1、精選學(xué)習(xí)資料 - - - 歡迎下載商務(wù)合同的翻譯練習(xí)一參考譯文一.商務(wù)合同的基本概念.分類與結(jié)構(gòu)1. 概念2. 分類3. 結(jié)構(gòu)二.合同英語的詞匯特點(diǎn)及翻譯策略1. 用詞專業(yè),具有法律意味：（ 1）依據(jù)不同的專業(yè)來確定詞義例 1：a. the premium rates vary with differedinterests insured. b. if the buyer fails to pay any account when due、 the buyer shall be liable to pay the seller overdue interest on such unpaid a

2、mount. c. the articles of our immediateinterest are your agricultural washing machines. 析： a. 出自保險(xiǎn)業(yè),意思“被保險(xiǎn)的貨物” ；b. 源于國際貿(mào)易,意思為“一方由于未能支付到期的應(yīng)對款項(xiàng)而向另一方支付的過期利息” ； c. 屬于營銷業(yè),應(yīng)譯為“對什么產(chǎn)品.品牌感愛好” ；例 2：party b shall train party as technical personnel so as to enable them to master party b s design、 mould design、

3、performance test and technology in machining、 erection and inspection ofthe contracted product、 so that party a can use the technical documents and know-how supplied by party b to produce the same product and mould in party a s factory.乙方須負(fù)責(zé)對甲方技術(shù)員進(jìn)行培訓(xùn),以便甲方受訓(xùn)人員把握合同產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì).模具設(shè)計(jì).性能測試. 加工工藝. 裝配工藝和質(zhì)量檢驗(yàn)技術(shù),進(jìn)

4、而使甲方能利用乙方供應(yīng)的技術(shù)資料和特地學(xué)問在甲方的廠內(nèi)制造出相同的產(chǎn)品和模具；析： 此例中,原文的moulddesign、 performance test、 technologyin machining、erection、inspection 都可以稱得上為術(shù)語,不行任憑翻譯,這些都應(yīng)挑選符合語境的技術(shù)術(shù)語譯文；（ 2）留意合同本身的術(shù)語（合同用語）：rights and obligations權(quán)益和義務(wù)arbitration仲裁termination終止force majeure不行抗力jurisdiction管轄undersigned簽署人in default of因沒有both par

5、ties to the contract合同雙方breaching party違約方observant party/non-breaching party守約方liability for breach of the contract違約責(zé)任constitute構(gòu)成1精品學(xué)習(xí)資料精選學(xué)習(xí)資料 - - - 歡迎下載damages賠償金在翻譯中,要對這些詞語在一般文體中和在法律文體中的意義進(jìn)行區(qū)分；例詞一般文體法律文體counterpart極相像的人或物,對手,對方有同等效力的副本limitation限制時(shí)效prejudice偏見損害royalty皇室.王權(quán)特許權(quán)使用費(fèi),版稅negligence疏忽

6、過失assign安排,指派轉(zhuǎn)讓（合同）等2. 用詞正式（ 1）特地的套語和習(xí)語商務(wù)合同的英語翻譯應(yīng)留意使用譯語中特地的套語和習(xí)語,要求地道正式,防止使用口語詞匯；如：正式一般中文in effectin fact事實(shí)上cease to dostop to do停止prior tobefore在之前commencementstart、 begin開頭miscellaneousother matters/events其他事項(xiàng)deemthink認(rèn)為by virtue ofbecause of由于as regards、 concerningabout關(guān)于pursuant to/in accordance

7、 with according to依據(jù),依據(jù)as fromfrom自日起as ofon于日as per/in accordance withaccording to依據(jù),依據(jù)construeexplain說明revise、 rectifycorrect訂正,改正terminateend終止,終止obligation、 liabilityduty責(zé)任,義務(wù)2 古語詞匯here/there/where +介詞= 介詞+ this/that/which/what例如：section 10 hereof :section 10 of this contract/agreement本協(xié)議 /合同第 1

8、0 條 article 6 thereof :article 6 of thatagreement/contract協(xié)議 /合同第 6 條 parties hereto :parties to the contract本協(xié)議 /合同當(dāng)事人set myhand and officialseal hereunto :set my hand and officialseal unto =tothedocument、 在文件上簽章terms and conditions providedherein :terms and conditions provided in this contract、本2精

