1、商業銀行整理CHAPTER ONE What is bank?可從三個方面定義（can be defined in terms of）：A.Defined by the Functions It Serves and the Roles It Play銀行提供的經濟作用B.Banks and their Principal Competitors(2008Y) 08年金融危機the financial crisisC.Legal Basis of a Bank 銀行存在的法律基礎名詞解釋：A bank is any business offering deposits subject to w

2、ithdrawal on demand and making loans of a commercial or business nature.(the legal basis法律規定)銀行是提供可以隨時按要求提取的存款服務并提供商業或企業性質的貸款的機構。（withdrawal:取回）美國國會對銀行的定義:Bank is any institution that could qualify for deposit insurance administered by FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation)必須由聯邦存款保險公司（FDIC）管理并

3、參與存款保險的機構注：FDIC是指負責對美國銀行及儲蓄機構償付公眾存款提供擔保的美國政府機構。The roles of financial systemThe function of financial institutions (金融機構的功能)(1)Reduce transaction costs 降低交易成本(2) Credit intermediary 信用中介(3)Decentralized investment risk 分散投資風險(4)transmission of monetary policy 貨幣政策傳導(5)Provide payment and settlement

4、facilities 提供支付結算便利The Competitive Challenge for Banks (銀行所面臨的挑戰)（1）Non-Bank Competition 非銀行之間的競爭 銀行的主要競爭者（2）Internet Finance 互聯網金融（3）due to excessive government regulation 由于政府監管過多書本Non-Bank CompetitionBanking is being pressured on all sides by key financial service competitorssavings and thrift as

5、sociations,credit unions,money market funds,investment banks,security brokers anddealers,investment companies(mutual funds),hedge funds,finance companies,insurance companies,and financial-service conglomerates銀行越來越受到一些來自主要競爭者的壓力，如儲蓄與貸款協會，信用社，貨幣市場基金，投資銀行，證券經紀及經銷商，投資公司（共同基金），對沖基金，財務公司，保險公司，金融服務集團還可以有f

6、inance holding companies 金融控股公司或集團， Life and Property/Casualty insurance Companies 人壽和財產保險公司The Services Banks and Many of Their Closest Competitors Offer the Public 銀行和他們最親密的競爭對手向公眾提供的服務 （1）Services Banks Have Offered Throughout History 歷史上銀行提供的服務（2）Services Banks and Many of Their Financial-Servic

7、e Competitors Have Offered More Recently 銀行和其金融服務競爭者最新開發的服務（3）Dealing in Securities: Offering Security Brokerage and Investment Banking Services （銀行和其金融服務競爭者的其他業務） 證券交易：提供證券經紀及投資銀行服務（4）Convenience:the sum total of all banking and financial services 便利：所有銀行及金融服務之集大成Services Banks Have Offered Through

8、out HistoryA. Carrying Out Currency Exchanges 開展貨幣兌換B. Discounting Commercial Notes and Making Business Loans 商業票據貼現和商業貸款C. Offering Savings Deposits 提供儲蓄存款D. Safekeeping of Valuables and Certification of Value 保管貴重物品，價值認證E. Supporting Government Activities with Credit 向政府提供信用支持 F. Offering Checking

9、 Accounts (Demand Deposits) 提供支票賬戶（活期存款）G. Offering Trust Services 提供信托服務Services Banks and Many of Their Financial-Service Competitors Have Offered More RecentlyA.Granting Consumer Loans 消費者貸款B.Financial Advising 金融咨詢C.Managing Cash 現金管理 D.Offering Equipment Leasing 提供設備租賃E.Making Venture Capital L

10、oans 提供風險資本貸款F.Selling Insurance Policies 出售保險服務G.Selling Retirement Plans 銷售退休基金（Retirement Plan include Social security pension insurance 社會保障養老保險, pension scheme雇主自主出資的養老金計劃, Personal savings pension plan個人儲蓄養老金計劃）Dealing in Securities: Offering Security Brokerage and Investment Banking Services&

