1、（一）句子成分的定義：構(gòu)成句子的各個(gè)部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主語(yǔ)和謂 語(yǔ)；次要成分有表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)。 （二）主語(yǔ)：主語(yǔ) （Subiect） 是一個(gè)句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首。但在 there be 結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問(wèn)句（當(dāng)主語(yǔ)不疑問(wèn)詞 時(shí)）和倒裝句中，主語(yǔ)位于謂語(yǔ)、助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面。 During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. We often speak English in class. One-third of the stu

2、dents in this class are girls. To swim in the river is a great pleasure. Smoking does harm to the health. The rich should help the poor When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. It is necessary to master a foreign language. （三）謂語(yǔ) （Predicate） 說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)所做的動(dòng)作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動(dòng)詞在句中作謂語(yǔ)，一般放在主語(yǔ)之后

3、。謂語(yǔ)的構(gòu) 成如下： 1、簡(jiǎn)單謂語(yǔ)：由一個(gè)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。如： He practices running every morning. The plane took off at ten o clock. 2、復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)： （1）由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或其他助動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成。如： You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系動(dòng)詞加表語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。如： We are students. （四）表語(yǔ)（Predicative）用以說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)、 特征、狀態(tài)與身份，它一般位于系動(dòng)詞（如be, become, get, l

4、ook, grow, turn, seem 等）之后。 Our teacher of English is an American. Is it yours? The weather has turned cold. The speech is exciting. Three times seven is twenty one? His job is to teach English. His hobby is playing football. The meeting is of great importance. Time is up. The class is over. The tru

5、th is that he has never been abroad. 注意：系動(dòng)詞（ Linking verb） 用于連接主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)特征和身份等。 1） 狀態(tài)系動(dòng)詞用來(lái)表示主語(yǔ)狀態(tài)，只有be 一詞，例如： He is a teacher. 2） 持續(xù)系動(dòng)詞用來(lái)表示主語(yǔ)繼續(xù)或保持一種狀況或態(tài)度，主要有keep, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如： He always kept silent at meeting. 3）表像系動(dòng)詞用來(lái)表示 “看起來(lái)像 ”這一概念，主要有 seem, appear, look, 例如： He seems （to be

6、） very sad. 4） 感官系動(dòng)詞主要有 feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如： This kind of cloth feels very soft. 5） 變化系動(dòng)詞表示主語(yǔ)變成什么樣，主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run. 例如： He became mad after that. 6） 終止系動(dòng)詞表示主語(yǔ)已終止動(dòng)作，主要有prove, turn out, 表達(dá) 證實(shí)， 變成 之意， 例如： The rumor proved false.His plan turned out a success （五）

7、賓語(yǔ) （Object）表示動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承愛(ài)者，一般位于及物動(dòng)詞和介詞后面。例 You should take this medicine three tines a day. The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time. How many dictionaries do you have? I have five They helped the old with their housework yesterday. He pretended not to see me. I enjoy listening to popul

8、ar music. I think （ that ） he is fit for his office 賓語(yǔ)種類： （ 1）雙賓語(yǔ)（間接賓語(yǔ) +直接賓語(yǔ)），例如： Lend me your dictionary, please. To: write, tell, pass, give, send, promise, show, hand, read, tell, bring, throw 等，例如： He sent the novel to William yesterday. For: leave, buy, build, choose, cook, draw, find, get, ord

9、er, save 等，例如： She bought a gift for her mother. （ 2）復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)（賓語(yǔ) +賓補(bǔ)），例如： They elected him their monitor 下列動(dòng)詞只能接不定式做賓語(yǔ) agree, choose, demand, dare, decide, fail, help, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish, desire 等，如： He refused to lend me his bike. 下列動(dòng)詞只能接動(dòng)名詞做

10、賓語(yǔ) admit, avoid, advise, consider, enjoy, , escape, finish, imagine, mind, practise, suggest 等， John has admitted breaking the window . 下列動(dòng)詞既可接不定式，也可接動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)，但意義不同，如 stop, mean, try, remember, forget, regret 等。 （六）賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) 英語(yǔ)中有些及物動(dòng)詞， 除有一個(gè)直接賓語(yǔ)以外， 還要有一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) （ Object Complement ），才能使句子的意義完整。 帶有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的一般句型為

11、：某些及物動(dòng)詞（如make等+賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)）。 His father named him Dongming. They painted their boat white. Let the fresh air in. You mustn t force him to lend his money to you. We saw her entering the room. We found everything in the lab in good order. We will soon make our city what your city is now. （七）定語(yǔ)修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語(yǔ)或從

12、句稱為定語(yǔ)（Attribute） 。定語(yǔ)可由以下等成分表示： Guilin is a beautiful city. China is a developing country; America is a developed country. There are thirty women teachers in our school. His rapid progress in English made us surprised. Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom. The teaching plan for next

