1、供應(yīng)鏈管理體系下的物流管理【摘要】供應(yīng)鏈管理是一種有效的管理方法，而物流管理是供應(yīng)鏈管理的重要組成部分。物流是為實現(xiàn)商品價值，使物質(zhì)實體從生產(chǎn)者到達消費者之間的物理性活動。供應(yīng)鏈管理體系下的物流管理是一種統(tǒng)一規(guī)劃下的物流系統(tǒng)，它具有供應(yīng)鏈的管理特征，表現(xiàn)出集成化優(yōu)勢，進一步帶來了物流系統(tǒng)的敏捷性，更加有效地提高了企業(yè)的運作效率，使企業(yè)創(chuàng)造更大收益成為可能。本文首先闡述了供應(yīng)鏈管理和物流管理的基本概念，分析了供應(yīng)鏈管理體系下的物流管理，并對應(yīng)注意的問題進行了說明。 20世紀(jì)80年代，隨著物流一體化由企業(yè)內(nèi)部物流活動的整合轉(zhuǎn)向跨越企業(yè)邊界的不同企業(yè)間協(xié)作，供應(yīng)鏈管理（SupplyChainMana

2、gement，簡稱SCM）的概念應(yīng)運而生。能夠真正認識并率先提出供應(yīng)鏈管理概念的也是一些具有豐富物流管理經(jīng)驗和先進物流管理水平的世界級頂尖企業(yè)。這些企業(yè)在研究企業(yè)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略的過程中發(fā)現(xiàn)，面臨日益激烈的市場競爭，僅靠一個企業(yè)和一種產(chǎn)品的力量已不足以占據(jù)優(yōu)勢，企業(yè)必須與原料供應(yīng)商、產(chǎn)品分銷商和第三方物流服務(wù)者等結(jié)成持久、緊密的聯(lián)盟，共同建設(shè)高效率、低成本的供應(yīng)鏈，才可以從容面對市場競爭并取得最終勝利。 一、供應(yīng)鏈管理和物流管理的概念 1、物流管理的概念 物流管理有狹義和廣義之分。狹義的物流管理是指物資的采購、運輸、倉儲和配送等活動，是企業(yè)之間的一種物資流通活動。廣義的物流管理包括了生產(chǎn)過程中的物料轉(zhuǎn)

3、化過程，基于這種廣義的物流管理，供應(yīng)鏈管理也常常被人們認為即是物流管理。物流管理與供應(yīng)鏈管理具有相似性，但在管理范圍、管理角度、組織內(nèi)部關(guān)系等方面又有明顯的區(qū)別。由此可以看出，供應(yīng)鏈管理源于物流管理，物流管理是供應(yīng)鏈管理的重要內(nèi)容，供應(yīng)鏈管理的實效很大程度上取決于采購、運輸、倉儲和配送等物流作業(yè)環(huán)節(jié)的管理和運作狀況。因此，物流管理是供應(yīng)鏈管理發(fā)揮整體效益的前提和基礎(chǔ)。 2、供應(yīng)鏈和供應(yīng)鏈管理的概念 供應(yīng)鏈?zhǔn)菄@核心企業(yè)，通過對信息流、物流、資金流的控制，從采購原材料、制成中間產(chǎn)品以及最終產(chǎn)品，由銷售網(wǎng)絡(luò)把產(chǎn)品送到消費者手中的將供應(yīng)商、制造商、分銷商和零售商直到最終用戶連成一個整體的功能網(wǎng)鏈結(jié)構(gòu)

