1、v1.0可編輯可修改Chapterl1, what is style in your opinion according to what we have studied in this chapterAn wser1, from the perspective of the content, the events andactivities described ,style is say ing differe nt things in differe nt ways ;from the perspective of the ways of expressionused ,styled is

2、same thing indiffere nt ways; from the perspective of the users of Ian guage ,style is differe nt speakers using Ian guage in differe nt ways; and from the perspective of the text ,style is the functions of texts for differe nt purposes.An wser2,thedefi niti onof style is the con cept of style ascho

3、ice .thisdefinitioncan have at least too interpretations .oneis thatfirst we have a pre-existing thought ,and then we choice the appropriate type of expressi on to express it in Ian guage. The chose nexpressi onis thestyle .ano ther is that the choice refers to the choice of meaning. The choice of I

4、an guage is at the same time a choice of meaning and a choice of style .2, what isthe sig ni fica neeof study ingthe style of Ian guage in lear ning andteach ing En glishAn wser, the an swer is that if we want to use Ian guage appropriatelyin differe nt situati ons , we n eed to study style .as fore

5、ig n Ian guage lear ners, if we disregard the rules of using what variety of Ianguage in what occasion , or fail to obey them through ignorance , la nguage can become in stead a barrier to successful com muni cati on . Therefore its n ecessary to have a clear aware ness of how Ian guage should be us

6、ed in differe nt types of situati ons especially in un familiar situati ons.3, what factors can result i n differe nces in styleAn swer , 1, the differe nt types of vocabulary create differe nt images of the events in the reader ' s mind, so they can result in different people living indifferent

7、 periods of time in history will also speak differently ,and that willresult in a differe nt style.Chapter21, explain the followi ng terms1) ,foregrounding: the stylistically significant features have to be prominentand motivated ,that is ,foregrounded.2) ,i neon gruity:thelin guisticfeatures depart

8、 from theno rmaluse ofIan guage ,break ing the rules grammar ,spell ing ,pronun eiati on.3) defleetion:the linguisticfeaturesdon' t depart from the establishedgrammatical, lexical and logical rules and principles ,but have an unexpectedhigh freque ncy of occurre nee.4) ,field;its concerned with

9、what is happe ning,in clud ingthe subjectmatter,the events happe nin gs,go ing-ons, the conten t ,etc5) te nor: its concerned with who is tak ing part in the excha nge of meaning -the relati on ship betwee n the speaker and the liste ner,their relativestatus,their attitude,a nd their role relati ons

10、 .6) mode:its concerned with how the in teracti on is con ducted,that iswhether it is written or spoken ,or whether it is expressed by phonic substanceor graphic substa nce.2,questi on for discussi on2) i n rhetorical series,the nu mber of items can in flue nce the stylistic to an alyze the causes o

11、n the basis of social culture.An swer :differe nt nu mbers of words can produce differe nt stylistic effects inthe appropriate con texts. Two items express asserti on ,that is ,it is just this ,not that n appropriate situati ons three items can produce ethic ,persuasive, and represe ntative effect.

12、Four or more items in a seriesstress a large nu mber of the con crete things ,and these can produce an imageryin the mind of the reader that the large amount of thingsconstitutesasignificant situation in which certain aspect are highlighted. Another functionof the rhetorical series is to use concret

13、e items to highlight abstract con cepts so that the abstract con cept can be expressed in con crete lively and vivid way to enhance the aesthetic value of Ian guage.3) what factors affectthe writer ' s selection of words and styleAnswer : five criteria for the selection of words :whether they ar

14、e familiar ornot familiar, whether they are con crete or abstract, whether they are sin gleor more ,whether they are short and simple. Or long. Whether they are An glosax on words or lati n words .field ,tenor ,mode affect the writer ' s select ionof style.4) what is the criterion used to classi

15、fy wordsAn swer :we can use more systematic way to classify word accord ing to registerand dialect .register:field,tenor , mode .dialect:regional dialect,such asLondon dialect;social dialect such as dialect of age, race, dialect such as odEn glish .5) through what cha nn els can words be used to ach