9、品學(xué)習(xí)資料精選學(xué)習(xí)資料 - - - 歡迎下載協(xié)議 /合同規(guī)定之條款hereinafter : 以下,下文中hereby : by means of this、 by reason of this、特此,由此,茲whereby : by which、 by the agreement、 by the following terms and conditions、 etc.憑此協(xié)議 ,憑此條款等精品學(xué)習(xí)資料精選學(xué)習(xí)資料 - - - 歡迎下載the investors hereby form a joint venture投資方 特此 設(shè)立合資公司精品學(xué)習(xí)資料精選學(xué)習(xí)資料 - - - 歡迎下載all

10、 amounts due hereunderare payable in full to party b without deduction.本協(xié)議所規(guī)定之全部到期款額應(yīng)向乙方足額交付,不得抵扣；（ hereunder: under this contract）the leased premises are deemed to be fitforoccupationwhen the buildingthereinis substantially completed.當(dāng)在那里的 建筑物實(shí)質(zhì)完成時(shí),該租賃房屋才被認(rèn)為適合占有居住；（ therein: in that、 in that partic

11、ular context、 in that respect、在那里, 在那點(diǎn)上, 在那方面）其他：for and on behalf of代表hitherto迄今aforementioned上述的aforesaid上述的forthwith馬上,立刻,毫不拖延in witness whereof特此為證3. 用詞精確a. 情 態(tài) 動 詞 may:表示合同上的權(quán)益 （ right ）,權(quán)限（ power）或特權(quán)（ privilege ）的場合中使用；（可） shall ：一般用來表示法律上可以強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行的義務(wù)（ obligation ）；如未履行, 即視為違約,并構(gòu)成某種賠償責(zé)任；shall 在譯文

12、中常表示為“應(yīng)當(dāng),必需”等,也有不譯的時(shí)候；（應(yīng)）may not 或 shall not:用于禁止性義務(wù), 即“不得做什么” ；絕不行用 cannot 或 must not ；will:一般使用在沒有法律強(qiáng)制的情形下,也用做表示承擔(dān)義務(wù)的聲明,但語氣和強(qiáng)制力比 shall 弱；should : 在合同中通常只用來表示語氣較弱的假設(shè),多譯成“萬一,假如,如”等；例 1：the parties hereto shall 、 first of all、 settle any dispute arising from or in connection with thecontract by frien

13、dly negotiations.should such negotiations fail、 such disputemay be referred to the people s court havinrigsdjuiction on such dispute for settlement.雙方 應(yīng)第一通過友好協(xié)商解決因合同而發(fā)生的或與合同有關(guān)的爭議；如協(xié)商未果, 可將爭議提交有管轄權(quán)的人民法院解決；例 2：the qualityand prices of the commodities to be exchanged between the exporter and the import

14、er in the two countriesshall be acceptable to both sides.貨物的質(zhì)量和價(jià)格必需 使進(jìn)出口雙方都能接受；3精品學(xué)習(xí)資料精選學(xué)習(xí)資料 - - - 歡迎下載例 3：the formationof this contract、 its validity、interpretation、execution and settlement of the disputes shall be governed by related laws of the people s republic of china.本合同的訂立. 效力. 說明.履行和爭議的解決均受

15、中華人民共和國法律的管轄；（ shall未譯出）例 4：the board meeting shall be convened and presided by the chairman. should the chairman be absent、 the vice-chairman shall 、 in principle、 convene and preside over the board meeting.董事會會議 應(yīng) 由董事長召集.主持；如董事長缺席,原就上應(yīng)由副董事長召集.主持；b. 其他商務(wù)合同常常由于選詞不當(dāng)而導(dǎo)致詞不達(dá)意或者意思模棱兩可,甚至誤譯；如：the invoice

16、value is to be paid after upon the arrival of the goods. after:之后； upon:即the goods per/ex/by s.s“ victory” will arrive at paris on october 12.析： ex 指“運(yùn)來”, per 指“運(yùn)走” , by 指“承運(yùn)” ；shipping advice & shipping instruction裝運(yùn)通知&裝船指示by june 15 & before june 15:前者包括15 日,后者不包括15 日；on or before may

17、1:不得晚于5 月 1 日（ 5 月 1 日之前或該日, 5 月 1 日之前（含該日）4. 詞語重復(fù).并列現(xiàn)象(1) 同義詞.近義詞或相關(guān)詞重復(fù).并列的現(xiàn)象如：party a agrees to purchase from party b the followingcommodityunder the termsand conditionsset out below:甲方同意依據(jù)以下條款 向乙方購買如下商品；this agreement is made and entered intoby and betweenparty a and party b.本協(xié)議由甲方和乙方簽訂；any partn