4、模式。 供應(yīng)鏈管理是指人們在認識和掌握供應(yīng)鏈各環(huán)節(jié)內(nèi)在規(guī)律和相互聯(lián)系的基礎(chǔ)上，利用管理的計劃、組織、指揮、協(xié)調(diào)、控制和激勵職能，對產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)和流通過程中各個環(huán)節(jié)所涉及的物流、信息流、資金流、價值流以及業(yè)務(wù)流進行的合理調(diào)控，以期達到最佳組合，發(fā)揮最大效率，以最小成本為客戶提供最大價值的過程。 供應(yīng)鏈管理是在滿足服務(wù)水平需要的同時，為了使系統(tǒng)成本最小而采用的把供應(yīng)商、制造商、倉庫和商店有效結(jié)合成一體，并把正確數(shù)量的商品在正確時間配送到正確地點的一套方法。供應(yīng)鏈管理把對成本有影響和在滿足顧客需求過程中起作用的每一方都考慮在內(nèi)，從供應(yīng)商、制造商、倉庫、配送中心到零售商，甚至是供應(yīng)商的供應(yīng)商及客戶的客戶，

5、其目的在于提高效率、降低成本。供應(yīng)鏈管理把企業(yè)管理的范疇從單個企業(yè)擴大到整個供應(yīng)鏈并對之進行有效管理，通過信息共享將錯失銷售機會的可能性降到最低，減少整個供應(yīng)鏈上的庫存，降低操作成本，縮短交貨時間，改善現(xiàn)金流量，將市場需求變化的風(fēng)險降到最低。 二、供應(yīng)鏈管理下物流管理的應(yīng)用 1、供應(yīng)鏈管理在物流中應(yīng)用的必然性 物流系統(tǒng)是一個社會化系統(tǒng)，制約其發(fā)展的因素很多：不同消費區(qū)域的客戶情況和環(huán)境條件，配送環(huán)節(jié)，物流成本，庫存控制等等。供應(yīng)鏈管理應(yīng)用于物流是一種統(tǒng)一規(guī)劃下的物流系統(tǒng)，具有供應(yīng)鏈的管理特征和集成化優(yōu)勢。供應(yīng)鏈管理中“業(yè)務(wù)流程重組”的思想使得作業(yè)流程快速重組能力極大提高，促進了物流系統(tǒng)的敏捷性

6、，通過消除不增加價值的部分為供應(yīng)鏈物流系統(tǒng)進一步降低成本和精細化運作提供了基本保障。 供應(yīng)鏈?zhǔn)且粋€整體，合作性與協(xié)調(diào)性是供應(yīng)鏈管理的重要特點。在這一環(huán)境中的物流系統(tǒng)也需要無縫連接，它的整體協(xié)調(diào)性應(yīng)得到強化，例如運輸?shù)呢浳镆獪?zhǔn)時到達，顧客的需要才能及時得到滿足。采購的物資不能在途中受阻才會增強供應(yīng)鏈的合作性，因此供應(yīng)鏈物流系統(tǒng)獲得高度的協(xié)調(diào)化是保證供應(yīng)鏈獲得成功的前提條件。 物流管理主要關(guān)注企業(yè)內(nèi)部的功能整合，而供應(yīng)鏈管理則是把供應(yīng)鏈中的所有節(jié)點企業(yè)看作一個整體，強調(diào)企業(yè)之間的一體化，關(guān)注企業(yè)之間的相互關(guān)聯(lián)。物流管理是計劃機制，而供應(yīng)鏈管理是協(xié)商機制，是一個開放的系統(tǒng)，通過協(xié)調(diào)分享“需求與存貨”

7、的信息以減少或消除供應(yīng)鏈成員之間的緩沖庫存。供應(yīng)鏈管理的概念不僅僅是物流的簡單延伸。物流管理主要關(guān)注于組織內(nèi)部對“流”的優(yōu)化，而對供應(yīng)鏈管理僅僅認識到進行內(nèi)部整合的重要性是不夠的。所以，供應(yīng)鏈應(yīng)用于物流不但優(yōu)化了傳統(tǒng)的物流系統(tǒng)，更使物流系統(tǒng)向更高一級發(fā)展，使物流的支鏈變大變廣，使供應(yīng)鏈管理發(fā)揮最佳效果。 2、供應(yīng)鏈管理體系下物流管理的特點 物流管理是供應(yīng)鏈管理的一個重要組成部分，其顯著特點就是整體性。供應(yīng)鏈管理過程中的信息傳遞很重要，其信息傳遞是在企業(yè)間逐級進行的，信息偏差也會沿著傳遞方向逐級變大，難免會出現(xiàn)信息失真，信息的利用率隨之降低。另外，一般環(huán)境下的物流管理缺乏整體規(guī)劃的觀念，鏈上的每