11、#178; Offering Security Underwriting 提供證券承銷業務（1999年格雷姆-里奇-布利雷法案也叫金融服務現代化法案，指金融控股公司在經過批準的情況下可以同時經營銀行，證券公司及保險公司業務。Gramm-Leach-Bliley (Financial Services Modernization) Act ）² Offering Mutual Funds and Annuities 提供共同基金和年金² Offering Merchant Banking Services 提供商業銀行服務² Offering Risk Manage

12、ment and Hedging Services 提供風險管理和套期保值服務Convenience:the sum total of all banking and financial services² P2P² Third party payment (第三方支付)² Internet Finance（互聯網金融）Key Trends Affecting All Financial-Service Firms 影響所有金融機構的主要趨勢² Service Proliferation業務多元化² Rising Competition 競爭加

13、劇² Government Deregulation 放松政府管制² An Increasingly Interest-Sensitive Mix of Funds 資金組合對利率日益敏感² Technological Change and Automation 技術進步和自動化（ATM,POS,借記卡）² Consolidation and Geographic Expansion 合并及地理擴張² Convergence 集中化² Globalization 全球化書本The principal functions(and ser

14、vces)offered by many financial-service firms today include: 主要功能A. The credit function 信用功能B. The payments function 支付功能C. The cash management,risk management and trust functions 現金管理，風險管理，信托功能D. Through the brokerage,investment banking,and savings functions 證券經紀，投行，儲蓄功能書本Major trends affecting the

15、performance of financial firms today include:（對應前數兩道題）A. Widening service menus 不斷拓大的服務項目（diversification：多元化）B. The globalization of the financial marketplace 金融市場的全球化和服務的全球擴散（地域多元化）C. The easing of government rules affecting some financial firms 政府監管的放松影響銀行及其他金融機構，然而，在這次信貸危機之后，對與抵押貸款相關的資產和其他金融市場的監

16、管有所收緊。D. The growing rivalry among financial-service competitors金融服務者之間日益激烈的競爭E. The tendency for all financial firms increasingly to look alike,offering similar services 趨同性F. The declining numbers and larger size of financial-service providers. 金融機構數量越來越少，規模卻不斷增大。G. The increasing automation of fi

17、nancial-service production and delivery 金融服務產品和傳送日趨自動化CHAPTER TWONature and Importance of Bank Regulation 銀行監管的性質² Bank Crises 銀行業危機 (inter -bank borrowing同業拆借)² Financial crisis 金融危機² economic crisis 經濟危機cycle; period 時期Ø Financial liberalization（金融自由化）Ø Financial globaliza

18、tion （金融全球化）Inter-bank borrowing在存款準備金制度下，凡是商業銀行吸收的存款都必須按一定的比例繳存準備金，如法定存款準備金率為10%，商業銀行的存款為100萬元，那么他所繳納的存款準備金為10萬元，其余90萬可以作為貸款發放。(銀行A 多提了5萬元的準備金，應拆出，可以用該5萬元作為貸款發放，所以資產額減少；銀行B由于少提了5萬元的準備金，所以要從可發放貸款中轉入準備金，所以資產額增加)Banking Regulation  銀行監管的原因Pros and Cons of Strict Rule

19、s  嚴格規則的利與弊« To protect the public's savings  保護公眾儲蓄« To control the money supply  控制貨幣供給« To ensure adequate supply of loans and to ensure fairness  確保獲得充足公平的貸款« To&

20、#160;maintain confidence in the system  促進公眾對銀行的信心« To avoid monopoly powers   避免壟斷權力« To provide support for government activities  支持政府活動 « To support special sectors of the 

