1、科技英語寫作中的典型錯誤匯總1. 用錯冠詞12. 句子過長23. 從句先行詞which/what的指代不明確54. Respectively和respective混淆55. 數(shù)字和方程66. 分段不合理77. “Figure”和“Table”表述不當78. “such as”“etc.”使用不當79. 常見錯誤中英文修改7大多數(shù)中國的大學要求他們科學和技術領域的碩士或博士學位學生至少在國際期刊上發(fā)表一篇英文論文。然而，很多因素導致這個任務很難完成。首先，早先的英語學習可能沒有集中在寫作上，更不用說寫科技論文了，而進入研究生階段后英語的學習未被重視，導致作者的英語流暢程度降低。第二，大多數(shù)作者從

2、來沒有在英語母語國家生活過。其三，由于科技論文寫作的特殊性，即便是英語母語國家的理工科學生在他們學習的課程中也包括科技論文寫作課程。對于中國學者和研究生而言，由于蹩腳的英語導致論文不被接受并被退回是很常見的事。如果可能的話，請以英語為母語的朋友或專門的論文潤色機構幫自己編輯論文能夠避免很多語言錯誤。然而，這種機會和條件并不是每個人都有，況且即使是母語為英語的人如果沒有理工科背景，也不能保證把作者思路清晰地表述出來。這篇文章的目的是介紹一些最普遍的科技英語問題，這些常見問題包括語法錯誤、口語用法、版式問題等，它們在大多數(shù)情況下會阻礙讀者清晰地理解作者的觀點。1. 用錯冠詞中國人寫英語論文一個很普

3、遍的錯誤就是遺漏冠詞“a,an,the”。發(fā)生這種情況的一個重要原因是漢語沒有等效的冠詞。定義：每當有不可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)和可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)時，名詞前都要使用限定詞。冠詞就是一種限定詞，由a,an,the三個詞組成。A和an是不定冠詞，the是定冠詞。冠詞表示之后會跟一個名詞，并且任何在冠詞和名詞之間的限定詞都用于修飾名詞。(a blue bicycle/the first award)。限定成分 一個詞或者一個詞組，通常以形容詞形式出現(xiàn)，用于限定一個名詞的數(shù)量或多少，等等。（對量的表達，限定性形容詞，標注）它們說明一個名詞是普通名詞(a tree)還是特指名詞(the tree)。The是特指冠詞。在

4、一個名詞前，the表示已經(jīng)知道的那個具體的東西(the plan)。A和an是非限定性冠詞，它表示這個名詞指示一個不特指的或者普通的物品。普通名詞 一個名詞命名一個大致的群體，地點，人，或東西：dog、house?？蓴?shù)名詞 一個名詞命名可以被數(shù)的物品：radio，streets,idea,fingernails.不可數(shù)名詞 命名不可數(shù)的東西的名詞：water,time.特指名詞 表示精確地特別指明的物品的名詞，要用定冠詞the。非特指名詞 可以指任何一定量的物品的一類名詞，要使用不定冠詞a，an。常見錯誤：1）在需要的地方缺少冠詞；2）將冠詞用到不需要的地方；3）將冠詞放置在錯誤的位置。錯誤用

5、法的例子：錯誤 Figure 2 shows the distribution of relative velocity on surfae of main and splitter blades.圖形2展示了相對速度的在主方向和分方向的分解。正確 Figure 2 shows the distribution of relative velocity on the surface of the main and splitter blades.錯誤 The software PowerSHAPE is chosen to be a 3D modeling tool;it is good at

6、 dealing with free surfaces and curves.軟件PowerSHAPE經(jīng)常被用來作3D建模工具；它擅長處理游離面和曲線。正確 The software PowerSHAPE is chosen to be the 3D modeling tool;it is good at dealing with free surfaces and curves.在他的研究中只用了這一種3D建模工具，所以3D建模工具是特指，要用定冠詞the。錯誤 A theoretical method for calculating the inner flow-field in cent

7、rifugal impeller with splitter blades and investigation of the interactions between main and splitter blades is presented in this paper.The vortices are distributed on the main and splitter blades to simulate the effects of flows.Systematical study of number and distribution of vortices is conducted

8、.這篇文章體現(xiàn)了一個用于計算有分支的刀片的離心機內部流動場的純理論模型以及對主要和分支刀片內部反應的研究。漩渦被分為主要的和分支的部分來模擬流動的效果。對漩渦進行了周密的研究和區(qū)分。正確 A theoretical method for calculating the inner flow-field in a centrifugal impeller with splitter blades and an investigation of the interactions between main and splitter blades is presented in this paper.