8、個組織只關(guān)心自己的資源（如庫存），相互之間很少有溝通和合作。這經(jīng)常導(dǎo)致一方面庫存不斷增加，另一方面當(dāng)市場需求出現(xiàn)時又無法滿足，因而企業(yè)庫存成本很高，企業(yè)間因為物流系統(tǒng)不善而錯失市場機遇。在供應(yīng)鏈管理體系下，各環(huán)節(jié)之間是戰(zhàn)略合作關(guān)系，具有利益一致性，各方的信息交流不受時間和空間的限制，信息的流量增加，信息的傳遞方式實現(xiàn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)化，進而各方提高了在信息共享的程度，避免了信息的失真現(xiàn)象。除此以外，供應(yīng)鏈管理體系下的物流管理還有以下特點。 （1）提高了物流系統(tǒng)的快速反應(yīng)能力。供應(yīng)鏈管理以Internet作為技術(shù)支撐，其成員企業(yè)能及時獲得并處理信息，通過消除不增加價值的程序和時間進一步降低供應(yīng)鏈的物流系統(tǒng)的

9、成本，為實現(xiàn)其敏捷性、精細性運作提供基礎(chǔ)性保障。（2）增進了物流系統(tǒng)的無縫連接。無縫連接是使供應(yīng)鏈獲得協(xié)調(diào)運作的前提條件，沒有物流系統(tǒng)的無縫連接，顧客需求得不到及時的滿足、物資采購中途受阻等等而造成的有形成本和無形成本的增加會使供應(yīng)鏈的價值大打折扣。 （3）提高了顧客的滿意度。在供應(yīng)鏈管理體系下，企業(yè)能夠迅速把握顧客的現(xiàn)有和潛在（一般和特殊）需求，使企業(yè)的供應(yīng)活動能夠根據(jù)市場需求而變化。這樣企業(yè)能比競爭對手更快、更經(jīng)濟地將商品或服務(wù)供應(yīng)給顧客，極大地提高了服務(wù)質(zhì)量和顧客滿意度。 （4）物流服務(wù)方式的多樣化。隨著現(xiàn)代信息技術(shù)和物流技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展，物流服務(wù)方式日益表現(xiàn)出靈活多樣的特點。為了適應(yīng)國際

10、化經(jīng)營的要求，出現(xiàn)了發(fā)生在不同國家間的國際物流、專門從事物流服務(wù)的第三方物流企業(yè)及進行聯(lián)合庫存管理的分銷中心等等。 3、供應(yīng)鏈管理體系下物流管理的功能 （1）庫存管理。通過庫存管理縮短訂貨運輸支付的周期，加速庫存周轉(zhuǎn)，減少及消除缺貨事件的發(fā)生，有利于整個供應(yīng)鏈的協(xié)調(diào)和運轉(zhuǎn)。 （2）訂購管理。訂購是給供應(yīng)商發(fā)出訂單的過程，主要包括供應(yīng)商管理、訂購合同管理及訂購單管理。通過供應(yīng)鏈管理，企業(yè)可利用配銷單據(jù)等對整個補充網(wǎng)絡(luò)制定計劃，并向供應(yīng)鏈自動發(fā)出訂貨單，通過合同管理在供需雙方建立長期關(guān)系，通過檢查訂購數(shù)量將訂購單送達供應(yīng)商并對已接收貨物進行支付。 （3）配銷管理。對進入分銷中心的物資，其管理過程主

