） Twenty years is a short time in history. (數詞)   Seeing is believing. （動名詞） To see is to believe.（不定式） What he needs is a book.（主語從句） It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.（It形式主語，主語從句是真正主語）(一）指出下列句中主語的中心詞 The teacher with two

7、of his students is walking into the classroom. There is an old man coming here. The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult.謂語（predicate）：是對主語加以陳述，表示主語的行為或狀態，常用動詞或者動詞詞組擔任，放在主語的后面。We study English.  

8、0;      He is asleep.(二). 選出句中謂語的中心詞 I don't like the picture on the wall.  A. don't B. like C. picture D. wall The days get longer and longer when summer comes. A. get B. longer C. days D. summer Do you usually go to school by bus?  A. Do B. usually C. go

9、D. bus There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon3. 表語（predicative）：系動詞之后的成分，表示主語的性質、狀態和特征。He is a teacher.  （名詞）      You dont look it. （代詞）Five and five is ten. （數詞）   He is asleep.  （形容詞

10、）His father is in. （副詞）        The picture is on the wall.   (介詞短語)My watch is gone / missing / lost.  （形容詞化的分詞）The question is whether they will come. （表語從句）常見連系動詞v “存在”類:表示存在或具有某種特征或狀態.這類連系動詞強調“存在”。常見的有:be(是),look(看起來),feel(摸上去),seem(似乎是),appear(似乎

11、、顯得),prove(證明是),smell(聞起來),taste(嘗起來),sound(聽起來)等。v 例如: The story sounds true. v Those oranges taste good star. 2. “持續”類:表示某種情況或狀態的持續。這類連系動詞強調“持續”。常見的有:remain(依然),keep(保持),stay(保持),continue(繼續、仍舊),stand(處于某狀況或情形)等。例如: Why don't you put the meat in the fridge? It will stay fresh for several days.

12、 It's already ten in the morning. The store remains closed. What's the matter? 3. “變化”類:表示由一種情況或狀態變化成另一種情況或狀態。這類連系動詞強調“變化”后的情況或狀態.常見的有:become(變成), turn(變成), grow(變得), get(變得)等。v 例如: Put the fish in the fridge, or it will go bad in hot weather.(三) 挑出下列句中的表語 The old man was feeling very tired.

13、   Why is he worried about Jim? The leaves have turned yellow.       Soon They all became interested in the subject. She was the first to learn about it. tired   worried   yellow   interested   first 4. 賓語：1）動賓表示行為的對象，常由名詞或者代詞擔任。放在及物動詞或者介詞之

14、后。如：I like China. （名詞）    He hates you. （代詞）How many do you need? We need two. （數詞）I enjoy working with you. （動名詞）I hope to see you again. （不定式）    Did you write down what he said? （賓語從句）2）介詞后的名詞、代詞和動名詞-介賓 Are you afraid of the snake?      

15、  Under the snow, there are many rocks.    3）雙賓語-間賓（指人）和直賓（指物）He gave me a book yesterday.       Give the poor man some money(四) 挑出下列句中的賓語v My brother hasn't done his homework.v People all over the world speak English.v You must pay good attentio

16、n to your pronunciation.v How many new words did you learn last class?v Some of the students in the school want to go swimming.v his homework   English   your pronunciation   new words   to go swimming5. 賓補：對賓語的補充，全稱為賓語補足語。v We elected him monitor.  （名詞）   v We all

17、 think it a pity that she didnt come here. （名詞）v We will make them happy. （形容詞）v We found nobody in. ( 副詞 )v Please make yourself at home. （介詞短語） Dont let him do that. （省to不定式）v His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson. （帶to不定式）v Dont keep the lights burning. （現在分詞）v Ill have my bike re

18、paired. （過去分詞）擴展：v 主補：對主語的補充。v He was elected monitor. v She was found singing in the next room.v He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.(五) 挑出下列句中的賓語補足語v She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.v He asked her to take the boy out of school.v She found it diffic

19、ult to do the work.v They call me Lily sometimes.v I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus.v Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now?v to read newspapers and books in the reading-room  to take the boy out of schoolv      Lily   get on the bus   playin

20、g football on the playgroundv  劃出句中的直接賓語和間接賓語v Please tell us a story.v My father bought a new bike for me last week.v Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term.v Here is a pen. Give it to Tom.v Did he leave any message for me?6. 定語：修飾或限制名詞或代詞的詞、詞組或句子。v Yanling is a chemistry teacher.（名詞）v