21、;economy  幫助經濟體系中的特殊部門Banking's Principal Regulatory Agencies and Their Responsibilities主要監管部門² federal reserve system 聯邦儲備體系 (對會員銀行的監管以及對金融控股公司的傘形監管，征收存款準備金，分支機構的審核，國際銀行業務的監管)² comptroller of the currency 貨幣監理署（授權成立新的國民銀行，并定期稽核所有已成立的國民銀行）² federal deposit insurance corporati

22、on 聯邦存款保險公司 （對存款的保險，對參與保險銀行的合并的審批，要求會員銀行報告財務狀況）² department of justice 司法部（對金融機構合并等對市場競爭的效果進行評估與審批）² securities and exchange commission 證券與交易委員會（對銀行或銀行控股公司公募債券的審核和對銀行附屬的證券公司的業務的監管）² state boards or commissions 州銀行委員會（發放州立銀行執照，監管州立銀行，本州范圍內成立銀行控股公司的審核）The Impact of Regulation ：監管影響The A

23、rguments for Strict Rules versus Lenient Rules 嚴格監管與溫和監管的爭論national bank(國立銀行)depository institution（州立銀行）Major Banking Laws 美國Meet the “Parents”: The Legislation That Created Todays Bank Regulators² National Currency and Bank Acts (1863-64) 國民貨幣及銀行法案美國銀行史上第一部法規 建立貨幣監理署² The Federal Reserv

24、e Act (1913) 聯邦儲備法案聯邦儲備體系 銀行的最后貸款人² The Banking Act of 1933 (Glass-Steagall) 格拉斯-斯蒂格爾法案實行更為嚴格的監管，將商業銀行業務與投資銀行，保險公司業務分離，² Establishing the FDIC under Glass-Steagall 依據格拉斯-斯蒂格爾法案設立聯邦存款保險公司 減小了銀行的擠兌現象 提升公眾信譽² Criticisms of the FDIC and Responses Via New Legislation 對FDIC的批評和對新立法的呼吁 ²

25、; Raising the FDIC Insurance Limit 提高對聯邦存款保險公司保險的限額Instilling Social Graces and Morales-Social Responsibility Laws 灌輸社會規范與道德：社會責任法案² 1968-Consumer Credit Protection Act 消費者信貸保護法² 1974-Equal Credit Opportunity Act 信貸機會均等法案防止服務歧視² 1977-Community Reinvestment Act 社會再投資法案Legislation Aimed

26、 at Allowing Interstate Banking 準許跨洲銀行業務的立法Riegle-Neal Interstste Banking and Branching Efficiency Act 瑞格爾-尼爾跨州銀行和分行效率法案1994年 允許銀行控股公司跨洲收購銀行，允許州立銀行設立分支行和兼并The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (1999) 或Financial service Modernization金融服務現代化法案允許資本充足，管理完善的金融控股公司在獲得監管機構批準的情況下同時經營銀行，證券公司及保險公司業務。Telling the Truth an

27、d Not Stretching It：說明真相但不要夸大The Sarbanes-Oxley Accounting Standards Act (2002)薩班斯-奧克斯利法案組成了公共公司會計監管委員會以促進財務報告的準確與公正。（9.11事件，安然事件）The 21st Century Issues in an Array of New Laws, Regulations and Regulatory Strategies 21世紀新的法律，法規和監管策略。² The FACT Act （The Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act

28、）公平準確信用交易法案² Check 21 21世紀支票清算法案² New Bankruptcy Rules 新破產法² Federal Deposit Insurance Reform 聯邦存款保險公司改革法案² New Regulatory Strategies in a New Century 新世紀監管的新策略The Regulation of Nonbank Financial-Service Firms 非銀行金融機構Regulating Thrift (Savings) Industry 對儲蓄業的監管² Credit 

29、Unions  （NCUA 國民信用社管理局）² Savings and Loans and Savings Banks  （Office of Thrift Supervision 儲蓄機構監理所 FDIC Insurance 聯邦存款保險公司）² Money Market Funds  （Securities and Exchange Commission ）SEC證券交易委員會 對其他非銀行機構的監管² Life and Property/