13、 term has been worked out. He is reading an article about how to learn English. I like the book which was bought yesterday. （八）狀語(yǔ)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子，說(shuō)明動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫做狀語(yǔ)（Adverbial ）。可由以下 形式表示 ： Light travels most quickly. He has lived in the city for ten years. He is proud to have passed the national co

14、llege entrance examination He is in the room making a model plane. Once you begin, you must continue. How about meeting again at six? Last night she didn t go to the dance party because of the rain. I shall go there if it doesn t rain. Mr Smith lives on the third floor. She put the eggs into the bas

15、ket with great care She came in with a dictionary in her hand. In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. She works very hard though she is old. I am taller than he is 二、簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句 （一）句子種類兩種分類法 1、按句子的用途可分四種： 1）陳述句（肯定、否定） ：He is six yea

16、rs old; She didn t hear of you before. 2）疑問(wèn)句（一般、特殊、選擇、反意）：Do they like skat in g? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, can t she? 3）祈使句： Be careful, boys; Don t talk in class 4） 感嘆句： How clever the boy is! 按句子的結(jié)構(gòu)可分三種： 1） 簡(jiǎn)單句：只有一個(gè)主語(yǔ)（或并列主語(yǔ)）和一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)（或并列謂語(yǔ)）。 e.g. He often reads Engli

17、sh in the morning. Tom and Mike are American boys. She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers 2）并列句：由并列連詞（and, but, or等）或分號(hào)（；）把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句連在一起構(gòu)成。 e.g. You help him and he helps you. The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。 3）復(fù)合句：含有一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上從句的句子。復(fù)合句包含：名詞性從句（主語(yǔ)

18、從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從 句）、定語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句等。 e.g. The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall （二）簡(jiǎn)單句的五種基本句型 1、主語(yǔ) +系動(dòng)詞 +表語(yǔ)： e.g. He is a student. 2、 主語(yǔ) +不及物動(dòng)詞：e.g. We work. 3、主語(yǔ) +及物動(dòng)詞 +賓語(yǔ)： e.g. Henry bought a dictionary. 4、主語(yǔ) +及物動(dòng)詞 +雙賓語(yǔ)（間接賓語(yǔ) +直接賓語(yǔ)） ： e.g. My father bought me a ca

19、r. 5、主語(yǔ) +及物動(dòng)詞 +復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)（賓語(yǔ) +賓補(bǔ)）： e.g. Tom made the baby laugh. 注：其他各種句子都可由這一種基本句型擴(kuò)展、變化或省略而構(gòu)成。 （三）并列句的分類 1、表示連接兩個(gè)同等概念，常用and, not onlybut also，neithernor，等連接。 e.g. The teachers name is Smith, and the students name is John. 2、表示選擇，常用的連詞有 or, either。廠,otherwise等。 e.g. Hurry up, or you ll miss the train. 3、

20、表示轉(zhuǎn)折，常用的連詞有but, however, yet, while, when 等。 e.g. He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting. 4、表示因果關(guān)系，常用的連詞有so, for, therefore 等。 I ll be able to finish it. e.g. August is the time of the year for rice harvest, so every day I work f

21、rom dawn until dark 1. Give me one more minute D. so D. hasn t it D. What an A. andB. orC. if 2. Its the third time that John has been late, ? A. hasnt heB. isnt heC. isnt it 3. joyful he was to meet his brother again! A. HowB. WhatC. What a 4. You had better not smoke here, ? A. will you B. had you

22、 C. shall you D. have you 5. Train as hard as you can you ll win the swimming competition. A. then B. but C. andD. or 6. John has not yet passed the driving test, and . A. Henry hasn t tooB. Henry also has not either C. neither Henry has D. neither has Henry 7. There are many sports lovers in his of

23、fice. Some love climbing, others enjoy swimming. A. orB. forC. while D. so 8. Do you feel like going out I d like to go out. 9. Your uncle isn t an engineer, is he? A. Yes, he isntB. No, he isn 10. friendly to everyone! A. How, is she B. What, is she 11. Mary went to bed early, she felt very tired.

24、A. or B. soC. for would you rather have dinner at home? C. No, he is C. How, she is D. yet D. He is D. What, she is 12. Mother a dress when she cut her finger. A. was makingB. makes 13. He lay in bed A. but C. is making read something borrowed from library. B. and C. or D. made D. yet 14. I d really like some lunch but I have so much work to do. what you want and I can get it for you. A. Tell meB. If you would say to meC. You will tell me 15. As he is strong, can lift one hundred A. yet he D. If you tell me B. but he pounds. C. and D. he 16. I thought you had an umbrella. I had, I