精銳教育學科教師輔導講義學員姓名：劉宏達 年 級：高 三 課 時 數： 3輔導科目：英語 學科教師：左紅云授課內容Summary教學內容Summary Writing題型解析：摘要（summary）是一種對原始文獻（或文章）的基本內容進行濃縮的語義連貫的短文.它以迅速掌握原文內容梗概為目的,不加主觀評論和解釋,但必須簡明、確切地表述原文的重要內容.摘要寫作（summary writing）是一種控制性的作文形式,它能使學生通過閱讀原文,吸收原文的文章結構與語言方面的長處,寫出內容一致、結構近似、語言簡潔的短文.另外,對培養學生善于抓住文章重點的能力也有很大幫助,有利于他們在實際寫作中避免面面俱到,事無巨細,一一羅列的不良傾向.這種寫作既要準確理解原文,又要能綜合概括；既能培養欣賞能力,又能訓練書面表達能力.因此,用英文寫摘要,對學習英語寫作的學生來說,不失為一種切合實際的方法.考綱要求： 1概括的準確性； 2字數大約30詞； 3不要抄襲閱讀材料中的句子。解題思路：1. 分析文章結構，準確捕捉要點 首先，從文體入手。一般來說，讀寫任務里的閱讀材料按文體可以分成兩種：議論文和記敘文。議論文有三要素，即論點、論據、論證，文章的整體結構多數為總分結構、分總結構、平行結構等。因此，我們通常可以在第一段或最后一段找論點。記敘文，我們要找出它的四要素：when, where, who, what等。 其次，從過渡語入手。如however, otherwise, besides, moreover等。2. 理清邏輯關系，選擇合適連詞 在捕捉到文章的要點之后，接下來就是要理清他們之間的邏輯關系，再找到適當的連接詞，自然銜接，使之成為一個連貫的語段。 3. 靈活變化表達，適度進行paraphrase 理清要點之間的邏輯關系之后，不能簡單地照搬原句，還必須進行適度的paraphrase，即用自己的話進行改寫，才符合“不要抄襲閱讀材料中的句子”的要求。那么，如何才能達到“雁過不留痕”的效果呢？(1)同義替換。即用同義或近義的詞語或句型改寫，如 “intellectual ability” 和 “academic ability”就可以用grades(成績)來替換；grade pupils according to 則可用judge/group pupils by替換； “It does not take into account the fact” 可以變為It fails to consider that(2)語態互換。即主語語態與被動語態的轉換，如he later agrees to take the suggestion to就可以用它的被動語態來表示：he was later persuaded to(3)非謂語動詞短語與從句的互換。如there was a king who ruled a rich country就可以用there was a king ruling a rich country來表達。(4)合并句子。就是將幾個意義聯系緊密的句子合并為一句話。如We feel that there are many disadvantages in streaming pupils. It does not take into account the fact that children develop at different rates. Besides, it is rather unreal to grade people just according to their intellectual ability.就可改為Streaming pupils not only neglects the different rates of students development, but also is unfair for them judging only by their grades.寫摘要主要包括三個步驟：（1）閱讀；（2）寫作；（3）修改成文。 第一步：閱讀 A認真閱讀給定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多讀兩遍。閱讀次數越多，你對原文的理解就越深刻。 B給摘要起一個標題。用那些能概括文章主題思想的單詞、短語或短句子作為標題。也可以采用文中的主題句作為標題。主題句往往出現在文章的開頭或結尾。一個好標題有助于確定文章的中心思想。 C現在，就該決定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。對重要部分的主要觀點進行概括。 D簡要地記下主要觀點主題、標題、細節等你認為對概括摘要重要的東西。第二步：動手寫作 A. 摘要應該只有原文的三分之一或四分之一長。因此首先數一下原文的字數，然后除以三，得到一個數字。摘要的字數可以少于這個數字，但是千萬不能超過這個數字。 B. 摘要應全部用自己的話完成。不要引用原文的句子。 C. 應該遵循原文的邏輯順序。這樣你就不必重新組織觀點、事實。 D. 摘要必須全面、清晰地表明原文所載的信息，以便你的讀者不需翻閱原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。E. 寫摘要時可以采用下列幾種小技巧： 1) 刪除細節。只保留主要觀點。 2) 選擇一至兩個例子。原文中可能包括5個或更多的例子，你只需從中篩選一至二個例子。 3) 把長段的描述變成短小、簡單的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十個句子，那么你只要把它們變成一兩句即可。 4) 避免重復。在原文中，為了強調某個主題，可能會重復論證說明。但是這在摘要中是不能使用的。應該刪除那些突出強調的重述句。5) 壓縮長的句子。如下列兩例： “His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.” 可以概括為：”He was very brave in battle.” “He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.” 可以概括為：“He was in financial difficulties.” 6) 還可以使用詞組代替整句或者從句。請看下面的例子： “Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.” 可以概括為：”Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better transportation services.” 7) 使用概括性的名詞代替具體的詞，比如： “She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.” 可以概括為：”She brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation.” 8） 使用最短的連接詞。比如，可以使用but, then, thus, yet, though，不能使用at the same time, in the first place, because of these, on the other hand等較長的連接詞。通常，使用分號就能夠達成使用連接詞的效果。 