1、淺析地暖供熱系統設計中英文對照analysis of floor heating system design in chinese and english.能源問題和環境問題是我國建設和諧社會的必須要面對的兩大難題。為此我們對建筑節能的技術的研究，不僅可以促進能源資源節約和合理利用，緩解我國能源供應與經濟社會發展的矛盾，而且對于加快發展循環經濟，實現經濟社會的可持續發展，起著舉足輕重的作用。因此，我們越來越多的采用舒適、節能和運行成本較低的地暖供熱系統，克服了諸如耗能大、舒適性差、難于分戶計算、占用房間使用面積等問題。一、地暖的特點the problem of energy and envir

2、onment are two major problems in chinas construction of a harmonious society must face. we therefore on building energy conservation technology research, not only can promote energy conservation and reasonable utilization of resources, ease the contradiction between energy supply and the development

3、 of economic society in china, but also for accelerating the development of recycling economy, achieve sustainable economic and social development, play a decisive role. therefore, floor heating system and comfortable, energy-saving and low operation cost by us more and more, such as the energy to o

4、vercome the large, poor comfort, difficult to calculate household, occupation of the using area of the room etc. one, warm（1）舒適度高、衛生保健。輻射散熱是最舒適的采暖方式，室內地表溫度均勻，室溫由下而上逐步遞減，不易造成污濁空氣對流，室內十分干凈。地暖的波長在8m 13m之間， 其給人以曬太陽時的自然的暖烘烘的感覺，而其溫度即使人體直接接觸也不至于燙傷。(1) high degree of comfort, health care. radiation is the m

5、ost comfortable way of heating, indoor surface temperature even at room temperature, the bottom-up gradually decreasing, not easy to cause the foul air convection, interior is very clean. to warm the wavelength between 8 m 13 m, which gives people the warm sun in the natural feeling, and even if the

6、 temperature of direct contact with the human body will not bur（2）高效節能、環保安全。系統低溫（3550） 運行，可利用余熱水，熱效率約80%100%，熱量集中在人體收益高度內，傳送過程熱損失小，各房間溫度可以獨立調節，有條件的可選用室溫和水溫自動控制裝置。(2) high efficiency and energy saving, environmental protection and safety. system of the low temperature (35 50 ) operation, can use the

7、remaining hot water, thermal efficiency is about 80% 100%, the heat is concentrated in the body gains height, transfer process of heat loss is small, the room temperature can be adjusted independently, can choose the room temperature and water temperature automatic control device has the condition.（

8、3）熱穩定性好。由于地面層及混凝土層蓄熱量大，熱穩定性好，因此在間歇供暖的條件下，室內溫度變化緩慢。 (3) and good thermal stability. because the ground layer and the concrete layer with heat, good thermal stability, therefore in the intermittent heating condition, the indoor temperature change slowly. （4）維護費用低、低能耗。只需定期檢查過濾器，是較經濟的供暖設備。(4) and low ma

9、intenance cost, low energy consumption. only need to periodically check the filter, it is the economy heating equipment.（5）使用壽命長。使用壽命基本與建筑物同步，管路3050年，熱水爐510年。(5) the use of long life. the use of life basically synchronized with the building, line 30 50 years, water heater of 5 10 years.（6）不占用室內使用面積、

10、保溫隔音。室內取消了暖氣片及其支管，增加了使用面積，便于裝修和家居布置，由于地暖特殊的地面構造，上下層不采暖時，中間層的采暖效果幾乎不受影響，且可以大大減少上層對下層的噪音干擾。(6) the use of indoor space is not occupied, insulation. indoor cancelled the radiator and pipes, increases the use area, convenient decoration and home furnishing layout, because the ground floor heating specia

11、l structure, the upper and lower not heating, the middle layer of the heating effect is almost not affected, and can greatly reduce the noise interference on the lower layer.二、地暖系統設計two, floor heating system design盡管地暖方式節能、環保，但由于地暖的規范相對于工程實踐存在滯后，因此，現就地暖工程的設計過程中的細節問題進行初步探討。despite the warm energy, en