21、He is our friend. （代詞）v We belong to the third world.（數詞） v He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（形容詞）v The man over there is my old friend.(副詞)v The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介詞)The boys playing football are in Class 2. （現在分詞）The trees planted last year are growing well

22、now. （過去分詞）I have an idea to do it well.（不定式） You should do everything that I do. （定語從句）(六) 挑出下列句中的定語v They use Mr., Mrs. with the family name.v What is your given name?v On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.v I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.v The man downstairs was trying to s

23、leep. family   given   third   some   downstairs7. 狀語：用來修飾v., adj., adv., or 句子。表示時間、地點、原因、目的、結果、程度、條件、方式和讓步。（以下例句按上述順序排列）v I will go there tomorrow.       v The meeting will be held in the meeting room.v The meat went bad because of the hot weather.

24、     v He studies hard to learn English well.v He didnt study hard so that he failed in the exam.    v I like some of you very much.v If you study hard, you will pass the exam.          v He goes to school by bike.v Thou

25、gh he is young, he can do it well. (七) 挑出下列句中的狀語v There was a big smile on her face.v Every night he heard the noise upstairs.v He began to learn English when he was eleven.v The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast.v With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off.v on the fac

26、e   Every night   when he was eleven   fast  With the medicine box under her arm 八、同位語v 當一個概念詞在前，后面的詞、詞組或者句子是在解釋前者時，而且兩者的語法功能相同，后者就是前者的同位語。v Mr. Black, our English teacher, is a good tennis player. v 我們的英語老師布萊克先生是個優秀的網球手。v Football, the only interest in life, has brought him many

27、 friends.v 足球-他唯一的愛好，讓他結交了許多朋友。Yesterday I met Tom, a friend of my brother's. v 昨天我遇到了我弟弟的朋友湯姆。 Thats her habit, reading in bed.v 躺在床上看書是她的習慣。v Your suggestion, to strike while the iron is hot, seemed a good idea.v 你建議趁熱打鐵，這個建議很好。He gave orders that the work should be started immediately.v 他發出指示

28、要立即開始工作。You still havent answered my question why you didnt come to school yesterday.v 你還沒有回答我昨天為什么沒有上學。同位語從句常跟在某些名詞后，對其作進一步的解釋。這些名詞包括：fact, doubt, idea, news, hope, indication, decision, possibility, assumption, suggestion, question.這類從句常常有that引導，有時也可以用what, why, whether, when 等引導。(九)插入語v 插入語是說話者對所

29、表達的意思的補充、強調、解釋或者說話的態度，其位置靈活常常用逗號或者破折號分開，并且在語法上不影響其他成份。v 1. 插入語常以副詞（副詞短語）、形容詞（形容詞短語）、介詞短語、非謂語動詞短語等形式出現。 v （ 1 ）常見的副詞及短語： indeed， surely， however， obviously， frankly， naturally， luckily / happily for sb. certainly 等。 (九) There be 句型 拓展：There be +句詞詞組”中，there為虛詞，be后面的名詞詞組為句子的真正主語。該句式在使用時須注意如下幾點：There b

30、e句式表示“有”時，它表示一種存在關系，通常帶有一個地點狀語，意為“什么地方（時候）有”。句式中的主語只能為表泛指的名詞詞組，此外，其主語還可以帶前置或后置定語。例如：1. There is a blackboard in the classroom.2. There are five minutes to go.3. There are two old women waiting for you at the gate.在正式文體中，該句式中be動詞的單復數形式取決于以下兩種情況：v （1）該句式中只有一個主語，主語為單數時，be動詞用單數；主語若為復數，be動詞也用復數。v （2）該句式中

31、有幾個并列主語，則按就近原則處理，即與靠近be動詞的第一個主語保持一致。例如：v 1. There is room for improvement.v 2. There are three apples on the table.v 3. There were only two pens, a dictionary and a textbook on the desk.“There be +主語+不定式”中，不定式可以有主動和被動兩種形式，不過在口語中主動形式更為常見。例如：1. There is a letter to type today.2. There is no time to lo

32、se.3. There are many things to be done now.There be句式中，be動詞有各種變化形式。（1）be動詞有時態變化，可以為一般現在時、一般過去時、現在完成時、過去完成時、將來時等。例如：1. There are a lot of people in the meeting-room.2. There was little left.3. There have been many such traffic accidents in the past few years.4. When he got there, he found there had b

33、een no one waiting for him in the room.5. Without air, there would be no living things.6. There is going to be a storm tomorrow morning.（2）There be句式中，be之前可以有情態動詞。例如：v 1. There may be some people who dont like the film.v 2. There used to be a temple in the village.句子種類一）按使用目的可分為陳述句、疑問句、祈使句和感嘆句。v 1）