9) 文章中的第一人稱說的話通常在摘要中轉換成第三人稱，從而把大段的對白簡化，比如： Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly: “You use too much salt on your food, Paul its not good for you!” Paul put down his knife and frowned:”Why on earth not! If you didnt have salt on your food it would taste awful like eating cardboard or sand just imagine bread without salt in it, or potatoes or pasta cooked without salt!” Kate was patient. She didnt want to quarrel with Paul. She wanted to persuade him. She said firmly:”But too much salt is bad for you. It cause high blood pressure and latter on, heart-attacks. It also disguises the taste of food, the real tastes which are much more subtle than salt, and which we have lost the sensitivity to appreciate any more.” 可以用第三人稱概括為： Kate suggested to Paul that he should eat less salt. She thought that eating too much salt would do hard to Pauls health and that it could reduce the real tastes of food. But Paul disagreed. He said that food without salt would be tasteless. 第三步：修改成文 草稿擬好以后，對它進行修改。首先，與原文比較看是否把所有重要的觀點都概括了，摘要中的觀點是否與原文中的完全一致。其次，如果摘要中出現了不必要的詞匯、短語或長句子，刪除它們。第三，檢查拼寫、語法和標點符號的錯誤。最后，保持語言簡單明了。 經過上述步驟和方法，一篇摘要就可以完成了。總結：檔次內容語言A5-64B4-53C3-42D2-31E1-20不同文體解題方法：記敘文1. 講述寫作方法：要素串聯法 記敘文主要是記敘所發生的事情和經歷。常見的形式有：故事、日記、新聞報道、游記等。記敘文通常要交待清楚五要素的內容，即where, when, what, who, how, 給讀者一個內容完整、細節清晰的故事。事情的敘述通常按時間的順序敘述，讓讀者易于把握所敘述內容之間的內在關聯，我們必須抓住記敘文的寫作特點或思路，從而更好地理解文章主題，概括出比較中肯的短文中心大意。2. 教授記敘文的概要模板：The passage/story is about a misunderstanding between a student and a teacher.The author tells us a story about a _.The passage is a story about _.According to the passage, the hero in the story _.記敘文概要分類模板a.點明寫作目的類：The writer tells us（主題）by showing us an example of, who/which（故事情節）.b.作者經歷類：In the passage, the writer mainly tells us hisexperience of doing sth, whichc. 他人經歷類：This passage is mainly about sbs experience of doing sth.例題精講高三一模記敘文1.青浦區Last year my company was brought by a large corporation and most of the managers lost their jobs. That was when i decided to do something Id always wanted to do-become a freelance writer(自由作家）. Changing professions has meant that my lifestyle has changed in a number of ways. I work about as much as I did before-between 45 and 50 hours a week- but my schedule is much less fixed than it used to be. Before, I worked from 8 am to 5 pm, everyday, with a few extra hours on weekends. Now, however, I work when I feel like it. For instance, sometimes I work until midnight or 2.am, then sleep until noon. I really prefer this kind of schedule. While I was working as a manager, I never exercised. I already felt tired after work, so I just came home in the evening and watched TV. However, last year I joined a health club and began to do regular exercise. As a result I have lost over 10 pounds and I feel much better, Ive also started to eat more healthfully. I used to eat a lot of fast food, but now I do my own shopping. I buy lots of fruits and vegetables and cook them at home.Of course, not all the changes have been that easy. For example, I dont feel as safe financially as used to. When I was working as a manager. I never worried much about money. I could always count on getting my paycheck every two weeks. Working freelance, I dont have a regular paycheck. So now I have to make sure that theres enough money until the next check arrives.范文：After the author quit his previous job and became a freelance writer. Some changes his life. The work schedule became more flexible. He has also done more exercise and ate healthy. But he might not get regular wages. He found that the present lifestyle is suitable for him.2.