30、Casualty Insurance Companies  (State insurance commissions)² Finance Companies   (State goverment 州政府)² Mutual Funds  (Securities and Exchange Commission) ² Security Brokers and Dealers  （Securities and Exchange Commission）&#

31、178; Financial Conglomerates  金融寡頭（Functional Regulation 功能性監管）Are Regulations Really Necessary in the Financial Services Sector?Third party payment PaypalThe Central Banking System:  中央銀行Its Impact on Banks and the Decisions and 

32、Policies of Financial Institutions 對銀行及其他金融機構決策和政策的影響（1） Organizational Structure of the Federal Reserve System 美聯儲的結構² Board of Governors 美聯儲委員會² Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) 公開市場委員會（FOMC具體任務是指導公開市場操作OMO）² 12 district Fed

33、eral Reserve Bank 12家地方儲備銀行（2） The Central Bank's Principal Task - Making and Implementing Monetary Policy  主要職責制定和實施貨幣政策² The Open Market Policy Tool of Central Banking （OMO 公開市場業務工具）² Other

34、 Central Bank Policy Tools  Ø Rediscount Rate 再貼現率Ø Statutory deposit reserve ratio 法定存款準備率² A Final Note on Central Bankings Impact of Financial Firms 對金融機構影響的最后說明書上要點1. Financial-services regulations are crea

35、ted to implement federal and state laws by providing practical guidelines for financial firms behavior and performance.金融服務監管是通過為金融機構的行為和表現提供指導原則來執行聯邦和州政府的法律。2. Regulation of financial firms takes place in a dual system in the United States-both federal and state goverments are involved in charterin

36、g,supervising,and examining selected financial service companies.在美國，金融機構的監管采取的是雙重體制，聯邦和州政府都有授權，監管，檢查和關閉金融機構的權利。3. The key federal regulators of banks include the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation(FDIC),the Federal Reserve System(FRS),and the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency(OCC).聯邦層次大的

37、主要銀行監管機構有聯邦存款保險公司（FDIC），聯邦儲備系統（FRS）和貨幣監理署（OCC）4. One of the most powerful of all financial institutions in the financial system is the central bank,which regulates money and credit conditions（i.e,conducts monetary policy）using such tools as open market operations,short-term loans,and legal reserve r

38、equirements.Central banks huave a powerful impact upon the profitability,growth,and viability of financial service firms.金融系統中最強大的金融機構之一是中央銀行，它通過公開市場操作，貼現率和法定準備金率控制貨幣和信貸情況，即執行貨幣政策。中央銀行對銀行及與之競爭的金融機構的利潤，成長，生存具有較大額影響。CHAPTER THREEOrganizational Forms and Function in BankingOrganizational Forms: 組織形式Ext

39、ernal organizational structure internal organization structureThe Organization and Structure of the Commercial Bank Industry商業銀行業的組織與結構² Advancing Size and Concentration of Assets 不斷增加的規模和資產的集中 -p67² Is a Counter Trend Underway? 反趨勢正在進行嗎銀行業將達到一個平衡點：銀行兼并恰恰抵消了新注冊成立銀行的數量。Internal Organiz

40、ation of the Banking Firm  銀行業內部組織² Community Banks and Other Community-Oriented Financial Firms 社區銀行和其他以社區為中心的金融機構« retail bank-devoted principally to the markets for smaller ,locally based deposits and loans,is also often referr

41、ed to as a retail bank 零售銀行 主要涉及消費者和小企業的存貸款業務« wholesale bank 批發銀行與之對應，主要集中服務于商業客戶及在全球范圍內發放大額企業貸款。如紐約的摩根大通（J.P.Morgan Chase）及花旗銀行(Citibank)。² Larger Banks-Money Center, Wholesale and Retail  大型銀行：貨幣中心，批發和零售² Trends in Organization  銀行組織的最新發