16、ieve tran sferred meaningAn swer :simile :x is like Y, eg as busy as bee. Metaphor: X is Y ,eg he is a pig.Syn ecdoche eg many hands represe nt the people who work with their hands .Metonymy eg purse represe nt mon ey.Chapter31,explain the following terms1) ,chiasmus:chiasmus is formed by inverting

17、the word order of the second part of a parallel structures。it forms a kind of an tithetical structure. Eg:let us n ever n egotiate out of fear,but let us n ever fear to n egotiate.2)a ntistrophe:order ,eg:what3)epizeuxis:itit is the repetiti on of the same items but in in verteds polly to me,or me t

18、o pollyis a continuousrepetitionfor highlightinga particular feature.4) ploce: the repetiti on is not con ti nu ous , but in termitte nt or dispersed inthe text.5) loosesentence: put the major idea first and than theillustration .such asentence is easy to grasp .6) periodicsenten ce:a periodic sente

19、nce can be used to createsuspe nse,orexpectation, thus drawing the listener' s attention to the end of the can beused to produce humorous and emphatic effect .2,questi on for discussi on1) ,thereare many types of syntacticdeflection,but they have one thing incom mon :recurre nee of structures. H

20、ow is syn tactic deflect ion classifiedAn swer :thereare two type of syn tacticdeflect ion:the un expected highfrequency of occurreneeof a certaintype of sentence; and the overregularoccurre nee of a particular patter n .2) the high frequency of occurrenee of long and short sentence can createstylis

21、tic effect .apart from the differeneein expressive meanings ,what areother characteristics of the two types of sentencesAnswer : long sentences are good to provide the detailed descriptions ,and aregood to reveal the mental activities of the speaker .so they are used to produce a vivid, rich, exuber

22、ant, luxurious style. Short sentence: can producedirect ,terse ,con cise ,clear effect or continu ous compact ,swift effect ,sothat it createscertainatmosphere , and leave a deep impressionon theliste ners.3) why do writersoftenviolate the rule of grammar What do we cal thisviolatio nAnswer: we call

23、 this violationsyntacticincongruity.the violationof thegrammatical rules can be used to produce certain stylistic effects. The so- called un grammatical senten ces are used to represe nt the differe nt varieties ofIanguage according to register and dialect. In literary works, dialectical andpersonal

24、features of speech are oftenusedto depict thepersonality ofthecharacters. In poetry, the poet ofte n uses devia nt grammatical structures to achievespecialeffects, makes linesterseand concise,to make itrich inmea ning.4) what is the function of rhetorical questionsAnswer: A rhetoricalquesti onis to

25、use the form of a questionin order to16express a strong emoti on or to emphasize a particular aspect. The fun cti on of in verted sentence is to make a declarative sentence more powerful, to attractthelistener ' s attention,or to in duce otherssympathy.Arran gedinparallelism, rhetorical questi o

26、ns can express stro ng emoti ons and in crease thepersuasive power. A rhetoricalquestioncan also introducethe topic of thetext.5) In what ways can we use in verted senten ces to achieve emphatic effectAn swer: to cha nge the no rmal word order can be used to produce some emphaticeffect. What is put

27、to the in itial part of the sentence is usually the focus ofin formati on of the clause and also the theme of he clause. So it is highlighted.Chapter4 1 explain the following terms1) Syn aesthesia:it refersto the factthat sounds s are attributedwithcertain values or esthetic features.It is very casu

28、al,and supported bysituati onal features and mea ning.2)Alliteratio n:refers to therepetiti onof the in itialsound usually aconsonant, or a vowel at first positi on, in two or more words that occurclose together.vowel sounds in3) Assonance:refers to the use of the same or relatedsuccessive words. It

29、 can create harm onious effect.4) Consonance: refers to the repetiti on of the last consonants of the stresseswords at the end of the lines.2 questi ons for discussi on1) What are the characteristicof spokenIan guageand writte nIan guagerespectivelyAn swer: spoke n Ian guage:1 itcan directlybeaccomp