楊浦區On a damp, boring, stay-in-the-house kind of day, I was a 4-year-old artist armed with a new treasure: my own big box of crayons（蠟筆）. Somehow, the usual paper wasnt special enough for these 64 perfect, sweet-smelling sticks of vivid color. I looked around for a bigger canvas（畫布）. If only there were hidden walls. Walls like the ones in Mom and Dads closet.Slipping quietly down the hall to the bedroom, I stood on tiptoe to reach the string for the closet light. Words and images filled my mind faster than my hands could make them.A brilliant rainbow was seen on one wall, with a cheery golden sun peeking out from above. Below, a giant shade tree supported a swing for stick-figure children. Around them, flowers bloomed everywhere.My masterpiece! All my very own magic! I took in the walls, the colors and the brightness. Joy swelled inside me. But as my creativity wound down, a thought popped up: Ive got to show Mom! Suddenly I was still.Mom called out, “Dinners ready.”After a short time, her footsteps approached, and then finally, the closet door opened. I stood nervously in the corner.Mom breathed in sharply, then stood frozen. Only her eyes moved as she slowly looked over my masterpiece. She was quiet for a long, long time. I didnt dare breathe. Finally, she turned to me. “I like it,” she said. “No, I love it! I feel like I have a new closet!”Now, 45 years later, my childhood artwork is still there. And in my own house, the closet walls are masterpieces, too, created by my own daughters when they were little girls. Every time I open a closet door, I remember that, as big as that box of crayons and white walls seemed when I was little, my mothers love was the biggest thing of all.【范文1】One day when I was little, I created a beautiful picture on the walls in parents closet. Although satisfied with it, I couldnt imagine moms reaction. Instead of criticizing me for ruining the closet, mom thought highly of my artwork. Now I understand how much she loves me and I do the same to my children to develop their creativity.【范文2】The story happened when the writer was 4 years old. She drew pictures on the walls of the closet after getting the new crayons. Her mother praised her artwork instead of scolding her for messing up the room. The pictures remain there till now because it can serve as a reminder of mothers love. 小結：記敘文：分析語篇的基本結構和主要信息，把握記敘文的主旨大意和段落大意；就日常生活中的話題和需要，靈活運用記敘文完成口頭或書面的表達為了介紹一件事情，一個人等，需要找到主要信息：人、地、時、事等掌握寫作特點和框架：What/who/when/where/why/how議論文1. 講述議論文寫作方法：要素串聯法第一、找出關鍵詞和全文或段落的主題句。任何一篇文章都是圍繞某個主題展開的，因此，許多文章中最明顯的特點之一是有一個反復出現的中心詞，即高頻詞，也叫做主題詞。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。一般地說，主題詞通常是名詞、動詞或形容詞。第二、根據原文的詞句(一般指關鍵詞和全文或段落的主題句),進行改寫: 或用相應的同義詞，或進行句型轉換(如主動句改為被動句等等). 千萬不要原封不動地抄寫原文的詞句.第三、用連詞連接各部分，使它連貫；第四、整合中心要點，使用形容詞、介詞短語、非謂語動詞短語合并、簡化句子，使之符合概括短文內容要點的詞數。2. 概要模板：論點+論據(+結論)議論文通常用來講明道理、議論是非、提出觀點和看法。作者先正面或反面提出論點，然后用事實論證論點，最后以重申論點或提出建議的方式得出結論。議論文的主題句通常在首段或尾段，或者在各段的首句或尾句。盡可能客觀簡要地轉述閱讀材料的觀點。可以采用如下方法概括：The writer of this article thinks that 或者你認為本材料的觀點代表了一些人的思想，就可以說Some people think 還可以從中立的角度或用“無人稱”的方式來說The article gives the view that如議論文的概要通常可以如此開頭：The essay/passage/author highlights the importance of encouragement for students.The essay/passage/author argues in support of , stating that The essay/passage/author argues that we must not only value those who come first or are the best in any field but the others whose effort push them to success.The essay/passage/author discusses the impact of email.The passage/author compares friendship with the comfort of home.The passage/author outlines the harmful effects of smoking.