12、vironmental protection, but because the heating specification relative to the engineering practice of lag, therefore, the details of design process in heating engineering is discussed.（一）熱負荷計算(a) the heat load calculation地面輻射采暖系統的設計過程中，首先要做好的就是熱負荷計算。根據相關規范指出，面層熱阻的大小，直接影響到地面的散熱量。實測證明，在相同供熱條件和地板構造的情況下

13、，在同一個房間里，以熱阻為0.02m2k/w左右的花崗巖、大理石、陶瓷磚等作面層的地面散熱量，比以熱阻為0.10m2k/w左右的木地板要高30%60%；比0.15m2k/w左右的地毯時要高6090%。由此可見，面層材料對地面散熱量的巨大影響。然而，許多設計為了簡單省事對建筑熱負荷只根據經驗進行估算，這往往是把建筑熱負荷估算過高從而形成能量的浪費，嚴重地違反了建筑節能的設計要求。對于熱負荷計算，必須按照節能規范先進行建筑熱工計算，以確定建筑圍護結構的傳熱系數，只有在熱工計算達到規范要求的前提下，才能繼續進行采暖負荷計算。地面輻射供暖與一般散熱器對流供暖方式相比，輻射供暖房間熱負荷的嚴格計算是很復

14、雜的，為簡化計算，可采用按對流采暖方式熱負荷計算的基礎上，進行一些特殊的修正和調整。應按采暖通風及空氣調節設計規范的有關規定，進行房間的供暖熱負荷計算，但與常規對流式供暖方式熱負荷計算應有所區別，不計算敷設有加熱管道地面的供暖熱負荷。供暖熱負荷計算宜將室內計算溫度降低2，或取常規對流式供暖方式計算供暖熱負荷的90%95%。地板輻射用于房間局部區域供暖、其他區域不供暖時，地板輻射所需散熱量可按全面輻射供暖所需散熱量，乘以計算系數。供暖區面積比值在0.200.80區間的其他數值時，按插入法確定計算系數。對于采用集中供暖分戶熱計量或采用分戶獨立熱源的住宅，應考慮間歇供暖、戶間建筑熱工條件和戶間傳熱等

15、因素，房間的熱負荷計算應增加一定的附加量。the design process of radiant floor heating system, the first to do is to heat load calculation. according to the related standard pointed out, surface thermal resistance, directly affect the heat dissipating capacity of the ground. it is shown that, under the same heating condi

16、tion and floor construction situation, in the same room, the heat resistance of 0.02m2 k/w in granite, marble, ceramic tile surface layer, than to thermal resistance is about 0.10m2 k/w wood floor to a high of 30% to 60% to 60; 90% 0.15m2 k/w carpet. thus, the surface layer material on the great inf

17、luence of ground heat dissipating capacity. however, many of the design to simple and convenient for building thermal load only based on experience estimation, which is often the building heat load estimate is too high to form a waste of energy, a serious violation of the requirements of building en

18、ergy-saving design. for the calculation of the thermal load, must undertake building thermal calculation according to energy efficiency standards, to determine the heat transfer coefficient of building envelope, only reach the specifications in thermodynamic calculation, to continue the heating load

19、 calculation. ground radiation heating compared with convection heating, heating the room heat load of the rigorous calculation is very complicated, in order to simplify the calculation, can be used according to the convection heating heat load calculation, some special correction and adjustment. ac

20、cording to the relevant provisions of code for design of heating ventilation and air conditioning, heating load calculation of room, but should be differentiated with the heat load of the conventional convection heating way of calculating the heating load calculation, not laying heating pipe on the

21、ground. heating load calculation should be indoor temperature 2 decrease, or conventional convection heating way of calculating the heating load of 90% 95%. radiant floor heating room for local area, other area without heating, radiant floor cooling capacity can be required according to the comprehe