42、展趨勢The Array of Organizational Structures and Types In the Banking Industry 銀行業組織結構和類型概覽Large state charrterd 州特許銀行national banks 國民銀行 member banks 成員銀行 規模更大，持有公眾存款更多Unit Banking Organizations 單元制銀行組織結構 Unit Banks(單元制銀行): p72（通過drive-up windows便利窗口,automated teller machines(ATM)自動柜員機）Offer All Servi

43、ces From One Office 通過一個營業部門提供全部服務Branch Banking Organizations 分支行制組織結構« Branch BanksOffer Full Range of Services from Several Locations電子通信網絡« Total management system（總管理處制）Head office system（總行制）« Branch Banking Proponents and Opponents 利與弊Ø ProponentsGreater Operating Efficien

44、cy 提高操作效率Availability and Convenience of Services 服務更加便利Fewer Failures 更少破產Ø OpponentsDrives Out Smaller Competitors 趕走較小的競爭者Higher Service Fees 更高的服務費Drains Scarce Resources from Local Community 從當地社區消耗稀缺資源Electronic Branching-Websites and Electronic Networks: An Alternative and a Supplement t

45、o Traditional Bank Branch Offices? 網站和電子網絡：傳統分支行的替代還是補充« internet banking services 網絡銀行服務« ATM 自動柜員機« point of sale （POS）terminal 銷售點終端機« virtual bank(虛擬銀行):Operate Exclusively on the Internet 只在互聯網上操作Bank Holding Company Organizations 銀行控股公司« Bank Holding Company (BHC):銀行控股

46、公司的含義 名詞解釋A Corporation Chartered for the Purpose of Holding the Stock of One or More Banks 持有至少一家銀行的股份而獲得特許經營的公司« one bank holding companies(單一銀行控股公司) eg:New Hope Group（東方、新希望集團）« multibank holding companies（多銀行控股公司）非銀行附屬企業 附屬銀行 附屬銀行 附屬銀行Reasons for the Growth of BHCs ² Geographic Di

47、versification 地理多樣化 可以跨洲跨國界拓展業務² Product Line Diversification ² Tax Sheltering 減稅 具有用內部利潤補償其他公司損失的稅收優勢² Source of Strength ² A Way Around Regulatory Restrictions 繞過監管限制Interstate Banking and the Riegle-Neal Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act of 1994 跨洲銀行業及1994年的瑞格爾尼爾

48、跨州銀行和分行效率法案Alternative Types of Banking Organization Available as the 21st Century Opened :Financial Holding Companys(FHC)金融控股公司 可作為21世紀替換額銀行組織 p83全能銀行（universal banking）Banks Providing All of Their Services Across State Lines 一站式金融服務Efficiency and Size: Do Bigger Financial Firms Operate at Lower Co

49、st? p87 規模與效率：大型金融機構能夠以更低的成本經營嗎？Economies of scale 規模經濟Economies of scope 范圍經濟U shaped 銀行業的平均成本曲線（銀行規模與每單位銀行業務的成本）² small bank² large bank書本1. Financial-service firms have changed dramatically over time,often moving from relatively simple,single-office(unit)firms to more complex branching

50、organizations with multiple offices to serve the public and ultimately financial holding complanies that acquire the stock of one or more finance-service businesses.金融機構隨著時間流逝發生了巨大的變化，通常從相對簡單的，單一（單元制）的公司變成擁有眾多分行的分支型組織，并最終兼并一家或多家金融機構2. When a financial firm starts out,it must secure a charter of inco

51、rporation from either state or federal authorities.In the case of banks and their closest competitors a state charter may be obtained from a state board or commission,whereas at the federal level charters are issued for national (federal)banks from the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency(OCC)o