例題精講高三一模議論文1. 靜安區Airline seats have been one-size-fits-all since the beginning. Today, those 16.5 to 18-inch wide seats are anything but.According to the World Health Organization (WHO), obesity(肥胖癥)has more than doubled since 1980. In 2014, more than 1.9 billion adults were overweight, and over 600 million were obese. The unchanged seat size and increase of obese passengers highlight the conflict between airlines needs and basic passenger rights.Last month, lawyer Giorgio Destro, an Italian lawyer, sued Emirates, claiming his flight was disrupted by an obese passenger seated next to him. According to reports, Destro was not able to comfortably sit in his assigned seat, and spent much of the nine-hour flight standing or sitting in crew seats, because a 400-pound passenger took up half of his seat.Many airlines have responded to the growing obesity by insisting passengers of size buy two seats to ensure safety and comfort. Samoa Air, for example, is charging by weight (which has become known as a “fat tax”). At first glance, the fat tax issue sounds discriminatory (歧視的), but some argue that this is purely down to numbers. A kilo is a kilo. It has nothing to do with the condition of the weight. The heavier a plane is, the more fuel it burns through.In other words, the argument is whether it is fair that a 150-pound person is charged for their 50-pound bag, when a 300-pound person with a carry-on isnt charged anything extra. However, Peggy Howell of NAAFA argues that obesity is an illness, and that obese people should be entitled to having certain rights protected.“We question the legality of the discriminatory policy and whether it violates the Air Carrier Access Act governing the treatment of passengers with disabilities,” she says. “The American Medical Association (AMA) recently declared obesity a disease, which should make fat passengers a protected class.”Howell points out that the Canadian Transportation Agency (CTA) addressed this issue in 2009, and issued a one-person, one-fare ruling covering passengers with disabilities. Those passengers include ones who are clinically obese and who cannot fit into a single seat. 【范文】With the increasing obesity, airline one-size-fits-all seats cant satisfy the needs of obese passengers. To solve the conflict between airlines needs and passenger rights, many airlines have asked overweight passengers to pay more to fly, because a heavier plane burns more fuel. However, objectors think the disabled, including fat passengers, should be protected instead of being charged more.2. A good story encourages us to turn the next page and read more. We want to find out what happens next and what the main characters do and what they say to each other. We may feel excited, sad, afraid, angry or really happy. This is because the experience of reading or listening to a story is much more likely to make us feel that we are part of the story, too. Just like in our real lives, we might love or hate different characters in the story. Perhaps we recognize ourselves or others in some of them. Perhaps we have similar problems./ Because of this natural empathy with the characters, our brains process the reading of stories differently from the way we read factual information. Our brains dont always recognize the difference between an imagined situation and a real one so the characters