Chapter5,PolysystemTheory,1,優(yōu)選內(nèi)容,IntroductionofItamarEven-Zohar,ProfessorEmeritusofCultureResearch,ofUniversityofTelAviv,Culturaltheorist,notatranslationtheorist.Oneofforerunnersoftranslationstudies,ItamarEven-Zohar(Picturetaken1993,SantiagodeCompostela),Commandaworkingknowledgeof:Hebrew(mothertongue),Arabic,English,French,Swedish,Spanish,Norwegian,Danish,Italian,Russian,German,Icelandic,andafewotherlanguages.,2,優(yōu)選內(nèi)容,SystemPolysystem,System:ThisconceptisintroducedbyTynjanov.Elements,Tynjanovargued,donotexistinisolation,butalwaysinaninterrelationshipwithotherelementsofothersystems.,systems,LiterarystructureSemi-literarystructureExtraliterarystructure,interrelated,deciding,Specificelementfunction,3,優(yōu)選內(nèi)容,SystemPolysystem,Even-ZoharadoptedTynjanovsconceptofsystem.HedevelopedthepolysystemhypothesiswhileworkingonamodelforIsraeliHebrewliterature.Inaseriesofpaperswrittenfrom1970to1977andcollectedin1978as“PapersinHistoricalPoetics”歷史詩(shī)學(xué)論文集,hefirstintroducedtheterm“polysystem”torefertotheentirenetworkofcorrelatedsystemwithinsociety.Thusitisaglobaltermcoveringalloftheliterarysystem,bothmajorandminorexistinginagivenculture.,4,優(yōu)選內(nèi)容,Polysystem,LiterarySystem,ExtraliterarySystem,Canonizedform,Non-canonizedform,esteemeddiscoursesandgenres:Poetry,lessworthygenres:ChildrensliteraturePopularfiction,PatronageSocialconditionsEconomicsInstitutionalmanipulation,5,優(yōu)選內(nèi)容,Heisnotspecificallyatranslationtheorist,butaculturaltheorist.Buthispioneeringworkcontinuestoexertconsiderableinfluenceontranslation,particularlywhenstudyingtranslationinemergingculturesorculturesincrisis.Histhinkingabouttranslationsledhimtosomeofthemostprovocativehypothesesaboutliterarysystem.,6,優(yōu)選內(nèi)容,Polysytemwithtranslationtheories,“Itisnecessarytoincludetranslatedliteratureinthepolysystem.Thisisrarelydone,butnoobserverofthehistoryofanyliteraturecanavoidrecognizingasanimportantfacttheimpactoftranslationsandtheirroleinthesynchronyanddiachronyofacertainliterature”.(Even-Zohar,1978),7,優(yōu)選內(nèi)容,JustasthephilosopherChomskyuseslinguisticstostudyhowthehumanbrainfunctioninhisphilosophy,Even-Zoharregardstranslatedliteratureasaneffectivewaytostudyhowthepolysystemposeeffectontranslatedliterature.Hebelievesthroughtheanalysisoftherelationshipoftranslatedtooriginalliteraryworks,hecouldarriveatabetterunderstandingofthenatureofpolysystem.,Polysytemwithtranslationtheories,8,優(yōu)選內(nèi)容,Polysystemtheory,Even-Zoharincorporatedthedatacollectedfromhisobservationsonhowtranslationsfunctioninvarioussocieties.Hedevelopedanapproach”Polysystemtheory”toexplainthefunctionofallkindsofwritingwithinagivenculture.Hisdatashowedthattranslatedliteraturefunctionsdifferentlydependingupontheage,strength,andstabilityoftheparticularliterarypolysystem.,Polysystemdeterminesthepolysystemtheory,9,優(yōu)選內(nèi)容,Even-Zoharexploredtherelationshipbetweenthetranslatedtextsandtheliterarypolysysteminthreeaspects:,Reclassificationsofthepositionoftranslationwithinvaryingculturalsystems.Howtextstobetranslatedareselectedbythereceivingculture.Howtranslatedtextsadoptcertainnormsandfunctionsasaresultoftheirrelationtoothertargetlanguagesystem.,10,優(yōu)選內(nèi)容,Reclassification,Previousclassification:Allthetranslationswereinvariablyclassifiedassecondarysystem.Theliterarytranslationwasconsideredsecondaryactivity,mechanical,ratherthancreative,neitherworthyofseriouscriticalattention.Even-Zoharargued:Itdepends!Notallpolysystemsarethesame.Suchclassificationwasinaccurate.,11,優(yōu)選內(nèi)容,Polysystemsoflarger,oldercultures,Anglo-AmericanCzechin19th；我國(guó)清末明初Translationfulfillstheneedofayoungliteraturetouseitsnewlanguageforasmanydifferentkindsofwritingaspossible.Sinceitcannotcreateallformsandgenres,translatedtextsmayserveasthemostimportantforacertainamounttime.,15,優(yōu)選內(nèi)容,Threecircumstances:Maintainingaprimaryposition,2.Whenaliteratureis“peropheral”,or“weak”orboth.,i.e.Israel;theLowCountries；我國(guó)文革期間Theycannotproduceallthekindsofwritingastronger,largersystemcanthusitsinabilitytoproduceinnovationsandsubsequentdependencyupontranslationtointroduceprecedent-settingtexts.Insuchcircumstances,translatedtextsservenotonlyasamediumthroughwhichnewideascanbeimported,butalsoastheformofwritingmostfrequentlyimitatedby“creative”writersinthenativelanguage.,16,優(yōu)選內(nèi)容,Threecircumstances:Maintainingaprimaryposition,3.Whenaliteratureisexperiencinga“crisis”,orturningpoint.,i.e.NorthAmericaninthe60s;五四前后,文革后Establishedliterarymodelsnolongerstimulatethenewgenerationofwriterswhothenturnelsewhereforideasandforms.,17,優(yōu)選內(nèi)容,WhyIsraelattachessomuchimportancetotranslatedliterature?,Geographicalcrossroad,Israel,Intellectualcontacts,Socialforce,multilingualism,religion,economy,Westernculture,Diplomaticforce,Majorliterature,exiles,“ThirdWorld”culture,Canonliterary,Socialcrossroad,Historicalforce,18,優(yōu)選內(nèi)容,Globalizationof“Israelissituation”,TheabovesituationisnotonlytheIsraelwasin,butalsoallthenationsontheeartharein.Astheglobalizationsincommerce,cultureandotheraspects,nonationisanisland.Allthecountriesareatthecrossroads,allarethecenter,andallareexposedtothepoly-interactions.Sohighlighttheimportanceoftranslationiscrucial.,19,優(yōu)選內(nèi)容,Thefutureoftheworldmaydependupontheaccuratetranslationofoneword.-PallEngleTounderstandonespast,onesidentity,anunderstandingoftranslationinandofitselfiscrucial;translationceasestobeaneliteintellectual“game”,afootnotetoliteraryscholarship,butbecomesfundamentaltothelivesandlivelihoodofeveryoneintheentireregion(andmaybetheworld).-EdwinGentzler,20,優(yōu)選內(nèi)容,我國(guó)學(xué)者張南峰先生對(duì)“多元系統(tǒng)理論”在翻譯學(xué)的建立方面所產(chǎn)生的影響也給予了極高的評(píng)價(jià)，認(rèn)為：“在西方，令翻譯研究取得學(xué)科地位并走到學(xué)術(shù)研究系統(tǒng)中心的，是多元系統(tǒng)理論以及其他文化學(xué)派的翻譯理論和研究模式”。,21,優(yōu)選內(nèi)容,Insummary,Even-Zoharrecognizedboththe“primary”(creatingnewitemsandmodels)aswell“secondary”(reinforcingitemsandmodels)importanceoftranslatedliteratureinliteraryhistory.,Classificationofthepositionoftranslationwithincaringculturalsystems,22,優(yōu)選內(nèi)容,Howtranslatedtextsadoptcertainnormsandfunctionsasaresultoftheirrelationtoothertargetlanguagesystems.（翻譯規(guī)范行為策略都是如何受其他相關(guān)系統(tǒng)影響的）,translatedliteratureisitselfasystemwithprimaryandsecondarypositionsoccupiedbydifferenttexts.Translationstrategiesdependonthepositionoftranslatedliteraturewithinthepolysystem.,23,優(yōu)選內(nèi)容,Translatedliteratureresumes:,Aprimaryposition:,Function:Tointroduce“new”tothereceivingcultureResults:1.translatorsfeelfreertobreaktheliteratureconventionsofthereceivinglanguage;2.Translatedtextscloselyreproducetheoriginaltextsformsandtextualrelations.Translatedtextisoftenamore“adequate”matchofthesourcetextwhichmayinturnleadtoinnovationstotherecievingculture.譯本更接近原著,24,優(yōu)選內(nèi)容,Translatedliteratureresumes:,Asecondposition:,Function:Tofindready-mademodelsinthereceivingculture.Results:1.translatorswillsticktoreceivingculturesconventionalmodelsandtheywillconfromtheoriginalforminthesourcetextstopre-establishednormsinthereceivingculture.2.Translatedtextsmayreviseorchangetheoriginaltextsformsandtextualrelations.Translatedtextwillshowlowerdegreeofadequacyofthesourcetext.譯本與原著差異較大,25,優(yōu)選內(nèi)容,Thepositionoftranslationinfluenceontranslationnorms,26,優(yōu)選內(nèi)容,CommentsonPolysystem,Advantages:Even-Zoharspolysystemtheorydemonstratesanadvanceinthedevelopmentoftranslationstudiesspecificallyandtranslationtheoryingeneral.Itistheintegrationthestudyofliteraturewiththestudyofsocialandeconomicforcesofhistory.,27,優(yōu)選內(nèi)容,CommentsonPolysystem,Advantages:1.Hisattentionandthoughtgiventotheroleoftranslationwithinaliterarysystem,istraditionallyignoredbyliterarytheorists.2.Byexpandingfrequentlyonlinguisticmodelsorundevelopedliterarytheories,andembeddingtranslatedliteratureintoalargerculturalcontext.3.Even-Zoharopenedthewayfortranslationtheorytoadvancebeyondprescriptiveaesthetics.,28,優(yōu)選內(nèi)容,CommentsonPolysystem,Problems:1.Hisworkandhypnosesfocusedprimarilyupontheliterary,theextraliterarywassignificantlyabsentfromhisanalysis.2.Histendencytoovergeneralizeandestablishuniversallawsbasedonverylittleevidencewhichneedsmoreanalysis.literarytheories,andembeddingtranslatedlitera