1、2014 年普通高等學校招生全國統一考試（上海卷）英語第I卷II. Grammar and vocabulary Section ADirections: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blank

2、s, use one word that best fits each blank.(A)My Stay in New YorkAfter graduation from university, I had been unable to secure a permanent job in my small town. So I decided to leave home for New York, (25)_I might have a better chance to find a good job. (26) _ (earn) some money to pay the daily exp

3、enses, I started work in a local café as a waiter. I believe that (27) _ _ _ I was offered a good position, I would resign at once.Over time, the high cost of living became a little burden on my already (28) _ (exhaust) shoulder. On the other hand, my search for a respectable job had not met wi

4、th much success. As I had studied literature at university, I found it quite difficult to secure a suitable job in big companies. Mother had just said that (29) _ I want to have a better career advancement, I had to find work in the city. Perhaps (30) _my mother had told me was deeply rooted in my m

5、ind. I just did as she had expected.Soon I had lived in the city for over six months but I still did not like it. Apparently, I had difficulty (31) _ (adapt) myself to life in the city, let alone finding a job to my delight. After nine months of frustration, I eventually decided to go back to my sma

6、ll town. Not until I returned (32) _I realize that a quiet town life was the best for me.解析：25. 本題考查非限定性定語從句。由于先行詞為New York，故填關系副詞where引導定語從句，同時在從句中做狀語。26. 本題考查不定式在句中做目的狀語。根據后面內容some money to pay the daily expenses（一些錢來支付日常費用）可知，是為了賺錢，故填To earn。27. 本題考查狀語從句的連詞。根據設空以及后面內容I was offered a good position

7、, I would resign at once（我被提供一個好職位，我就馬上辭職）的邏輯關系可知，這里填“一就”或“只要”。故此處填as soon as 或 as long as。28. 本題考查過去分詞表示“人的心理感受”。句意為：經過一段時間，高額的生活費用成了我本來就已經疲憊的肩膀上的負擔。故填exhausted。29. 本題考查條件狀從句的連詞。根據句意I want to have a better career advancement, I had to find work in the city“我想要一個更好的職業發展，我就不得不在城市里找工作”可知，前句表示條件，故填if。3

8、0. 本題考查名詞性從句的連詞。根據句式結構可知，本句是一個主語從句做主語，而連詞又在從句中做動詞had told的賓語，故填連接代詞what。31. 本題考查短語have difficulty in doing sth的搭配，故本空填adapting。32. 本題考查倒裝句。由于從句Not until I returned位于句首，且有否定詞，因此句子用部分倒裝結構，再根據句子的時態-一般過去時，故填did。答案：25. where 26. To earn 27. as soon as / as long as 28. exhausted 29. if 30. what 31. adapti

9、ng 32. did (B)The giant vending machine (自動售貨機) is a new village shop. Villagers have long been used to facing a drive when they run out of basic supplies. However, help is now nearer at hand in form of the countrys first automatic push-button shop. Now residents in the Derbyshire Village of Clifton

10、 can buy groceries around the clock after the huge vending was installed outside a pub in the village this week.Peter Fox, who is (33)_electrical engineer, spent two and a half years working on the project. The machine (34)_ (equip) with securing cameras and alarms and looks like a mini shop with a

11、brick front, a grey roof and a display window.Mr. Fox said he hoped his invention, (35)_ is set to be installed in other villages in the area over the coming months, will mark a return to convenience shopping for rural communities.He said:“ I had this idea a few years ago but I couldnt find a manufa

12、cture who could deliver what I wanted, so I did it by (36)_. The result is what amounts to huge outdoor vending machine. Yet I think the term “automatic shop” is far (37)_ (appropriate)In recent years, the commercial pressure from supermarket chains (38)_ force village shops across the country to cl

13、ose. In 2010, it was estimated that about 400 village shops closed, (39)_ (urge) the local government to give financial support to struggling shops or set-up new communities stores.Hundreds of communities have since stepped in and opened up their won volunteer-run shops, but Mr. Fox hopes his new in

14、vention will offer a solution (40)_these villages without a local shop.解析：33. 本題考查冠詞用法。由于engineer是可數名詞，而electrical前面為元音讀音，故該空填不定冠詞an。34. 本題考查動詞的時態和語態。根據and looks like a mini shop可知：首先本句用的是一般現在時；其次本句是并列謂語結構；又由于The machine和equip是動賓關系，故該空填該動詞的一般現在時的被動語態is equipped。35. 本題考查非限定性定語從句。根據句式結構可看出，這是一個非限定性定語從