9、The vortices are distributed on the main and splitter blades to simulate the effects of flows.A systematical study of the number and distribution of vortices is conducted.錯誤 Theoretically, remanufacturing could fully take advantage of resources contained in EOF product thereby minimizing impact on e

10、nvironment to the greatest extent compared to landfill or recycling of materials; consequently it contributes greatly to resource conservation.理論上講，循環(huán)生產可以充分的利用包含在EOF產品中的資源，從而。相對于金屬廢棄物填埋和回收來講，最大限度上降低對環(huán)境的沖擊。正確 Theoretically, remanufacturing could fully take advantage of resources contained in an EOF p

11、roduct thereby minimizing the impact on the environment to the greatest extent compared to landfill or recycling of materials; consequently it contributes greatly to resource conservation.2. 句子過長很長的句子在中國式英語寫作中尤為常見，因為作者常常直接把中文翻譯成英文。雖然在中文寫作中可以把幾個支持觀點的分句插入句中來表現(xiàn)它們的聯(lián)系，但是在英語中，要特別注意主要觀點和每個支持它的觀點要分條陳述。通常情況下

12、，從句子的長度就可以來識別出過長的句子六十個詞或者更多。然而，如果短句包含了很復雜的表述，并且可能混淆主要觀點的話，也會被認為是過長的句子。長句子可以通過限制每個句子僅表述一到兩個話題來避免。在作者真的想強調幾個觀點之間的關系時要用分號。太長 According to the characteristic of fan-coil air-conditioning systems, this paper derives the cooling formula of fan-coil units based on the heat transfer theories and puts forwar

13、d a new method to gauge cooling named Cooling Metering on the Air- side, which can monitor the individual air-conditioning cooling consumption during a period of time by detecting the parameters of inlet air condition temperature and humidityof the fan-coil air-conditioning system as well as the par

14、ameters of inlet cooling water provided by the chiller.根據(jù)風機盤管機組暖氣與空調系統(tǒng)的特性，在熱傳導理論的基礎上，本論文得出了風機盤管機組單元的冷卻公式，并推出一種新的測量降溫的方法，命名為Cooling Metering on the Air-side。它能夠通過探測風機盤管機組的空調系統(tǒng)的空氣狀況溫度和濕度的參數(shù)和制冷器里進入的冷卻水的參數(shù)，來監(jiān)控個人空調系統(tǒng)在一段時間內的降溫消耗。正確 This paper derives the cooling formula of fan-coil units based on the char

15、acteristics of fan-coil air-conditioning systems and heat transfer theories, and puts forward a new method to gauge cooling called Cooling Metering on the Air-side. The new method can monitor individual air-conditioning cooling consumption during a period of time by detecting the condition of inlet

16、airtemperature and humidity of the fan-coil air-conditioning system as well as the parameters of the inlet cooling water provided by the chiller.太長 The gear transmission is grade seven,the gear gap is 0.00012 radians, the gear gap has different output values corresponding to any given input value, n

17、on- linearity of the gear gap model can be described by using the phase function method, the existing backlash block in the non-linear library of the Matlab/zdimulink toolbox can be used, the initial value of gear gap in the backlash block is set to zero.齒輪傳動是七級的，gear gap是0.00012弧度；相對于投入來說，gear gap在

18、產出上有不同的意義。Gear gap的非線性模型可以用電函數(shù)的模型來描述。在Matlab/zdimulink的工具盒中，現(xiàn)有的 backlash block可用，在backlash block中gear gap的最初價值被設為0。正確 The gear transmission is grade seven.The gear gap,which is 0.00012 radians, has different output values corresponding to any given input value.The non- linearity of the gear gap mode

