1、Chapter 6 Shakespeare141班LifeBorn in 1564In 1571, he was sent to school1582, he married to Anne Hathaway, having 3 childrenIn 1586 or 1587, he arrived in London.In 1593 and 1594, published two narrative poems.In 1609, his Sonnets were printed.In 1611, retired to his native townDied in 16161590 1594T

2、he First Period1601 1607The Third Period1595 1600The Second Period1608 1612The Fourth PeriodThe Frist Period (1590 - 1594) The historical play(first historical tetralogy): Henry , Parts 1, 2 and 3, Richard Comedy: The Comedy of Errors, The Taming of the Shrew, The Two Gentlemen of Verona, Loves Labo

3、urs Lost The revenge tragedy: Titus Andronicus The romantic tragedy: Romeo and Juliet (earlist great success in tragedy) Narrative poems: Venus and Adonis and The Rape of LucreceThe Frist Period (1590 - 1594)Romeo and Juliet Romeo and Juliet combines a tragic situation with comedy and gaiety(愉快): 1.

4、 There are more comedy factors in the first half of a drama; 2. Romeo and Juliet both die for love, but the two sides family eventually reconcile and the ending is not typical tragedy; 3. It is lyrical(感情夸張的, 有抒情味的) and optimistic in spirit, lit up by the spring and sunshine of South Europe.Features

5、 1. the period of apprenticeship in play writing 2. He beard the mark of youth, but of youth with astonishing versatility and wonderful talent. So far as language is concerned, his early plays show an extraordinary facility in expression and a felicity in the choice of phrases and epithets(綽號). 3. H

6、e used misunderstanding coincidence to weave plot, performance figures. But the plots often end in every Jack having his fore appointed Jill. He also created a series of ideal characters. 4. He tried to handle political themes and give historical lessons in early history plays. He focused on the new

7、 ideas, the new moral Acura praise humanism. Language At first, Shakespeares work consists of five rigid iambic(抑揚格的) feet, and the custom of rhyming made the verse even more mechanical and unfit for dramatic expression. But under the influence of Marlowe, he began to use blank verse(無韻詩). The First

8、 Period shows a general tendency of the gradual diminishing and disappearance of rhyme as the principal impediment in Shakespeares dramatic composition.The Second Period(1595 - 1600) 6 comedies: A Midsummer Nights Dream, The Merchant of Venice, The Merry Wives of Windsor, Much Ado about Nothing, As

9、You Like It, Twelfth Night 5 historical plays: Richard , Henry , Parts 1 and 2, Henry, King John A Roman tragedy: Julius Caesar SonnetsSonnets The Sonnets were the last of Shakespeares non-dramatic works to be printed. Critics praise the Sonnets as a profound meditation on the nature of love, sexual

10、 passion, procreation, death, and time. 由三段四行和一副對句組成，即按四、四、四、二編排，每行詩句有10個抑揚格音節。以形象生動、結構巧妙、音樂性強、起承轉合自如為特色，常常在最后一副對句中概括內容，點明主題，表達出新興資產階級的理想和情懷。Features 1. mature period, a period of great comedies and mature historical plays. 2. The general spirit is optimism. The comedies of this period are redolent

11、of the pure breath of the green fields and of flowers, and lit by a warm sunshine of gladness, ringing with a chorus of youthful laughter. 3. The reverse creeps in for contrast. Virtue, nevertheless, shall have its reward and triumph in the end, and the wrong shall disappear before the forces of goo

12、d. 4. This period is his sweet and joyful time, in which he succeeds in portraying a magnificent panorama(全景畫) of the manifold pursuits of people in real life.Language 1. There is a great lift in characterization, which distinguishes this second period from the first, not only in the comedies, but a

13、lso in the historical plays. 2. At this period, Shakespeare surpassed Marlowe and other playwrights of his time in expressing the patriotic feelings of the English people and their demand for national unity with great force and vividness.The Third Period(1601 - 1607) 5 tragedies: Hamlet, Othello, Ki

14、ng Lear（Cordelia）, Macbeth, Timon of Athens 3 comedies: Troilus and Cressida, Alls Well That Ends Well, Measure for Measure（Isabella） 2 Roman tragedies: Antony and Cleopatra, Coriolanus（Volumnia）Four Tragedies Hamlet Othello King Lear MacbethFeatures 1. the period of great tragedies and dark comedie

15、s. 2. It represents a mass of evil. There are scenes of murder, lust, treachery(背叛), ingratitude and crime. 3. The comedies are known as “dark” because they give somber pictures of the world.The Fourth Period(1608 - 1612) 4 romances or reconciliation plays: Pericles, Cymbeline, The Winters Tale, Tem

16、pest A historical play: Henry Features 1. the period of romantic drama 2. It turns from the storm, the gloom to “a great peacefulness of light,” and a harmony of earth and heaven. 3. The tone is calm and reconciliation.The Transition of the four periods1590 1594The First Period1601 1607The Third Per

17、iod1595 1600The Second Period1608 1612The Fourth PeriodApprenticeshipin play writingmature periodgreat comediesand mature historical plays.great tragedies and dark comediesromantic dramaReasons第一、二階段： 從社會根源上看，這時期正值伊麗莎白女王統治的盛年，英國已建成一個統一的民族國家，國勢強大，政局穩定，經濟繁榮，舉國上下陶醉在升平安樂之中。這自然在莎士比亞的創作上打上鮮明的時代印記。 從思想根源上看

18、，他的人文主義思想這時尚未經受社會的嚴重考驗，他堅信人文主義理想是可以在現實中實現的，因而，對現實的看法過于樂觀。第三階段： 從社會根源上看，這時的英國已從表面繁榮進入動亂時代，各種各樣的社會矛盾都暴露無遺。 從思想基礎上看，莎士比亞對現實的認識深化了，他看到了理想與現實之間的深刻矛盾，看到了人文主義理想實際上是不可能實現的這一悲劇性的事實。第四階段： 從社會根源上看，社會矛盾激化，不堪壓迫的農民紛紛揭竿而起。面對人民的反抗，詹姆斯一世一方面野蠻鎮壓，另一方面則加強對輿論的控制。戲劇界于是形成一股專寫迎合宮廷趣味的、情節離奇的傳奇劇的逆流。莎士比亞轉向傳奇劇創作，顯然是受到這股逆流的影響。 從思想根源上看，由于人文主義者自身的矛盾，使得莎士比亞未能正確認識人民群眾的力量，因而當人民群眾起來反抗暴政時，他便很自然地退到企圖以寬恕來調和社會矛盾的境地。此 外，作者本