11、要有以下幾個方面：配銷需求管理、實物庫存管理、運輸車隊管理、勞動管理等。 （4）倉庫管理。倉庫管理除了入庫貨物的接運、驗收、編碼、保管及出庫貨物的分揀、發(fā)貨、配送等一般業(yè)務(wù)外，還包括代辦購銷、委托運輸、流通加工、庫存控制等業(yè)務(wù)。 4、如何協(xié)調(diào)供應(yīng)鏈管理和物流的關(guān)系 物流是供應(yīng)鏈的重要組成部分，并貫穿于整個供應(yīng)鏈，連接供應(yīng)鏈中的各個環(huán)節(jié)，成為企業(yè)合作的紐帶。在制定供應(yīng)鏈物流戰(zhàn)略的過程中，一般需要注意以下問題：要對客戶進行細分，對不同類型的客戶確定相應(yīng)的客戶服務(wù)水平，如訂貨周期、運輸方式庫存水平等；要根據(jù)銷售情況對產(chǎn)品進行分組，針對每一類別的產(chǎn)品可以采取不同的策略。定單錄入、定單執(zhí)行及交貨作業(yè)處理

12、占物流活動很大比例，因而需要通過技術(shù)和管理使整個供應(yīng)鏈的物流流程更有效率，特別是對于成員企業(yè)間的接口部位，通過集成能剔除多余工作流，提高物流效益。各個成員企業(yè)應(yīng)通過改善合作關(guān)系、使用現(xiàn)代管理手段和技術(shù)來實現(xiàn)準(zhǔn)確預(yù)測、信息共享，從而減少不確定性因素帶來的負面影響。 供應(yīng)鏈與物流有著密切聯(lián)系，在現(xiàn)階段如何協(xié)調(diào)物流與供應(yīng)鏈的相互關(guān)系，已經(jīng)成為管理方向的一個重要研究課題。只有協(xié)調(diào)好物流和供應(yīng)鏈的相互關(guān)系，才能使企業(yè)更有條理、更有針對性地進行配置、調(diào)控，應(yīng)用更加適應(yīng)企業(yè)發(fā)展的管理模式，使企業(yè)獲得更大的效益。 三、總結(jié) 供應(yīng)鏈管理在物流中的應(yīng)用已經(jīng)得到了廣泛認同，如沃爾瑪公司的銷售配送系統(tǒng)計劃、臺灣雀巢與

13、家樂福的VMI計劃等，這些供應(yīng)鏈管理環(huán)境下的物流更加具有實效性和成效性。企業(yè)通過供應(yīng)鏈管理環(huán)境下的物流來建立新的企業(yè)管理模式，克服了傳統(tǒng)物流的缺陷，更適應(yīng)企業(yè)發(fā)展，更能為企業(yè)降低成本、創(chuàng)造利潤。【英語原文】On The Supply-Chain Management System Of Logistics Management【Abstract】 supply chain management is an effective management methods, and logistics management supply chain management is an important

14、component of the. Logistics is to achieve the commercial value, so that material entities to reach consumers from the producers of physical activities. Supply chain management system of logistics management is a uniform planning, logistics system, it has the characteristics of supply chain managemen

15、t, to demonstrate the advantages of integrated and further brought agility logistics system more effectively to improve the operation of the enterprise efficiency, enabling enterprises to create more revenue possible. In this paper, on supply chain management and logistics management of the basic co

16、ncepts, analysis of supply chain management system, logistics management, and the corresponding attention to the issues described. 20th century 80s, with the integration of logistics activities by the internal integration of logistics enterprises across the border towards the different business-to-b

17、usiness collaboration, supply chain management (Supply Chain Management, referred to as SCM) concept came into being. Can truly understand and first proposed the concept of supply chain management are also a number of rich experience and advanced logistics management logistics management level of th

18、e top world-class enterprise. These enterprises in the process of enterprise development strategies found that facing the increasingly fierce competition in the market, relying on an enterprise and the strength of a product no longer sufficient to take advantage, enterprises must be consistent with