30、a nied byothernon-lin guisticmeans as theaid; 2it is gen erallyspeak ingnot asformalaswritte n Ian guage; 3 it permits errors in the process of product ion; 4 it uses aparticular grammar, a grammar characteristics of spoke n Ian guage. 5 homopho nescan be used for special stylistic effects, such as

31、pun; 6 some implicati ons arebest represe nted by special sound features; 7 sound feature can represe nt the feature of regi onal dialect or social dialect.Writte n Ian guage:1 as writte n Ian guage com muni cati on is usually n ot a direct one, but is delayed in time and at differe nt places, the w

32、riter gen erally hastime to get well prepared and revise the text beforehe sends it out to thereader;2 as space is limited, it has special grammatical features so as to putmore meaning in it .there are many nominalizationsto make sentencesintogroups;3 written Ianguage is often used in a more formal

33、situation; 4 as timeis eno ugh, it is usually writte n in a more detailed and logical way;5 aswritten Ianguage is more purposeful, and for a singlespecific goal, it isusually more con sta nt and developed around a sin gle subject.2) How many sound patter nsdo we have What special stylistic effects c

34、an beachieved by themAn swer: these sound patter ns in clude alliterati onwhich can create harm ony,connection and achieve special stylistic effects, assonance which can create harm onious effect, and consonance3) What factors can in flue nee graphological prominence .Answer: there are three distinc

35、tive factors that can produce graphological prominen ce: marking, spaci ng and seque nee. Marking refers to the use of writte n symbols to convey in formati on; space is spaci ng arran geme nt depart ing from this no rmal way of spaci ng can be used to achieve stylistic effects.4 In moder n En glish

36、, pun ctuati on marks are patter ned and sta ndardized. How canwe use pun ctuati on marks for special stylistic purposeAnswer: period typically occurs at the end of a declarative sentence. If periodoccurs in un expected high freque ncy of occurre nee, it ofte n means that the textmainly functions to

37、 provide information; comma is used to mark the unit largertha n a word, however,in Charles Dicke ns' Dombey and Son, comma is used toindicate syllables; exclamation marks can be used to carry emotional coloring, a mark of expressingspecial feelings; parenthesesare used forfurtherexpla nati on;

38、the ellipsis of pun ctuati on marks produces an illogical and non- seque ntial image.Chapter71 explain the following terms1) Guide: guide is the further explanation of the headline, it consists of six eleme nts; locati on, character, eve nt, mode, time, and cause.2) Nominalization:refers to a gramma

39、tical phenomenon in which the meaning which is normally expressed by a clause is here expressed by a phrase, so clause nominalization is normal. It is contracted.3) The highlightingmethod: from the productive point of view, thecolumnistcan publish the whole story, or he can cut off some parts from t

40、he end. He caneven cut off the main body.4) Meaning con tract ion: using the smallest form to get the most meaning.5) Journalese words: as new report requires the speaker to use the least formto get the most meaning, and it has to be fresh and attractive, so the words inn ews report is short and n e

41、w.2 questi ons for discussi on1) What are sema ntic features of n ews reportAnswer:1 In terms of ideational meaning, apart from the semantic field of newsreport, it covers virtually all areas of meaning systems ;2 in terms of interpersonal meaning, it stresses objectivity;3 in terms of textual meani

42、ng, it has the feature of meaning con tract ion.3) Most of the headli nes are elliptical senten ces. Tell in what way ellipsis isbest achieve in n ews report.Answer: most of the headlines are elliptical sentences. What is omitted is: (a)subject-predicate (b) predicate (c) link verb or auxiliary verb

43、4) How is meaning con tract ion of n ews report embodied in grammarAnswer: one feature of news report is meaning contraction, that is using the smallest form to get the most meaning .its grammatical feature are as follows:(1) the nomin alizati on of the processes (2)big noun phrases and complex modi

44、ficati ons (3)as some of the pre-modifiers come from a separate clause, it is highly con tracted .5) The concreteness contraction of news report is in contradiction to meaning con tract ion. Tell how this con tradicti on is revolved in n ews report.An swer: besides itsauthe nticityandobjectivity,n e

