反傾銷、反補貼、保障和特殊情況處理等（中英文對照）發布時間：2011-10-24 11:30:54翻譯：李莉 校對：廖紛，陳茜茜 復審：薛婷婷Anti-dumping, Subsidies, Safeguards,Contingencies, etc反傾銷、反補貼、保障和特殊情況處理等英文來源：/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/agrm8_e.htmBinding tariffs, and applying them equally to all trading partners (most-favoured-nation treatment, or MFN) are key to the smooth flow of trade in goods.約束關稅及將其在全體貿易成員國之間平等地適用（即最惠國待遇，簡稱MFN）是保證商品交易過程暢通的關鍵。The WTO agreementsuphold the principles, but they also allow exceptions in some circumstances. Three of these issues are:世貿協議秉持著這些原則，但有時也有例外。例如以下三種情況：actions taken against dumping (selling at an unfairly low price)1. 反傾銷（以不公平的低價出售商品的行為）措施； subsidies and special “countervailing” duties to offset the subsidies1. 貿易補貼以及為抵消貿易補貼而征收的“反補貼”關稅； emergency measures to limit imports temporarily, designed to “safeguard” domestic industries.1. 為暫時限制進口以“保護”國內產業而采取的緊急應對措施。 Anti-dumping actions反傾銷措施If a company exports a product at a price lower than the price it normally charges on its own home market, it is said to be “dumping” the product.如果某一公司以低于其在國內市場正常出售的價格出口某一產品，我們就稱其“傾銷”該產品。Is this unfair competition? Opinions differ, but many governments take action against dumping in order to defend their domestic industries.這是否為不公平競爭？各人意見不同。然而很多成員國政府采取措施抵制傾銷以保護他們的國內產業。The WTO agreement does not pass judgment.世貿組織的協議并未給出明確的判斷。Its focus is on how governments can or cannot react to dumping it disciplines anti-dumping actions, and it is often called the “Anti-Dumping Agreement”. (This focus only on the reaction to dumping contrasts with the approach of the Subsidies and Countervailing Measures Agreement.)協議把重點放在了政府能否對傾銷行為予以反擊它規范了反傾銷的手段，并被通稱為反傾銷協定（此協定的重點在于對傾銷行為的回擊，與補貼與反補貼措施協定不同）。The legal definitions are more precise, but broadly speaking the WTO agreement allows governments to act against dumping where there is genuine (“material”) injury to the competing domestic industry.正規的定義要更為精確一些，但大體來說世貿組織協定允許各成員國政府在本國國內競爭產業受到真正（實質性物質層面）損害時采取措施反對傾銷。In order to do that the government has to be able to show that dumping is taking place, calculate the extent of dumping (how much lower the export price is compared to the exporters home market price), and show that the dumping is causing injury or threatening to do so.為了能夠做到這一點，成員國政府必須先證明傾銷行為正在進行，并推算傾銷的程度（即出口價格相比出口商在其本國國內的市場價低多少），還要證明該傾銷行為已造成或有可能造成損害。GATT (Article 6) allows countries to take action against dumping.關稅與貿易總協定（第六條）規定，成員國政府可以采取措施應對傾銷。The Anti-Dumping Agreement clarifies and expands Article 6, and the two operate together.反傾銷協定闡明并延伸了關貿協定第六條規定，且兩者可同時適用。They allow countries to act in a way that would normally break the GATT principles of bindinga tariff and not discriminatingbetween trading partners成員國政府可以采取某種在通常情況下可能違反關貿總協定關于綁定關稅和禁止歧視等原則的反對傾銷方式。 typically anti-dumping action means charging extra import duty on the particular product from the particular exporting country in order to bring its price closer to the “normal value” or to remove the injury to domestic industry in the importing country.反傾銷措施無非就是對某一特定國家的某種出口產品征收額外的進口關稅以達到使其出口價格更接近其“正常價值”或者消除其對進口國國內產業損害的目的。There are many different ways of calculating whether a particular product is being dumped heavily or only lightly.推算某種產品傾銷程度的大小有很多不同的方式。The agreement narrows down the range of possible options. It provides three methods to calculate a products “normal value”.協定縮小了可供選擇途徑的范圍，并提供了三種方式來估算產品的“正常價值”。The main one is based on the price in the exporters domestic market.主要的一種是依據出口國國內的市場價格。When this cannot be used, two alternatives are available the price charged by the exporter in another country, or a calculation based on the combination of the exporters production costs, other expenses and normal profit margins.如果這種方法不適用，還可以有另外兩種可供替代的方式依據該產品在第三國的出口價或者依據出口商的生產成本、其他費用和正常利潤額相結合所構成的估算價格。And the agreement also specifies how a fair comparison can be made between the export price and what would be a normal price.協定還詳細說明了如何對進口價和可能的正常價格做公平的比較。Calculating the extent of dumping on a product is not enough.推算某種產品的傾銷程度還遠不止如此。Anti-dumping measures can only be applied if the dumping is hurting the industry in the importing country.反傾銷措施只能在傾銷行為對進口國國內產業造成了損害的前提下才可以適用。Therefore, a detailed investigation has to be conducted according to specified rules first.因此，首先必須依照規則進行詳細的調查。The investigation must evaluate all relevant economic factors that have a bearing on the state of the industry in question.該調查必須對與被調查產業有關聯的所有相關經濟因素進行評估。If the investigation shows dumping is taking place and domestic industry is being hurt, the exporting company can undertake to raise its price to an agreed level in order to avoid anti-dumping import duty.如果調查顯示傾銷行為正在進行且被傾銷國國內產業受到損害，則出口國可以通過提高價格到一定程度來避免反傾銷進口關稅。Detailed procedures are set out on how anti-dumping cases are to be initiated, how the investigations are to be conducted, and the conditions for ensuring that all interested parties are given an opportunity to present evidence.協定對于如何提起反傾銷訴訟、調查如何進行以及保證所有的利益方都有機會提供證據的程序都設定了詳細的規定。Anti-dumping measures must expire five years after the date of imposition, unless an investigation shows that ending the measure would lead to injury.反傾銷措施自強制執行之日起五年期滿，除非調查顯示終止這一措施會導致損害性后果。Anti-dumping investigations are to end immediately in cases where the authorities determine that the margin of dumping is insignificantly small (defined as less than 2% of the export price of the product).如果權威機構認定傾銷額度微不足道（即根據規定低于商品出口價的2%），則反傾銷調查須立即終止。Other conditions are also set.該協定對其他的情況也有所規定。For example, the investigations also have to end if the volume of dumped imports is negligible (i.e. if the volume from one country is less than 3% of total imports of that product although investigations can proceed if several countries, each sup