19、l can be described by using the phase function method.The existing backlash block in the non-linear library of the Matlab/zdimulink toolbox can be used;the initial value of gear gap in the backlash block is set to zero.另一種導致句子過長的原因是長串的羅列。作者想給出很大數(shù)量的數(shù)據(jù)，通常是參數(shù)值，就會把這些信息放在一個過長的句子里。然而，給出這種數(shù)據(jù)最好的方式是把它們列成表。（把

20、它放到有強調符號的列表里）。過長 where m is the mass of the heavy disk mounted at the mid-span of a massless elastic shaft, e is the eccentricity of the mass center from the geometric center of the disk,is the angle between the orientation of the eccentricity and theaxis, k and k are the stiffness coefficients in t

21、wo principal directions of shaft respectively,c is the viscous damping coefficient of the shaft and the disk, I c is the inner damping coefficient of shaft,is the rotating speed, s and s are the components of initial bend in directions of ,axes respectively:cos sb =r,sin sb =r.m表示很多輕質可伸縮軸的質量，e是從圓盤的幾

22、何中心里找到的重心的離心率，是離心率的定位和軸之間的角度，K1和K2分別是軸上兩個主要方向上的硬度系數(shù)，C是軸和圓盤的粘性阻力系數(shù)，Ci是軸內部阻力系數(shù)，是轉速，sands是在,軸方向上的最初的彎曲的分力，依次為：cossb=r,sinsb=r。正確 Where m is the mass of the heavy disk mounted at the mid-span of a massless elasticshaft, e is the eccentricity of the mass center from the geometric center of the disk, is t

23、he angle between the orientation of the eccentricity and the axis, k and k are the stiffness coefficients in the two principal directionsof the shaft, c is the viscous damping coefficient of the shaft and the disk, c is the inner damping coefficient of the shaft, is the rotating speed, sandsare the

24、components of initial bend in directions of, axes,respectively:cos sb =r,sin sb =r.太長 The clear height of the case is 6.15 meters;the thickness of the roof is 0.85 meters; the thickness of the bottom is 0.90 meters, the overall width is 26.6 meters, the overall length of the axial cord is 304.5 mete

25、rs, the length of the jacking section is about 148.8 meters; the weight of the case is about 24127 tons.容器的凈高是6.15米，房頂?shù)暮穸仁?.85米，底的厚度是0.90米，總寬度是26.6米，軸向的總長度是304.5米，頂托部分的長度是148.8米，容器的重量大約是24127噸。正確 Case clearance height 6.15 meters Roof thickness 0.85 meters Bottom thickness 0.90 meters Overall width

26、26.6 meters Overall length of the axial cord 304.5 meters Length of the jacking section 148.8 meters(approx.) Weight of the case 24127 tons(approx.)句子中過早闡述目的、地點、或原因中國作者在寫一句話時，通常先闡述目的、地點、原因、例子和條件作為介紹的元素，然后再闡述主要觀點。然而，這樣做會有降低主要觀點的效果，并且讓讀者認為作者很含蓄。對于科技論文而言，應當在一個句子的開頭點明主要觀點，之后闡述地點、原因等等。錯誤 For the applicat

27、ion in automobile interiors,this paper studies the nesting optimization problem in leather manufacturing.對于在汽車內部的應用，這篇論文研究了在皮革制造業(yè)中的嵌套優(yōu)化問題。正確 This paper studies the nesting optimization problem in leather manufacturing for application in automobile interiors.錯誤 Especially when numerical control(NC)te

28、chniques are widely used in industry and rapid prototype methods bring a huge economical benefits,the advantage of constructing 3D model becomes extremely obvious.特別是在數(shù)字控制（NC）技術在產業(yè)上廣泛應用和原型開發(fā)方法帶來了巨大的經(jīng)濟利潤，構造3D模型的優(yōu)勢就變得顯而易見。正確 The advantage of constructing a 3D model becomes extremely obvious especially