45、wsreportshouldalsoemphasizecon crete nessanddetailed ness.Therefore,thewriteroftengivesbackgro undin formatio nanddetailsbyusing pare nthesis.Bydoing so,thewriter can provide con crete and detailed in formatio n and save space as well.6) What graphological means are used in news report Analyze what

46、effects are achieved by graphological means.Answer: grphological means are made in the typesetting, for example, headlinescan be arrangedin suchways: 1flush-left(itismade intoa square)2dropped-line(thelength ofthe lineis the same,butdropped ina bit eachtime) 3 short line followed by a long tome 4 al

47、ong line followed by ashortline5 con cave form6 con vex form .They can in creaseesthetic value and become more attractive.7) What are lexical features of news report Why are many nonce words used in n ews reportAnswer: lexical feature: 1 short and new-fashi oned such acrisis in theUN faces crisis of

48、 credibility2 short journalesephrase such as “ keyissue ” in “jobless willbe the key issue in 1993”3nonce words, oftenble nds such as Euromarket=Europea n market.8) Why is there so much use of direct speech in news reportof news report.Answer: the use of direct speech can enhance the credibilityThe

49、directly quoted speech can be regarded as basis of facts.9 ) What prominent devices are used in headlines in news reportAn swer: alliterati on allusi onsuspe nse etc.Chapter61 Explain the followi ng terms1 ) time non-flue ncy:pauses in in appropriatepositi onswith in a phrase orgroups position ,the

50、use of um or er to delay the time ,the repetition of someexpressi ons ,such as be said be said be said.,2) Quality non-fluency: often the speaker cannot find the appropriate words to express himself, and he is strivi ng for words, so he uses many in exact expressi ons and even wrong expressi ons or

51、wrong pronun ciati ons to express himself.3) Adjacency pair: most of the sentencesare declarative and interrogativesentences as they are mostly made up of questio ns and an swers.4) Slot filling words: slot filling words are used to fill in the pauses whenthe speaker strives for meaning as words, or

52、 when he or she strives to be polite ness or lesse n the degree of imprude nee.2 questi on for discussi on1 ) What are the characteristics of conversationfrom the perspective ofsema ntics, grammar, vocabulary and phono logyAn swer :sema ntic features:(1)the in explicit ness of meaning (2)the randomn

53、 ess ofsubject matter, and a gen erallack ofpla nning(3)the lack of flue ncyGrammatical features :(1)se ntence complexity (2)verbal phrases(3 nominal phrases(4)the types of sentences (5)quoted eleme nts. Lexical feature:(1)most of the words are short and simple An glo-Sax on on es, (2)the choice of

54、words islimited in scope or range(3)sla ngand colloquial words, taboowords ,exclamatory words are frequently used (4)some slot filling words ,suchas you know ,Imea n, etc.(5)useexaggerated words andexpressi ons.Phono logicalfeatures:(1)usemorecon tract ionsfortheuni mporta ntin formatio n(2)the ofte

55、ntry toexpress themselves inspiteof the fact thatthe otheris speak ing(3)thereare many emphaticways ofspeech ,such asstress .2) How do you acco unt for the in explicit ness of Ian guage in daily con versati onAn swer: the in explicit nessof meanings manifestedin the followi ngaspects:(1)lots of exop

56、horic expressi on such as"this“ is the tendency (2)there aremissi ng links betwee n theuttera nces(3)a lotof backgro undin formati onmissi ng.(4)ma nyin exactexpressi onsusing generalwords for particularcon cepts(5)ma ny in complete expressi ons.3 ) What are the featuresspontaneous commentary f

57、rom the perspective ofsema ntics, grammar, vocabulary and phono logyAn swer: from the perspective of sema ntic features, if the liste ners could alsosee the event while the comme ntary is delivered, there will be a lot of meaningimplied or simply presupposed; but in a commentary without visual support on the part of the listeners,the commentator has to provide all the necessaryin formatio n.In terms of