22、nsive radiation heating required heat dissipating capacity, calculating coefficient multiplied by. heating area ratio of 0.20 to 0.80 in other numerical interval, calculating coefficient in insertion method. for the use of the household heat metering of central heating or using household independent

23、 source of residential, should consider the intermittent heating, house building thermal conditions and heat transfer between households and other factors, heat load calculation room should be added a certain amount of.另外，進深大于6m的房間，宜以距外墻6m為界分區，當作不同的單獨房間，分別計算供暖熱負荷和進行地面輻射供暖設計。如果負荷計算時未考慮輻射采暖與對流采暖的區別，直接

24、將對流采暖負荷作為輻射采暖負荷進行計算。相同條件下，輻射采暖時壁面溫度比對流采暖時高，減少了墻壁對人體的冷輻射，就會導致實感溫度可比室內環境溫度高23，因此，負荷計算是避免室內溫度過高的前提。in addition, the depth is more than 6m room, should be from the external 6m for partition, as a separate room is different, the heating load and heating design ground radiation were calculated. if the loa

25、d calculation does not take into account the difference between heating and convection heating radiation, directly to the convection heating load as the radiation heating load calculation. under the same conditions, radiation heating than convection heating when the high wall temperature, reduce the

26、 cold radiation wall on the human body, will cause the real sense temperature than the room temperature 2 3 , therefore, load calculation is to avoid the indoor temperature is too high.（二）散量計算(two) dispersion calculation在完成負荷計算后，需要確定的是單位地面面積的散熱量，計算公式為q（w/m2）=q/f。其中q代表房間所需的地面散熱量，f代表輻敷設熱管道的面積。需要注意的是地面

27、散熱量應為房間計算所得負荷扣除自上層地板向下的傳熱損失。確定單位地面面積的散熱量時，應該校核地表面平均溫度。地表面溫度過高，長久之后人體也會感到不適，而且對地面覆蓋物也有一定影響，因此根據衛生要求、人體熱舒適性條件和房間用途，對地面溫度做了一些規定。地板輻射采暖時地板表面平均溫度tb與加熱管的管徑d、管間距s、加熱管埋深h、地板導熱系數、供回水平均溫度tp和室內溫度tn有關，即tb=f（d，s，h，tp，tn）at the completion of load calculation, is the need to identify the heat dissipation unit floo

28、r area, the formula for the calculation of q (w/m2) =q/f. the q represents the room ground heat amount required, f represents the radiation heat pipe laying area. note that the load should be deducted from the upper floor down heat loss calculation for room ground heat dissipating capacity. to deter

29、mine the amount of heat per unit surface area, should check to the average surface temperature. land surface temperature is too high, after a long time the body will feel uncomfortable, but also on the ground cover also has certain effect, therefore according to the requirements of health, human the

30、rmal comfort conditions and the use of the room, made some provisions on the ground temperature. floor radiant heating floor average surface temperature of tb and the heating pipe diameter d, tube pitch s, heating pipe buried depth h, floor heat conduction coefficient, average temperature of supply

31、and return water tp and room temperature tn, namely tb=f (d, s, h, , tp, tn由于地板單位面積散熱量q與單位面積埋管的散熱量有關，即與d、s、h、tp有關，則有q=g（d，s，h，tp）因此得出近似公式tb=tn+9.82（q/100）0.969由上述公式中的各相關參數可知，房間負荷過大，供回水平均溫度過高，加熱管道埋深不夠，都會引起地表面平均溫度過高而導致采暖環境的舒適度下降。如果產生上述問題，則應改善建筑熱工性能或者設置其他輔助調節設備，以便減少系統能耗，增加舒適性。since the heat dissipating

32、 capacity of floor heat of unit area and unit area of q pipe, which is related to d, s, h, , tp, then q=g (d, s, h, , tp) so obtained the approximate formula of tb=tn+9.82 (q/100) 0.969 by the relevant parameters of the formula of the show, the room the load is too large, average temperature of supp