18、er or his/her agent、 may reviewany and allaccounting or other records at anytime.任何合伙人或其代理人,可隨時(shí)審查任一或全部 會計(jì)帳目或其他記錄；the decision by such arbitration shall be accepted as final and bindingupon both parties.該仲裁裁決應(yīng)被視為終局裁決,雙方均受其約束（對雙方均具約束力）；any duties、 obligations or liabilities全部責(zé)任applicable laws、 regulat

19、ions、 decrees、 directives and rules適用法律法規(guī)4精品學(xué)習(xí)資料精選學(xué)習(xí)資料 - - - 歡迎下載charges、 fees、 costs and expenses各種費(fèi)用keep secret and confidential保密null and void無效packing and wrapping expenses包裝費(fèi)rights and interests權(quán)益ships and vessels船只sign and issue簽發(fā)and/or和/或on or prior to當(dāng)日或當(dāng)日之前modification and alternation修改和變更o

20、bligation and liability義務(wù)和責(zé)任interpretation and construction懂得和說明(2) 數(shù)字的重復(fù)如：the total value of the cargo is usd 40、000 say: forty thousand us dollars only.貨物總值為4 萬美元整（大寫：肆萬美元）；the buyer shall pay the seller usd35、500.26 say: u.s.dollars thirty five thousand five hundred and 26/100 only.買方須付給賣方美元35500

21、.26 元整（大寫：叁萬伍仟伍佰美元貳拾陸美分）；5. 用含名詞的動詞短語代替單個(gè)動詞grant consent toagree贊同,同意give application toapply申請give approval ofapprove許可,批準(zhǔn)make preparations toprepare預(yù)備三.合同英語的句式結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)：1. 句子冗長,結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),語序復(fù)雜a. 主句的狀語的位置,一般放在助動詞后,行為動詞前；例 1：the company shall、 at all time during the term of the joint venture、 effect and mainta

22、in full and adequate insurance against loss or damage by fire and such risks as are customarily issued in connection with the operation of the company.合資公司應(yīng)在合資期間的任何時(shí)候,就火災(zāi)以及此類與公司經(jīng)營相關(guān)的其他風(fēng)險(xiǎn)所造成的缺失或損害進(jìn)行投保,并保持充分和適當(dāng)?shù)谋ｋU(xiǎn)；例 2：if、 at any time during the execution of the work、 the engineer requires the contract

23、or to make bore-holes or to carry out exploratory excavation、 such requirement shall、 in accordance with clause 51 、 be the subject of an instruction.在工程施工過程中的任何時(shí)間內(nèi),假如工程師要求承包人鉆孔或進(jìn)行勘探性開挖,就依據(jù)第 51 條規(guī)定,應(yīng)以指示形式下達(dá)這一要求；5精品學(xué)習(xí)資料精選學(xué)習(xí)資料 - - - 歡迎下載b. 從句復(fù)雜：從句的狀語往往放在連詞之后,從句的句子之前；例 1：if、 at the time and in the plac

24、e agreed under sub-clause 37.3、 the materials or plant are not ready for inspecting or testing or if、as a result of the inspection or testing referred to in this clause 、 the engineer determines that the materials or plant are defective or otherwise not in accordance with the contract、 the engineer

25、may reject the materials or the plant and shall notifythe contractor thereof immediately.假如在按第37.3 條商定的時(shí)間和地點(diǎn),供檢查和檢驗(yàn)的材料或工程設(shè)備未預(yù)備好,或者按本條規(guī)定所作的檢查或檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果,工程師認(rèn)為材料或工程設(shè)備有缺陷或?yàn)椴环虾贤?guī)定,就工程師可拒收這些材料或工程設(shè)備,并應(yīng)立刻通知承包人；析：兩個(gè)條件句,一個(gè)賓語從句；2. 條件句例 1：should the carrying vessel be advanced or delayed、 the buyer or their charter

26、ing agent shall advise the sellers immediately and make necessary arrangement.如裝運(yùn)輪提前或推遲抵達(dá),買方或其運(yùn)輸代理人須立刻通知賣方并做出必要支配；例 2：in case thatno written objection is raised by either party one month before its expiry、 this agreement will be automatically extended for another year.在期滿前一個(gè)月,假如 雙方未書面提出任何異議,本協(xié)議將自動延長

27、一年；例 3：providing thatone of the parties fails to abide by the terms and conditions of this agreement、 the other party is entitled to terminate this agreement.假如 一方未按本協(xié)議條款執(zhí)行,另一方有權(quán)終止協(xié)議；例 4：in the event that the contract price or any other terms of the contract changes after the issuance of the letter