become alive to us. What they say and do is therefore more meaningful. This is why the words and structures that relate a storys events, descriptions and conversations are processed in this deeper way. In fact, cultures all around the world have always used storytelling to pass knowledge from one generation to another. Our ancestors understood very well that this was the best way to make sure our histories and information about how to relate to others and to our world was not only understood, but remembered too. (Notice that the word history contains the word story this is not a coincidence!)/Encouraging your child to read or listen to stories should therefore help them to learn a second language in a way that is not only fun, but memorable. /Possible Version:An interesting story motivates/inspires us to read continuously, for it reflects our real lives. Ignoring the unreal factors, we usually feel empathy with the characters and think a lot about the words and structures related to the story. People all over the world have employed/ used storytelling to obtain knowledge and make childrens language learning meaningful and impressive. (57words)小結：議論文：掌握語篇的論點及相關論據；推斷論點或論據中關鍵詞句的隱含意思；在口頭或書面表達中提出論點，運用恰當的論據支撐論點，為了讓讀者接受其觀點，需要找到主要信息：觀點的內容以及如何論證掌握寫作特點和框架：opinion/idea + argument（supporting ideas/reasons）說明文：1. 寫說明文概述的步驟：1）確定主題句。確定閱讀文章的主題句，一般在段首。沒有主題句的需要自己組合。2）尋找關鍵詞。分析主題句意義，確定關鍵詞，關鍵詞一般體現為名詞、形容詞，關鍵詞的數目決定了概括的信息濃度。3）重構主題句。概括的主題句邏輯上要統攝后面所有的支撐句。可以從作者的寫作目的逆推，反映寫作目的主題句是高度抽象的，它基本決定了概括的質量。4）重組支撐句。支撐句的意義在邏輯上受制于主題句，可以是補充過程或者提供證據。口訣：簡括為：縮長見短，省卻細膩。（括：概括性。見：間接引語。短：短的連詞。細膩：細節和例子）2. 寫說明文概述要注意的事項： 1) 不能摘抄原文句子, 要用自己的語言“重組” 主要內容； 2) 只保留主要觀點，不要細節； 3) 不要發表自己的觀點； 4) 不要把列舉、描繪性語言當成概述性語言； 5) 一般用第三人稱轉述； 6) 概述不要太寬泛，缺乏針對性，也不要只針對原文某個細節，概述得太狹窄； 7) 注意段中句子的銜接, 切忌只簡單地寫出一些互不相干的句子； 8) 保證無語法錯誤;3. 說明文Summary 的教學步驟第一步 通讀全文, 領略大意。通常summary 的開頭都有一些常用的句子，學生可以積累用。第二步 小結每一段的大意。用最簡練的文字把文章每段的主要內容概括出即可。第三步 根據每一段的大意以及作者的側重點, 不要加入自己的個人觀點，綜合歸納全文的大意。對于說明性或描述性的短文，可以用概括性文字說明某一現象。比如可概括如下： This article points out the common phenomenon 例題精講高三一模說明文1. 崇明區Gene Therapy“We used to think that our fate was in our stars, but now we know that, in large measure, our fate is in our genes,” said James Watson. Watson is a molecular (分子的) biologist and co-discoverer of DNA structure. Why? Scientists are seeing that gene therapy is revolutionizing the treatment of disease. In gene therapy, healthy genes are introduced into defective (有缺陷的) cells to prevent or cure disease. While much of the research is in the beginning stages, some successes point to the real benefit of the therapy. In Italy, doctors have recently treated one genetic disease with gene therapy. This disease most often begins to destroy the brain when children are between 1 and 2, stopping them from walking and talking. By inserting normal, healthy genetic material into a virus and then infecting the patients, scientists seem to be able to cure the disease. Although the children given the therapy still need follow-up treatments, they now lead a relatively normal life.Gene therapy has also been used to help older patients. These people suffer from a disease that causes slow movement and uncontrollable shaking because part of the brain dies. Those treated with gene therapy showed a 23.1 percent improvement when tested six months later.Gene therapy appears to be a more positive alternative to surgery or medicine and is an exciting new approach that is just making the news. Resear