29、 when numerical control(NC) techniques are widely used in industry and rapid prototype methods bring a huge economical benefits.錯誤 Inside the test box,the space was filled with asbestos.測試盒里的空間裝滿了石棉。正確 The space inside the test box was filled with asbestos.錯誤 In practice, we employed this approach t

30、o dispose of a wheelhouse subassembly of one kind of auto-body, and the results show that this method is feasible.在實踐中，我們用這種方法來處理一種汽車車身里的舵手室部件，結果證明這種方法是合理有效的。正確 We employed this approach to dispose of a wheelhouse subassembly of one kind of auto-body, and the results show that this method is feasibl

31、e.錯誤 To ensure sheet metal quality as well as assembly quality, CMMs are widely used in automotive industry production.為了確保薄板金屬和零件的質量，CMMs被廣泛應用于工業(yè)生產。正確 CMMs are widely used in automotive industry production to ensure sheet metal quality as well as assembly quality.把一些指示時間的詞組放在句子的開頭錯誤 When U is taken

32、 as the control parameter, the BDs for =0.0, 0.001, 0.005 are shown in Fig.8.當控制變量U，=0.0，0.001，0.005時，BDs的值均可見圖8。正確 Figure 8 shows the BDs for =0.0, 0.001, and 0.005 when U is taken as the control parameter.把重要的項目放在開頭以示強調錯誤 Based on the triangulation structure built from unorganized points or a CAD

33、model, the extended STL format is described in this section.從無組織的點中或一個CAD模型，在三角結構建筑的基礎上，這部分描述了擴展的STL格式。正確 The extended STL format is described in this section based on the triangulation structure built from unorganized points or a CAD model.錯誤 The 3D dentition defect and restoration element models a

34、re designed precisely with complicated surfaces.3D牙列缺損和修補元素模型恰好被設計有復雜的表面。正確 The 3D dentition defect and restoration element models with complicated surfaces are designed precisely.3. 從句先行詞which/what的指代不明確錯誤 The Shijiazhuang south road underground bridge possesses the largest jacking force, which is

35、built at 1978(10680t).石家莊南路的地下橋有1978年建的最大的jacking工廠。正確 Shijiazhuang south road underground bridge possesses the largest jacking force which is built at 1978(10680t).4. Respectively和respective混淆Repectively表示對兩個或更多的人或東西按先前指定的或提到的順序。如果給出兩個列表，respectively搭配的列表是完全按照它們給出的順序排列。在這種情況下用respectively表示允許作者給出大量

36、信息而不用考慮讀者或寫一些短句。Respectively經(jīng)常在句子的末尾使用。當順序對句子的意義很重要是，應當用repectively，否則就不用。例如：Bobby, Nicole and Daren wore red, green and blue coats, respectively.Bobby、Nicole和Daren依次穿了綠色、紅色和藍色的外套。Respective，各個的，表示兩個或以上的人或東西只按照它們先前被指定或提到的順序。在下邊的例子中，這兩個詞的用法經(jīng)常是錯誤的，或者是令人疑惑的。（1）respectively被放在句子中錯誤的地方它不應被放在指示的名詞之前。錯誤 Eq

37、uations 26 can be respectively linearized as:(equations given)方程26可以依次被線性化為正確 Equations 26 can be linearized as:(equations given),respectively.錯誤 The weights of the two experts are respectively 0.600 and 0.400.兩個專家的重量分別是0.600和0.400。正確 The weights of the two experts are 0.600 and 0.400, respectively.