33、ly and return water is too high, the heating pipeline depth is not enough, will cause the average surface temperature too high and lead to decline in comfort heating environment. if the above problems, should improve the thermal performance of buildings or other auxiliary equipment, in order to redu

34、ce the system energy consumption, increased comfort.（三）管路設計(three) pipeline design影響地面輻射采暖系統使用效果的另一因素就是地面溫度分布不均。也是容易在設計過程中被忽略的地方。地面溫度分布均勻程度主要受埋管深度h、管間距s大小、布管方式等影響。加熱管道埋深過小和管道間距過大都會導致地表面溫度分布不均勻，加熱管道埋深不夠地表面平均溫度會偏高，而為了保證地面溫度分布均勻，一般管道間距要不超過300mm，如果管間距為300mm也顯得過密時，可通過調整加熱管水流量，水溫等來適應要求。當在確定了管道埋深和間距大小后，管道布

35、置方式也會影響地面溫度分布的均勻性。房間內具體采用何種管道布置方式應根據房間用途，房間熱工熱性，遵循溫度均勻分布原則而定。由于沿外窗或外墻側熱損失較大，一般將高溫管段優先布置在該處，或在沿外窗外墻一定范圍內布管密些，即縮小管間距。這一點工程設計中基本注意了，但也不必布管過密，使沿外窗外墻側地面溫度偏高，造成熱量損失。對于局部區域溫度過高的情況（如加熱管出口處溫度較高，而且布管較密），當對該處地面溫度有要求時，應在加熱管上采取處理措施，這是工程中常出現的問題，由于集分水器有多個分支管，且出口間距一般為80100mm，因此出口處地面溫度往往偏高，有的甚至超過規定溫度，對地面材料產生破壞，因此設計中

36、需要注意。對于各房間溫度差異較大，設計時需認真計算各支管水流量大小，校核系統阻力是否平衡，尤其是并聯管路之間的水力平衡，同時注意管內的流速不應低于0.25m/s。在分集水器各個加熱管環路設計上，應根據因地制宜的原則確定分集水器位置，以滿足各個環路的加熱管長度接近相等，只有這樣才能在最大程度滿足于水力平衡。而對可自動控溫系統，各環路管長可有較大差異。another factor affecting radiant floor heating system using effect is the ground uneven temperature distribution. is easy to

37、be ignored in the design process. the ground temperature distribution uniformity is mainly affected by the depth of buried pipe, tube spacing of h s size, tube arrangement etc. heating pipeline depth is too small and pipe spacing is too metropolitan lead surface temperature distribution is not unifo

38、rm, the heating pipeline depth insufficiently average surface temperature will be high, and in order to guarantee the ground temperature distribution, general pipe spacing, or more than 300mm, if the tube spacing of 300mm is too dense, water flow by adjusting the heating pipe, water temperature to m

39、eet the requirements of. when the pipeline depth and pitch size is determined, piping layout will affect the uniformity of the temperature distribution on the ground. inside the room, the concrete piping layout should be based on the use of thermal heat of the room, the room temperature, follow the

40、principle of the uniform distribution. because of the larger along the outer window or wall heat loss, the general will be high temperature pipe section in the priority arrangement, or in certain range along the window wall is dense, i.e. shrinking tubular spacing. the engineering design of the basi

41、c note, but dont tube is too close, the window wall along the outer side of the ground temperature is high, resulting in the loss of heat. the local high temperature (such as high temperature at the outlet of the heating pipe, and the cloth tube relatively dense), when there is a requirement for the

42、 surface temperature on the heating pipe, should take measures, this is usually the problem in the project, because the collection of water separator is a plurality of branch pipe, and the outlet spacing 80 100mm, therefore the exit surface temperature is relatively high, and some even more than the prescribed temperature, damage to the ground material, therefore, to be noticed in design. great for the room temperature difference, design must be carefully calculated each branch is the size of the flow of water, check wh