19、raw material suppliers, product distributors and third-party logistics services, such as to form a lasting and close alliance to build an efficient, low-cost supply chain, we can easily face the competition in the market and achieve final victory.First,supply chain management and logistics managemen

20、t.l the concept of logistics management Logistics management of the narrow and broad points. The narrow sense refers to material logistics management of the procurement, transportation, warehousing and distribution activities, is a material flow between activities. A broad sense including the logist

21、ics management of production materials in the process of transformation process, such a broad-based logistics management, supply chain management are often considered of logistics management. Logistics management and supply chain management has a similar, but in the management of the scope of manage

22、ment, organization of internal relations and a clear distinction. From here we can see, supply chain management from logistics management, logistics, supply chain management is an important aspect of management, supply chain management depends largely on the effectiveness of procurement, transportat

23、ion, warehousing and distribution operations and other aspects of logistics management and operation of situation. Therefore, the logistics management of supply chain management is to play the overall effectiveness of the prerequisite and foundation.l supply chain and supply chain management concept

24、 Supply chain is organized around the core businesses, through the flow of information, logistics, capital flow controls, from procurement of raw materials, intermediate products into final products, as well as from sales of network products to consumers will be suppliers, manufacturers, sub - and r

25、etailers sell until the end-users even as a function of the overall network chain structure. Supply chain management refers to people in understanding and mastering the supply chain and inter-linkages inherent laws, based on the use of the management of the planning, organization, command, coordinat

26、ion, control and incentive function, production and circulation of products in all aspects of the process involved in logistics, information flow, capital flow, the value of stream flow, as well as a reasonable business regulation to achieve the best combination for maximum efficiency and minimum co

27、st to provide customers with maximum value of the process. Supply chain management is the need to meet the level of service at the same time, in order to minimize system cost while the use of suppliers, manufacturers, warehouses and shops effectively combine into one, and the number of the correct t

28、ime in the right distribution of goods to the correct location of a sets of methods. Supply chain management and the impact on the cost to meet customer needs in the course of the role of each party are taken into account, from suppliers, manufacturers, warehouses, distribution centers to retailers,

29、 suppliers and even suppliers and customers customers, the aim is to improve efficiency and reduce costs. Supply chain management to business management from a single business area expanded to the entire supply chain for effective management and, through information-sharing will be the possibility o

30、f missed sales opportunities to a minimum, the entire supply chain to reduce inventory, lower operating costs, shorten delivery times, improve cash flow, changes in market demand to minimize the risk. Second, under the management of supply chain logistics management application.supply chain manageme

31、nt applications in the logistics of the inevitability of Logistics system is a socialized system, constraining the development of a number of factors: different consumer customers and the regional environmental conditions, distribution links, logistics costs, inventory control and so on. Applies to

32、the logistics supply chain management is a kind of uniform planning, logistics systems, supply chain management with the features and advantages of integration. Supply Chain Management Business Process Re-engineering the idea of making rapid restructuring processes have greatly improved the ability

33、to promote the logistics system agility, not to increase the value by removing part of the supply chain logistics system to further reduce operation cost and provides a fine basic security. Supply chain as a whole, cooperation and coordination of supply chain management is an important feature. In t

34、his environment a seamless logistics system also needs to connect, and its overall coordination should be strengthened, such as transportation of goods to arrive on time, customer needs can be met in time. Procurement of goods will not be hindered in the way of cooperation to strengthen supply chain

35、, therefore, supply chain logistics system is a high degree of coordination of the supply chain to ensure that the prerequisite for success. Major concerns of logistics management functions of the enterprise integration, and supply chain management is the supply chain enterprises in all nodes as a w

36、hole, emphasizing the integration between enterprises, concern about the linkages between enterprises. Logistics management is the planning mechanisms, and supply chain management is a consultative mechanism, is an open system, by coordinating the sharing of demand and inventory of information in or