38、（2）respectively主要用于表達事情按照確定的順序排列。如果順序已經(jīng)在句子某處被暗示或者無需表達，則不需要使用respectively。錯誤 If both the core technology score and core quality score of a bottleneck process are, respectively, below certain scores, then we refer to strategy 1, otherwise, if either is, respectively, above a certain score, then we ref

39、er to strategy 2. Similarly, if the core technology and core quality are, respectively, above a certain score, then we refer to strategy 3, otherwise, if either is, respectively, below a certain score, then we refer to strategy 4.如果瓶口過程的核心技術分值和核心質量分值，依次的，低于某一數(shù)值，那么我們偏向于方案一，否則，如果兩者都不是，依次的，高于某一確定的數(shù)值，那么

40、我們推薦方案二。相似的，如果核心技術分值和核心質量分值，分別的，高于某一特定數(shù)值，那么我們推薦方案三，如果都低于，分別的，一個確定的數(shù)值，那么我們推薦方案四。正確 If both the core technology score and core quality score of a bottleneck process are below certain scores, then we refer to strategy 1, otherwise, if either is above a certain score, then we refer to strategy 2. Simila

41、rly, if the core technology and core quality are above a certain score, then we refer to strategy3, otherwise, if either is below a certain score, then we refer to strategy 4.錯誤 Then, the rows of vortex due to both of the long and short blades are transformed into two singularities on the -plane and

42、 integrate the induced velocity along the blades respectively.漩渦的線性是因為長短刀片在平面變成了兩個奇點，并分別的使歸納出刀片的的速度完整。正確 Then,the rows of vortex due to both of the long and short blades are transformed into two singularities on the-plane and integrate the induced velocity along the blades.（3）respectively指代的對象不明確。錯誤

43、 The dynamic characteristics of a rotor with asymmetric stiffness or with initial warp have been studied before respectively1-4.轉動體的不對稱和堅硬，或者最初的歪曲的的動態(tài)特點以前被依次研究過。正確 The dynamic characteristics of a rotor with asymmetric stiffness or with initial warp have been studied before1-4.錯誤 The inlet and outle

44、t temperature of the air cooler were measured using two thermocouples respectively.空氣冷卻器中的進出溫度分別的用兩個電熱偶來測量。正確 The inlet and outlet temperature of the air cooler were measured by using two thermocouples.“In this paper”“In this study”使用不當“In this paper”在中國人的科技論文中經(jīng)常被過度使用，而在英語母語者寫的論文中，這些詞組僅保留兩種基本的用法。（1）

45、說明和結論中強調論文的內容。（2）正文中，在引用他人成果之后，回到本文的論述。所以，如果任意一個詞組在一篇論文中出現(xiàn)的次數(shù)超過三次，它的用法就很有問題。實際上，讀者知道論文中展示的工作結果是作者完成的，因而沒有必要去重復這些詞組。需要注意的是，這兩個詞組是可以替換的?！皊tudy”是指作者所做的工作，而論文是體現(xiàn)作者工作的模型。同樣，作者也可以用其他的詞組，比如說“in this research”和“this paper present”等等。5. 數(shù)字和方程當句子主語包括數(shù)字時，中國作者一般寫出阿拉伯數(shù)字而不是把數(shù)字拼寫出來。雖然阿拉伯數(shù)字的使用本身并不是錯誤的，但它們不應該被用到句首。錯

46、誤 12 parameters were selected for the experiment.該實驗選擇了12個參數(shù)。正確 Twelve parameters were selected for the experiment.此外，中國人寫的論文中阿拉伯數(shù)字經(jīng)常被過度使用了。阿拉伯數(shù)字應該被用來在科技論文中給出數(shù)據(jù)，而不是用于給出普通的信息。錯誤 All 3 studies concluded that the mean temperature should be 30°C.三個研究得出的結論是期望的溫度是30。正確 All three studies concluded tha

47、t the mean temperature should be 30°C.另一個中國作者常犯的錯誤是，在句中使用方程來代替文字。在英語論文中是沒有這種用法的。 方程應該被引入，而不是代替文字，也不能插入到文字的之中。在很多雜志上，比如說International journal of production research，甚至不鼓勵在文章中使用短句。錯誤 If the power battery SOC>SOClo and the driving torque belongs to the middle load,如果能量電池SOC>SOClo，并且驅動力矩屬于中央負