28、of credit、 the owner shall arrange for such letter to be amended accordingly as soon as possible after any such changes.假如 在信用證開立后,合同總價(jià)或合同其他條款發(fā)生變化,業(yè)主應(yīng)盡快支配對信用證進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的修改；例 5：either side can replace the representatives it has appointed providedthatit submits a written notice to the other side.任何一方都可更換自己指

29、派的代表,但須書面通知對方；注：以 provided that 開頭的條件句常位于主述條款之后,表示與主述條款相反的 “例外”,通常漢譯為“但”或“但為”,因此法律界將這種條款稱為“但書（proviso ）”；proviso: 限制性條款,附文,附帶條件例 6：6精品學(xué)習(xí)資料精選學(xué)習(xí)資料 - - - 歡迎下載wherean agreement is signed before the completionof the typescript the publisher shall reserve the right not to publish the workif the publisher

30、or its advisers think that it is not of the extent、 character or standard which has been agreed.作品脫稿之前簽訂協(xié)議的,作品脫稿后,如出版商或其顧問認(rèn)為作品在篇幅.性質(zhì)或水準(zhǔn)上與原先協(xié)議不符,出版商保留不予出版該作品的權(quán)益；例 7：where one of the following happens、 no claim shall be requested.有以下情形之一的,不得就缺失索賠；例 8：where such formalities as examination and approval

31、or/and inspection are required for the carriage ofgoods、 the shipper shall submit to the carrier the documents of fulfillmentof the relevant formalities.貨物運(yùn)輸需要辦理審批.檢驗(yàn)等手續(xù)的 ,托運(yùn)人應(yīng)當(dāng)將辦理完有關(guān)手續(xù)的文件提交承運(yùn)人；3. 非人稱句例 1：if it is found necessary that some additional equipment is needed in the course of production、

32、an additional order shall be agreed on through negotiation.如發(fā)覺在生產(chǎn)過程中需要增加設(shè)備時(shí),可由雙方另行協(xié)商予以增訂；（譯為無主句）4. 使用被動結(jié)構(gòu)：例 1：failure to notify party ashall be deemed to bea material breach of this agreement.未能（按上述要求）通知甲方的,就視為構(gòu)成實(shí)質(zhì)違約；（作謂語）例 2：the seller agrees to sell and the buyer agrees to buy theunder-mentionedgo

33、ods subject to terms and conditions set forth hereinafter as follows:按如以下明條款,賣方同意出售,買方同意購買下述商品；（作后置定語）例 3：the contractor shall、 unless otherwise providedin the contract、 make his own arrangement for engagement of all staff and labor、 local or other、 and for their payment、 housing、 feeding and transp

34、ort.除合同另有規(guī)定外,承包人應(yīng)自行支配從當(dāng)?shù)鼗蚱渌胤焦陀玫娜柯殕T和勞務(wù)人員,以及他們的酬勞.住房.膳食和交通；（狀語）例 4：the payment of all the expenses under this contractshall be madeby m/t through bank of china、 shenzhen branch and the bank designated by party b.本合同項(xiàng)下全部的費(fèi)用均應(yīng)通過中國銀行深圳分行和乙方指定的銀行以信匯方式進(jìn)行7精品學(xué)習(xí)資料精選學(xué)習(xí)資料 - - - 歡迎下載支付；（謂語,后置定語）5. 否定結(jié)構(gòu)例 1：noth

35、ingin article 12.3 shall prevent party a or any of its affiliation from continuing to carry on any of their present businesses.合同第十二條第三款規(guī)定不得阻礙甲方或其分支機(jī)構(gòu)連續(xù)經(jīng)營現(xiàn)有業(yè)務(wù)；article 12.3 shall not prevent例 2：neither party、 without prior consent of the other、 may assign or transfer to any third party any equity int

36、erests held by its side.未經(jīng)對方同意,任一方不得向任何第三人轉(zhuǎn)讓其持有的股權(quán)；例 3：、 but in no case shall such refunding by party b exceed 30 days from receipt from party a of the notice terminating the contract.但不論怎樣,乙方該返仍不得超過收到甲方終止合同通知后30 日；例 4：in no event shall the seller be liable for lost profits.對于利潤缺失,賣方概不承擔(dān)責(zé)任；例 5：no co

37、mmission shall be paid until party a receives the full payment for each order.傭金在甲方收到每筆訂單的全部貨款后方予以支付；例 6：if neither party requests an extension、 or if one of the parties says no to the extension、 this contract will no longer be in force upon the expiration of the stipulated period.如雙方均未提出延長合同期或一方不同意