34、陳述句（Declarative Sentences）：說明一個事實或陳述一種看法。v Light travels faster than sound.光比聲速度快。v The film is rather boring.這部電影很乏味。v I havent got a camera. 我沒有相機.v They have never met before. 他們以前從沒見過面.疑問句（Interrogative Sentences）：提出問題。有以下四種：a.一般疑問句（General Questions）：v Can you finish the work in time? v 你能按時完成工

35、作嗎？b.特殊疑問句（W Questions; H Questions）v Where do you live? 你住那兒？v How do you know that? 你怎么知道那件事 c.選擇疑問句（Alternative Questions）：v Do you want tea or coffee? v 你是要茶還是要咖啡？ d.反意疑問句（Tag-Questions）：v He knows her, doesnt he?v 他不認識她，對不對？= Does he know her?v yes, he does.v No , he doesnt.3） 祈使句（Imperative Se

36、ntences）：提出請求，建議或發出命令，例如：v Sit down, please.請坐。v Don't be nervous! 別緊張！4） 感嘆句（Exclamatory Sentences）：表示說話人驚奇、喜悅、憤怒等情緒，例如：v What good news it is! 多好的消息??！v How good the news is!v What beautiful flowers they are! 多美麗的花啊!v How beautiful the flowers are!v How lovely the child is! 多可愛的小孩啊!v What a lov

37、ely child he is! v what a cute child he is二）句子按其結構可以分為以下三類：v 1） 簡單句（Simple Sentences）：只包含一個主謂結構句子叫簡單句，例如：v She is fond of collecting stamps. v 她喜歡集郵。v We all study hard.v 我們都努力學習.I love sports very much. v 我非常喜歡運動.v Mum made a beautiful skirt for me.v 媽媽為我做了一條漂亮的裙子.v We elected him our class preside

38、nt.v 我們選了他做班長.v There are more than 3000 students in our school. v 我們學校的學生超過3000名.2） 并列句（Compound Sentences）：由兩個或兩個以上的簡單句并列連接起來的句子叫并列句.v The food was good, but he had little appetite.v 食物很精美，但他卻沒什么胃口。v Lets hurry, or we will be late.v 咱們趕緊點,要不就遲到啦.v He studied hard( ,) and he passed the exam. v 他努力學

39、習并通過了考試.v He felt no fear, for he was very brave. v 他很勇敢,毫不畏懼.v He was sick, so they were quiet.v 他病了,所以他們很安靜.3） 復合句（Complex Sentences）：包含一個主句從句和一個或幾個從句的句子叫復合句，從句由從屬連詞引導，例如：v The film had begun when we got to the cinema.v 我們到達電影院的時候，電影已經開演了。v Do you know the man who is in the car? v 你認識坐在汽車里的人嗎?v Wh

40、at he said is not true. v 他說的不是實話.I know its difficult to master a foreign language. v 我知道學好一門外語不容易.v The question is whether he will join us next time.v 問題是下次他是否跟我們一起干.v The idea that Iraq could be taken within a week or two was an underestimation. v 伊拉克可以在一兩周內就可以拿下的這一想法是估計不足的想法.v To get into unive

41、rsity (= If you want to get into university) you have to pass a number of exams.v 進入大學,你必須通過一系列的考試. 元音和輔音的定義：發音時聲帶振 動，呼出的氣流通過口腔時不受阻礙，這樣形成的語音稱為元音。不論聲帶振動與否，發音時呼出的氣流通過口腔或鼻腔時受到一定的阻礙，這樣形成的語音稱為輔音。發音時聲帶不振動的輔音稱為清輔音。發音聲帶振動的輔音稱為濁輔音。巧記48個國際音標單元音共十二，四二六前中后雙元音也好背，合口集中八個輔音共計二十八八對一清又七濁， 四個連對也包括。有氣無聲清輔音， 有聲無氣濁輔音，發音

42、特點應掌握 1. 音標必須寫在括號里，常用的音標括號有斜頭和平頭兩種，其上端不頂第一線，大致與大寫字母相齊，下端在第三格的中2. 音標沒有書寫體，也沒有大小寫，因此書寫時必須和印刷體一 樣，直上直下，沒有斜度，其書寫規格如下所列。3. 下面幾個音標是最容易寫錯的，一定要注意：ai和au不要寫成Ai和Au，A:不要寫成a:。在打字的時候，不要用a來代替A,把A:打成a:，也不要用g來代替G，把GE:l打成gE:l。4. 音標沒有書寫體，也沒有大小寫，因此書寫時必須和印刷體一樣，直上直下，沒有斜度，其書寫規格如下頁所列元音音標學習元音概述：元音是有噪音的語音