48、荷正確 If the power battery SOC is greater than SOClo and the driving torque belongs to the middle load,6. 分段不合理一個段落是一組敘述同一話題或思想的句子。分段是為了表示一個觀點或想法的結束和另一個的開始。所有的英語段落都在新的一行起始并在開頭空一英尺左右的長度或者在兩段文字之間空一行（后者常用于在商業(yè)寫作中）。中國作者在論文分段時常犯兩個錯誤。第一個錯誤是在主題未發(fā)生改變時強行劃分為兩個段落，導致新的段落在格式上形成了，但是沒有行文邏輯上的功能，即觀點沒有發(fā)生改變。第二個錯誤是將單獨一句話作

49、為承上啟下的段落，即這一句話表示下一段的開始和后邊文章的繼續(xù)。7. “Figure”和“Table”表述不當Figure和Table的縮寫分別是Fig.和 Tbl，然而在論文中，table的縮寫非常少見。論文作者在一篇文章中可以用fig.來表示figure，但如果采用縮寫形式就應當在全文中統(tǒng)一，不能在幾種用法中轉換（Figure, figure, Fig,or fig.）?？s寫不應該被用于句首，也不被用于縮寫詞和數(shù)詞之間。錯誤 Figure.6, Figure6, Fig.6, Tbl10正確 Figure 6, Fig.6, Tbl.108. “such as”“etc.”使用不當Such

50、as 和etc.經(jīng)常被寫英語論文的中國人錯用。Such as被用來表示“舉例for example”并且暗示后邊跟著一個不完整的列表；ect.意思是“等等and so on”，應該用于一個列表的末尾表示它還不完整。所以，同時使用such as和ect.是重復的。錯誤 Studies of methodology and process of implementing remanufacturing mainly focus on durable products such as automobile motors,printers, and etc.正確 Studies of methodol

51、ogy and process of implementing remanufacturing mainly focus on durable products such as automobile motors, and printers.Such as 表示給出不完整的列表，當完整的列表被給出時不應該使用。錯誤 Compared to traditional industry,Micro-electronic fabrication has three characteristics such as high complexity,high precision and high autom

52、ation.相對于傳統(tǒng)產業(yè)來講，微電子制造有三個特點，比如說高復雜性，高精確性和高自動性。正確 Compared to traditional industry,Micro-electronic fabrication has three characteristics:high complexity,high precision and high automation.9. 常見錯誤中英文修改例 1漢語原句這種新方法具有效率高、容易調整的優(yōu)點。英語錯句This kind of new method have the advantage of high efficiency, easy adj

53、ustment.改正后的句子This new method has the advantages of high efficiency and easy adjustment. 例 2漢語原句本文首先討論了這種信號的特點，然后討論了它的產生。英語錯句This paper first discusses the features of this signal, and then its generation is described.改正后的句子This paper first discusses the features of this signal, and then describes i

54、ts generation. 不過本句最好采用下列句型：This paper begins with the discussion on the features of this signal, followed by the description of its generation. 例 3漢語原句這臺設備的特點是操作簡便、價格低廉。英語錯句The features of this device are easy in operation and low in price.改正后的句子The features of this device are easy operation and lo

55、w price. 不過比較好的一個句型是：This device is characterized by（its）easy operation and low price. 例 4漢語原句我們的方法與以前討論同一問題的文章中所述的不同。英語錯句Our method is different from previous articles discussed the same problem.改正后的句子Our method is different from those presented（或 described）in the papers available（或 published befor

56、e）on （或 discussing）the same problem. 例 5漢語原句只有通過對該系統(tǒng)性能的研究，我們才能了解它的優(yōu)點。英語錯句Only through studied the performance of the system, its advantages can be understood.改正后的句子Only through the study of the performance of the system, can one（或we）understand（或appreciate）its advantages.例 6漢語原句本文對提高打印速度和印字質量提供了一種計算機

57、輔助設計手段。英語錯句This paper provided a kind of means of computer aid design for progressing the printing speed and the printing quality.改正后的句子This paper presents a CAD method for increasing the printing speed and improving the printing quality.例 7漢語原句對構件的承載能力做了具體分析。英語錯句The detailed analysis of the ability of bearing loads of the components is given.改正后的句子A detailed（或 concrete）analysis of the ability of