15、句，而空中所缺的成分既代替先行詞his invention，又在從句中做主語，故用關系代詞which。36. 本題考查反身代詞。根據前句I couldnt find a manufacture who could deliver what I wanted可以推斷“所以我自己做”。故填myself。37. 本題考查形容詞比較級。該自動售貨機英語為huge outdoor vending machine，但是作者認為用術語the term “automatic shop”相比之下應是“較合適”，即用比較級形式。由于appropriate為多音節形容詞，故前面加more。38. 本題考查動詞時態。

16、根據時間狀語In recent years可知，該句用現在完成時。故正確答案為has forced。39. 本題考查現在分詞做結果狀語。根據前句about 400 village shops closed句意“大約400家村店關閉”可以看出結果是“促使當地政府給掙扎的村店提供經濟支持”，故用現在分詞urging。40. 本題考查介詞用法。根據短語offer sth. to sb./ sth.可知，該空填to。答案：33. an 34. is equipped 35. which 36. myself 37. more appropriate 38. has forced 39. urging

17、40. toSection BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Let's say you've decided you want to eat more healthfully. However, you don't have time to carefully plan menus for mea

18、ls or read food 41 at the supermarket. Since you really 42 yourself to a healthier lifestyle, a little help would come in handy, wouldn't it? This is where a "choice architect" can help 43 some of the burden of doing it all yourself. Choice architects are people who organize the contex

19、ts in which customers make decisions. For example, the person who decides the layout of your local supermarket-including which shelf the peanut butter goes on, and how the oranges are piled upis a choice architect.Governments don't have to 44 healthier lifestyles through laws for example, smokin

20、g bans. Rather, if given an environment created by a choice architect-one that encourages us to choose what is best-we will do the right things. In other words, there will be designs that gently push customers toward making healthier choices, without removing freedom of choice. This idea combines fr

21、eedom to choose with 45 hints from choice architects, who aim to help people live longer, healthier, and happier lives.The British and Swedish governments have introduced a so-called "traffic light system" to 46 foods as healthy or unhealthy. This means that customers can see at a glance h

22、ow much fat, sugar, and salt each product contains 47 by looking at the lights on the package. A green light 48 that the amounts of the three nutrients are healthy; yellow indicates that the customer should be 49 ; and red means that the food is high in at least one of the three nutrients and should

23、 be eaten in 50 . The customer is given important health information, but is still free to decide what to choose.解析：41. 本題考查名詞搭配。由于在超市里，所以是閱讀食物標簽（labels）。故選G。42. 本題考查動詞短語搭配。根據所給詞匯以及yourself to a healthier lifestyle，只有commit yourself to（承諾）符合句意。故選C。43. 本題考查動詞用法。根據后面內容some of the burden of doing it al

24、l yourself以及前面動詞help可知此空應填relieve（減輕），構成“能夠有助于減輕獨自做這事的一些負擔”。故選I。44. 本題考查動詞用法。根據句子邏輯，此句意思為“政府不必通過法律來強加（impose）更健康的生活方式，如戒煙”。故選F。45. 本題考查形容詞用法。根據設空，本空填形容詞，而alert（警覺的）不符合句意，只有gentle（文雅的）符合句意。故選E。46. 本題考查動詞短語用法。本句句意為“英國和瑞典政府引進了所謂的交通燈系統來吧食物分類為健康的或不健康的”，短語classify as表示“把分類為”，故選B。47. 本題考查副詞用法。根據customers c

25、an see at a glance how much fat, sugar, and salt each product contains 47 by looking at the lights on the package（顧客們只要看包裝上的指示燈一眼就能看出每一個產品含有多少脂肪、糖和鹽）可知，此空填simply。故選K。48. 本題考查動詞用法。由于空后所接的是賓語從句，所以該空填及物動詞，結合后面indicates的意思可知，該空填signals（表示）。故選J。49. 本題考查形容詞用法。根據前面“綠燈表示三種營養的量是健康的”可知“黃燈表示三種營養的量可能有問題”，因此消費者應

26、當留心（alert）。故選A。50. 本題考查名詞詞義。根據句子red means that the food is high in at least one of the three nutrients（紅燈意味著至少三個營養中的一個是高的）可知，這樣的食物應當有節制地（in moderation）吃。故選H。答案：41. G 42. C 43.1 44. F 45. E 46. B 47. K 48. J 49. A 50. HIII. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following pas