37、der to reduce or eliminate the supply chain between the members of the buffer stock. The concept of supply chain management is not just a simple extension of the logistics. Major concerns of logistics management in the organization of flow of the optimization of supply chain management is only recog

38、nized the importance of internal integration is not enough. Therefore, supply chain logistics not only applies to the traditional logistics optimization systems, logistics systems more so to a higher level, so the logistics of the branched-chain variable change widely, so that supply chain managemen

39、t to play the best results. supply chain management system, the characteristics of logistics management Logistics management of supply chain management is an important part of a distinctive feature is its holistic. Supply chain management in the process of information transmission is very important,

40、 the information transmission is carried out by inter-enterprise level, information transmission along the direction of deviation will become larger level, information will inevitably lead to some distortion, decreased utilization of information. In addition, the general environment of the logistics

41、 management concept of the lack of overall planning, each chain is concerned only about their own organizational resources (such as inventory), there is little communication between each other and co-operation. Stock on the one hand, this often resulted in increased demand on the other hand, when th

42、e market can not meet again, and the high costs of inventory, business-to-business logistics system because of poor market opportunities missed. In supply chain management system, the link between the strategic and cooperative relations with the interests of consistency, the parties to the exchange

43、of information from the constraints of time and space, increase the flow of information, means of information transmission network, which the parties increased the degree of information sharing, to avoid distortion of information. In addition, supply chain management system, logistics management hav

44、e the following characteristics. (1) To improve the logistics systems rapid response capability. Supply chain management to Internet as a technical support, its members and businesses can receive timely processing of information, by eliminating non-value added procedures and time to further reduce s

45、upply chain costs of the logistics system, in order to achieve its agility, precision and provide a basis for the operation of protection. (2) To promote the seamless logistics system. Is to enable seamless supply chain was a prerequisite for co-operation, there is no seamless logistics system, cust

46、omer demand can not be timely met, the procurement of goods and so on caused by the middle of blocked tangible costs and intangible costs will increase in the supply of greatly reduced the value chain. (3)Improved customer satisfaction. In supply chain management system, enterprises can quickly gras

47、p the current and potential customers (the general and special) needs of the supply business activities change according to market demand. Such enterprises to more quickly than competitors, more economical to supply goods or services to customers, which greatly improved the quality of service and cu

48、stomer satisfaction. (4) The diversification of logistics services. With modern information technology and the continuous development of logistics technology, logistics services is increasingly being demonstrated by the characteristics of flexible and diverse. In order to adapt to the requirements o

49、f international operations, there has been occurred in the different countries, international logistics, logistics services, specializing in third-party logistics companies and a joint inventory management and so the distribution center. l supply chain management system, the functions of logistics m

50、anagement (1) inventory management. Order to shorten the adoption of inventory management - Transport - to pay cycle, accelerate inventory turnover, reduce and eliminate out-of-stock events, the whole supply chain coordination and operation. (2) order management. Order is issued orders to the suppli

51、ers process, including supplier management, order management and order management contract. Through the supply chain management, businesses can use documents such as distribution networks throughout the plan to add to the supply chain orders automatically, through contract management in both long-te

52、rm relationship of supply and demand, order by checking the number of purchase orders and service providers have to pay to receive the goods. (3) Distribution Management. Access to the material distribution center, the management process in the following areas: demand management and distribution, ph

53、ysical inventory management, transportation fleet management, labor management. (4) warehouse management. Warehouse management in addition to storage of transported goods, inspection, coding, storage and sorting out the library of goods, shipping, distribution and other general business, also includ

54、es the purchase and sale agency, commissioned by the transport, distribution processing, inventory control services. l how to coordinate supply chain management and logistics of the relationship between Supply chain logistics is an important component of, and throughout the supply chain, supply chain to connect all aspects of enterprise cooperation. In the development of the logistics supply chain strategy, the general need to pay attention to the following issues: broken down to the customers of different type