52、r,in the case of savings associations and credit unions,from the Office of Thrift Supervision(OTS)or the National Credit Union Administration(NCUA).成立金融機構時，首先必須獲得州或聯邦政府的經營許可。在銀行及其最接近競爭者（如信貸聯盟和儲蓄協會）的例子中，州許可證可以在州理事會獲得，而聯邦級別的許可則由貨幣監理署（OCC）授予全國性（聯邦）銀行，或者儲蓄協會和信貸聯盟，其許可單位為儲蓄機構監理局（OTS）或國家信貸聯盟管理委員會（NCUA）3. E

53、ach organizational form adopted by a financial firm is usually a response to competitive pressures,the demands of customers for better service,the need to diversify geographically and by product line in order to reduce risk exposure,and the pressure of goverment regulation.每個金融機構所采取的組織形式，都是以下因素的結果：競

54、爭壓力，客戶對于更好服務的要求，地理多元化的需要，為了減少產品線的風險敞口以及政府監管的壓力。CHAPTER FOURThe Importance of Convenience and Timely Access to Customers客戶對便利的理解正在發生變化² ATM² POS² INTERNET BANKChartering a New Financial Service Institution 特許設立新金融服務機構² state charter ² national banks OCC(OFFICE OF THE COMPTROL

55、LER OF THE CURRENCY)貨幣監理署The Bank Chartering Process in the United States美國銀行特許程序² Benefits of Applying for a National Charter-P101 申請國民銀行許可證的好處由于規則標準比較嚴格，可以為銀行帶來額外的聲譽，從而吸引更多的企業和個人存款。在經濟不景氣時，國家銀行管理當局將會向有困難的銀行提供技術支持，幫助渡過難關。聯邦銀行法規比各州法律效力更高² Benefits of Applying for a State Charter申請州立銀行許可證的好

56、處申請比較容易且成本較低銀行無須加入聯邦儲備系統許多州允許銀行向單個借款人提供占有銀行自有資本較大比例的貸款可以提供一些聯邦許可的銀行不允許提供的貸款和服務，如：向為耕種土地者提供貸款和房地產經濟服務Questions Regulators Usually Ask the Organizers of a New Bank監管機構經常向新設銀行的創建者提出的問題² population and geographic主要服務地區人口和地理狀況² competing bank 新設金融機構所處的服務區有多少家競爭銀行² number,types,and sizes of

57、 business in the area該服務地區的企業數量，種類，規模² traffic patterns in the area 新設服務地區的交通情況² population growth,incomes,types of occupation,educational levels 該地區的人口增長，收入水平，職業種類，教育水平² financial history of the community當地金融狀況的歷史Factors Weighing on the Decision to Seek a New Bank Charter決定申請銀行許可證的主要

58、考慮因素² External Factors 外部因素« Level of Economic Activity 當地經濟水平« Growth of Local Economic Activity 當地經濟的增長情況« The Need for a New Bank 對新設金融機構的需求« Strength and Character of Local Competition in Supplying Financial Services 當地金融服務的競爭性質和激烈程度² Internal Factors 內部因素« Qua

59、lifications and Contacts of the Organizers創建者的資格和能力« Management Quality 管理質量« Pledging of Capital and Funds to Cover the Cost of Filing a Charter Application and Getting Underway 提供資金用于申請和獲得許可證的保證Establishing Full-Service Branch Offices: Choosing Locations and Designing New Branches 設立全方位服

60、務分支機構：選址與設計(P106) ² The location,design,and services offered by a branch office depend 分支機構的位置，設計以及提供的服務取決于：« upon the preference of customer 取決于客戶的偏好« on the preference of management and empolyees 管理者和雇員的意愿Desirable Sites for New Branches 新分支機構的理想選址 « heavy traffic count 交通流量大&#

61、171; large numbers of retail stores 有大量的零售店和商場« population that are of above-average age當地人口應以中老年人居多« above-average age population growth 人口增長加快« above-average population density 人口密度較大« A relatively high target ratio of population per branch:較高的人口與分支數目比率population per branch office=total population in the area to be served/number of branch office present