38、延長合同期限,就本合同至期滿之日起當(dāng)即失效；6. 主從復(fù)合句,從句常常用簡略形式例 1：a party dissatisfied with the judgment may、 within 15 days upon receipt of the judgment、 file an appeal to the next upper peoples court.如不服本判決,該方可于接到判決之日起十五日內(nèi)向上一級人民法院提起上訴；例 2：the contractor shall、 unless otherwise provided in the contract、 make his own arr

39、angement for the engagement of all staff and labour、 local or other、 and for their payment、 housing、 feeding and transport.除合同另有規(guī)定外,承包人應(yīng)自行支配從當(dāng)?shù)鼗蚱渌胤焦陀萌柯殕T和勞務(wù)人員,8精品學(xué)習(xí)資料精選學(xué)習(xí)資料 - - - 歡迎下載以及他們的酬勞.住房.膳食和交通；四.大寫字母的運(yùn)用英語合同中,有些詞的首字母需要大寫；需要大寫首字母的詞除了基礎(chǔ)英語中用在句首的一般情形外,特別應(yīng)留意下更幾種情形：1. 當(dāng)事人例如：party b shall inspect th

40、e raw materials supplied byparty a forthwith upon receipt thereof.2. 機(jī)構(gòu)名稱例如：china international economic and trade arbitration commission中國國際經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易仲裁委員會the board of directors董事會3. 合同涉及的特指名稱在英文合同中,一些涉及到的關(guān)鍵詞語,一般首字母要大寫；通常會在合同的定義條款中定義,然后再重復(fù)使用；對于合同中已明文定義的詞語,無論在何處顯現(xiàn),其首字母都要大寫,表示該詞語按本合同說明,這樣可防止指代不清,引起不必要的糾紛；例

41、如：the acceptance test manual shall be the document prepared by a which will be used by a and the purchaser for checking that the equipment is in accordance with the specification and approved data .本驗(yàn)收試驗(yàn)手冊系指由a 供應(yīng)的,供a 與買方檢驗(yàn)設(shè)備為否符合技術(shù)規(guī)格和認(rèn)可資料的文件；4. 本合同及合同詳細(xì)條款及附件名稱例如：party a and party b shall make full en

42、deavors to fulfill thiscontractwithin the stipulated period. the schedule of various activities is attached atappendix 4 .5. 國際公約.慣例.國家法律法規(guī).條例規(guī)章等的名稱例如：thiscontractis signed on a mutualityvoluntarybasis by and between the following employer and employee in accordance with“the labourlawof the people s

43、 republicof china ”.本合同由聘用方和受聘方在自愿的基礎(chǔ)上依據(jù)中華人民共和國勞動法簽訂；6. 合同中的貨幣名稱例如：party a shallpay party b a monthlysalary ofus$ 600 sayfivehundredus dollars onl y.甲方須每月付給乙方600 美元整；9精品學(xué)習(xí)資料精選學(xué)習(xí)資料 - - - 歡迎下載7. 為強(qiáng)調(diào)某些部分而用大寫字母以資醒目例如：whereasnow thereforein witness whereof操練：section 2.01 supply第 2.01 條 供 應(yīng)subject to the

44、terms and conditions of this agreement、 supplier shall harvest、 prepare、 process and sell to buyer biomass in such quantities and at such time as specified in purchase orders placedby buyer pursuant to this agreement and on the other terms and conditionsset forth in this agreement. the biomass shall

45、 be supplied dried and ground in bulk form and packaged in bulk containers in accordance with the harvesting guidelines.依據(jù)本合同之條款, 供應(yīng)方負(fù)責(zé)依據(jù)買方依據(jù)本合同制定的購買訂單中規(guī)定的數(shù)量和時(shí)間以及本合同中的其他條款收成.加工和銷售生物樹粉；供應(yīng)生物樹粉應(yīng)烘干.磨碎, 并依據(jù)收成指南以散裝形式裝入散裝貨物集裝箱；section 2.02 purchase price第 2.02 條 售 價(jià)the purchase price to be paid by buyer to

46、 supplier for biomass shall be $8、200 per ton the “initial purchase price ”. sales of biomass shall be c.i.f. from supplier site、 wherever it would be、 cleared for export to the site designated by buyer in chongqing、 the peoples republic of china. after the twelve 12 month anniversary of the first delivery of biomass to buyer pursuant to thi