43、。形成元音時，聲帶振動，氣流經由咽腔和口腔逸出時，不受到任何阻礙，沒有可以聽得到的摩擦聲。英語里共有20個元音（單元音1個，雙元音個）。 元音之間的差異，是由發音時各發音器官所采取的不同位置形成的。所謂“不同位置”，指的是舌頭的高低與前后，牙床的開合程度，以及唇形的大小和圓扁。但其中決定的因素是舌頭的位置：舌頭是在口腔的前部、中部或者后部，決定所發的音是前元音、中元音還是后元音；舌身隆起的高度以及舌的哪一部分隆起最高，決定發出的元音是開口元音、半開元音、合口元音、還是半合元音。牙床開合的程度是由舌位的高低所決定的，而雙唇的圓扁和大小對形成不同的元音也有相當的影響。因此，描述一個元音的發音部位，

44、主要是描述它的舌位和唇形。Lesson 1元音i: i : 學習i: 發這個音的字母和字母組合e ea ee e: me be she he we evening ee:sweet bee sweep sheep see sleep three green ea:meat leaf sea pea teach eat clean根據發音規則，圈出下列單詞中元音字母組合發音相同的兩個詞。 1.seat rain bean cat 2.gift feet teacher d 3.pig star tree jeep 4.sweet sea fish thei 發這個音的字母和字母組合i e y e

45、y ay i: pig fish in fifteen six ship thin e: begin behind jacket basketball y: happy heavy busy lorry carry sunny lovely study thirsty twenty thirty windy rainy ey: monkey money ay:Sunday Saturday Friday 根據發音規則，圈出每組中元音字母發音不相同的單詞。 1.sofa sit kick lip 2.ink gift jam ship 3.hand picture big sister 4.ho

46、t lick pig jelly: 發這個音的字母和字母組合er ir ur ear or er: her serve term ir:bird girl skirt first dirty skirt shirt ur:nurse Thursday turtle purple curtain ear:early learn or: word work world根據發音規則，圈出每組中元音字母組合發音相同的單詞。 1.thirty beer thirsty wheat 2. bank king her nurse 3.turtle bird rabbit knee 4.room run sh

47、irt term 發這個音的字母和字母組合ure er ar or a e ure: picture er:teacher brother dinner father sister ar: sugar or:doctor a:panda about above camera sofa China根據發音規則，找出發的2個單詞寫在后面的橫線上。 1.mother sofa road smile 2.sit father sister food 3. hair deer tiger China 4.sugar soon ear leader Lesson 2音標: u: u學習 發這個音的字母和字

48、母組合o a o: fox coffee dog shop dog doctor long a: watch 根據發音規則，找出發:的2個單詞寫在后面的橫線上。 1.doctor teacher box clothes 2.cold zoo clock dog 3.love boss lot violin 4.watch beach fox girlu: 發這個音的字母和字母組合o oo ui o: do who whose oo: food moon too ui: fruit juice u: ruler rude 根據發音規則，找出不發u:的單詞。1. juice moon zoo pa

49、nda 2. tooth broom eye spoon 3. head boot noodles pool 4. noon cool boot watchu發這個音的字母和字母組合o oo u o:woman wolf oo:look good book foot wood u:bull bullet 根據發音規則，選出與其它單詞元音發音不相同的單詞。 1.mouth book look pull 2.push tape sugar foot 3.wood kind wolf bull 4.bullet wood cook name四. 寫出單詞或音標。 bru:m d: sit b:d f

50、ut wi: dg sist look do water good too foot clock first work sister doctor sea 五. 將下列單詞與正確的音標用線連起來。 hotblu: footballhuk blueki:s hookfutb:l kisshtLesson 3音標a: æ e 練習a: 發這個音的字母和字母組合a ar au ear a: grass glass class plant dance fast father last ar: car star arm March garden dark scarf au: laugh aun

51、t ear: heart 根據發音規則，圈出發a:的2個單詞。 1.arm lip doctor card 2. cloud cart garden gate 3.ball scarf dark tiger 4. job lorry March park 發這個音的字母和字母組合o u oo ou o: son come colour love money u: sun nut jump gum bus brush supper us ou: touch cousin country 根據發音規則，找出每組中發的單詞。 1.hear cup bed air 2. voice boy duck ant 3