27、sage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Research has shown that two-thirds of human conversation is taken up not with discussion of the cultural or political problems of the day, not heated debates about films w

28、e've just watched or books we've just finished reading, but plain and simple 51 .Language is our greatest treasure as a species, and what do we 52 do with it? We gossip. About others' behaviour and private lives, such as who's doing what with whom, who's in and who's out-and

29、why; how to deal with difficult 53 situations involving children, lovers, and colleagues.So why are we keen on gossiping? Are we just natural 54 , of both time and words? Or do we talk a lot about nothing in particular simply to avoid facing up to the really important issues of life? It's not th

30、e case according to Professor Robin Dunbar. In fact, in his latest book, Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language, the psychologist says gossip is one of these really 55 issues.Dunbar 56 the traditional view that language was developed by the men at the early stage of social development in ord

31、er to organize their manly hunting activities more effectively, or even to promote the exchange of poetic stories about their origins and the supernatural. Instead he suggests that language evolved among women. We don't spend two-thirds of our time gossiping just because we can talk, argues Dunb

32、ar 57 , he goes on to say, language evolved specifically to allow us to gossip.Dunbar arrived at his cheery theory by studying the 58 of the higher primates（靈長類動物）like monkeys. By means of grooming-cleaning the fur by brushing it, monkeys form groups with other individuals on whom they can rely for

33、support in the event of some kind of conflict within the group or 59 from outside it.As we human beings evolve from a particular branch of the primate family, Dunbar 60 that at one time in our history we did much the same. Grouping together made sense because the bigger the group, the greater the 61

34、 it provided; on the other hand, the bigger the group, the greater the stresses of living close to others. Grooming helped to 62 the pressure and calm everybody down.But as the groups got bigger and bigger, the amount of time spent in grooming activities also had to be 63 to maintain its effectivene

35、ss. Clearly, a more 64 kind of grooming was needed, and thus language evolved as a kind of vocal（有聲的）grooming which allowed humans to develop relationship with ever-larger groups by exchanging information over a wider network of individuals than would be possible by one-to-one 65 contact.51.A. claim

36、 B. description C. gossip D. language解析：根據下文We gossip可知，人們大多數時候都在談八卦。答案：C52. A. occasionally B. habitually C. independently D. originally解析：本題考查副詞詞義。occasionally意為“偶爾地”； habitually意為“慣常地”； independently意為“獨立地”；originally意為“起初”。原句為“我們通常用語言來干什么”故選B。答案：B53. A. social B. political C. historical D. cultu

37、ral解析：根據下文“children, lovers, and colleagues”可知，本句是要表達應該怎樣應對不同的社會情境，故選A。答案：A54. A. admirers B. masters C. users D. wasters解析：由下文的“we talk a lot about nothing in particular”可知，我們經常說一些無用的話，濫用語言，waster 更符合句意，故選D。答案：D55. A. vital B. sensitive C. ideal D. difficult解析：由上文“It's not the case”可知，Professor

38、 Robin Dunbar認為gossip是很重要的事，故選A。答案：A56. A. confirms B. rejects C. outlines D. broadens解析：由下文中“instead”可知，Professor Robin Dunbar不認同傳統的觀點，reject表示“排斥，拒絕”，故選B。答案：B57. A. for instance B. in addition C. on the contrary D. as a result解析：由argue可知，Dunbar的觀點與傳統觀點相反，for instance 表示“例如”； in addition 表示“此外”；on

39、the contrary表示“相反地”；as a result表示“因此”故選C。答案：C58. A. motivation B. appearance C. emotion D. behaviour解析：結合下文可知，研究的是靈長類動物的行為，故選D。答案：D59. A. attack B. contact C. inspection D. assistance解析：根據句意可知，猴子們形成團體是為了在內部發生爭端和外部攻擊時尋求支持，故選A。答案：A60. A. recalls B. denies C. concludes D. confesses解析：本題考查動詞詞義。recall表示“

40、回想”；deny表示“否定”；conclude表示“總結”；confess表示“承認”根據句意，選C。答案；C61. A. prospect B. responsibility C. leadership D. protection解析：由上文59空“monkeys form groups”可知，人們組成團體是為了尋求保護，團體越大，保護力度也越大。故選D。答案：D62. A. measure B. show C. maintain D. ease解析：結合上下文，此空應填表示“減輕，延緩”的詞，故選D。答案：D63. A. saved B. extended C. consumed D. g

41、ained解析：根據上下文，此空應填表示“增加，延長”的詞，故選B。答案：B64. A. common B. efficient C. scientific D. Thoughtful解析：由上文maintain its effectiveness可知，應填effective（有效的），故選B。答案：B65. A. indirect B. daily C. physical D. secret解析：結合全文，本文強調了語言作用，強調在語言在人類發展過程中比身體接觸更有效，故選C。答案：CSection BDirections: Read the following three passages

42、. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)Most people agree that honesty is a good thing. But does Mothe

43、r Nature agree? Animals can't talk, but can they lie in other ways? Can they lie with their bodies and behavior? Animal experts may not call it lying, but they do agree that many animals, from birds to chimpanzees, behave dishonestly to fool other animals. Why? Dishonesty often helps them surviv

44、e.Many kinds of birds are very successful at fooling other animals. For example, a bird called the plover sometimes pretends to be hurt in order to protect its young. When a predator（獵食動物）gets close to its nest, the plover leads the predator away from the nest. How? It pretends to have a broken wing

45、. The predator follows the "hurt" adult, leaving the baby birds safe in the nest. Another kind of bird, the scrub jay, buries its food so it always has something to eat. Scrub jays are also thieves. They watch where others bury their food and steal it. But clever scrub jays seem to know wh

46、en a thief is watching them. So they go back later, unbury the food, and bury it again somewhere else.Birds called cuckoos have found a way to have babies without doing much work. How? They don't make nests. Instead, they get into other birds' nests secretly. Then they lay their eggs and fly

47、 away. When the baby birds come out, their adoptive parents feed them. Chimpanzees, or chimps, can also be sneaky. After a fight, the losing chimp will give its hand to the other. When the winning chimp puts out its hand, too, the chimps are friendly again. But an animal expert once saw a losing chi

48、mp take the winner's hand and start fighting again. Chimps are sneaky in other ways, too. When chimps find food that they love, such as bananas, it is natural for them to cry out. Then other chimps come running. But some clever chimps learn to cry very softly when they find food. That way, other

49、 chimps don't hear them, and they don't need to share their food.As children, many of us learn the saying "You can't fool Mother Nature." But maybe you can't trust her, either.66. A plover protects its young from a predator by_.A. getting closer to its young B. driving away

50、 the adult predatorC. leaving its young in another nest D. pretending to be injured解析：根據文章第二段倒數第二句“It pretends to have a broken wing”可知，應選D。答案：D67. By "Chimpanzees, or chimps, can also be sneaky" (paragraph 5), the author means_.A. chimps are ready to attack others B. chimps are sometimes

51、dishonestC. chimps are jealous of the winners D. chimps can be selfish too解析：結合倒數第三段以及全文可知，Chimpanzees, or chimps也是不誠實的動物，故選B。答案：B68. Which of the following is true according to the passage?A. Some chimps lower their cry to keep food away from others.B. The losing chimp won the fight by taking the w

52、inner's hand.C. Cuckoos fool their adoptive parents by making no nests.D. Some clever scrub jays often steal their food back.解析：根據文章倒數第二段三、四句“But some clever chimps. to share their food.”可知A正確。答案：A69. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A. Do animals lie? B. Does Mother

53、 Nature fool animals?C. How do animals learn to lie? D. How does honesty help animals survive?解析：本文認為說謊可以幫助動物生存，并舉出幾個例子來證明這個觀點，故選A。答案：A(B)Let's say you want to hit the gym more regularly this year. How do you make that happen? Consider putting the habit loop to use.Here's how it works:A habi

54、t is a 3-step process. First, there's a cue, something that tells your brain to operate automatically. Then there's a routine. And finally, a reward, which helps your brain learn to desire the behavior. It's what you can use to create-or break-habits of your own.Here's how to apply i

55、t:Choose a cue, like leaving your running shoes by the door, then pick. a reward-say, a piece of chocolate when you get home from the gym. That way, the cue and the reward become interconnected. Finally, when you see the shoes, your brain will start longing for the reward, which will make it easier

56、to work out day after day. The best part? In a couple of weeks, you won't need the chocolate at all. Your brain will come to see the workout itself as the reward. Which is the whole point, right?70. Which of the following best fits in the box with a “?” in THE HABIT LOOP?A. Pick a new cue. B. Form a new habit.C. Choose a new reward. D. Design a new resolution.解析：根據邏輯