形容詞和副詞，連詞和介詞的用法 一. 語法小結：形容詞的用法：（一）形容詞在句中的用法： 1. 定語：I have to look after the sick boy. 2. 表語：Dont feel bad . Everything will be all right. 以a開頭的形容詞asleep , alone , alive , awake , afraid , alike , ashamed , aware ，以及content , unable , sure , sorry 等常用作表語，ill , well 等表示身體健康狀況時，只作表語。作定語時要用sick 和healthy. 3. 賓補：Who left the door open ? I found him asleep. 4. 狀語：He spent seven days in the wind and snow , cold and hungry. （表示動作發生的情況或方式） Crusoe stared at the footprint , full of fear. （表示動作發生的原因） 5. 作獨立成分：Strange to say , he did pass the exam after all. 說也奇怪，他到底還是通過考試了。（二）形容詞修飾名詞的順序： 1. 多個形容詞修飾名詞的順序： 當幾個表示不同種類的形容詞同時修飾一個名詞時，它的順序是： 表示限定的詞： （1）放在冠詞前的形容詞有：all , both , such （2）冠詞、指示代詞、物主代詞、不定代詞有：a , the , this , that , my , his , some , every , each , etc. （3）序數詞放在基數詞的前面：the first one（第一），the second half（下半場） 表示類別的詞： 表示內在性質的詞要放在表示狀態的詞前。 （1）性質（描繪性形容詞）：nice , clever , fine , beautiful , interesting （2）狀態（大小、新舊等形容詞）：large , big , old , hot , red , new , young , little （3）專用的形容詞（國籍等）：Chinese , English （4）生產原料：wooden , plastic , cotton 例：It is a useless , old , big , yellow English car. 這是一輛沒有用的、舊的、黃色的英國大轎車。 She was a hungry , tired , sleepy little match girl. 她是一個又餓又累又想睡的賣火柴的小女孩。 All of the first five gifted American scientists were greatly honoured. 前五位杰出的美國科學家全都受到了表彰。 2. 形容詞作后置定語的兩種情況： （1）由all- , some- , no- , any - 和every-+thing 等構成的不定代詞（象something , everything , nothing 等），被形容詞所修飾時，形容詞后置。 Is there anything interesting in todays newspaper ? He found theres nothing new in what she said at the meeting. （2）下列形容詞修飾名詞時，也要后置。 present（出席的），available （可利用的），responsible（負責的），alive（活著的） Do all the people present agree with him ? He is regarded as the greatest man alive in the world. 3. 形容詞與定冠詞the連用： 有些形容詞與定冠詞the連用，表示一類人或事物，相當于一個名詞，作主語時，動詞用復數形式，這些形容詞可以說是名詞化了的形容詞。 The young are fond of pop music. Take care of the dead and the dying. 在某些習語或詞組中，這種用法也不少： from bad to worse , at large , at the best , at the most , for good , at the latest , do ones best , in general , etc（三）形容詞的比較級和最高級的用法： 1. 同級比較的句型 （1）as+原級as被比較的對象 例：He is as diligent as the monitor. 他和班長一樣勤奮用功。 （2）主語謂語no形容詞的比較級than+被比較的對象 例：He is no more careful than you are. 他不比你更仔細。 2. 比較級的句型 （1）主語謂語形容詞比較級than被比較的對象 例：Do you know why winter is colder than summer ? 你知道冬天為什么比夏天冷嗎？ This room is less beautiful than that one. 這間房不如那間漂亮。 （2）主語謂語not so （as）+形容詞原級as + 被比較的對象 例：Tom is not so busy as Dick. 湯姆不如狄克忙。 （3）主語謂語the形容詞比較級of（兩者比較） 例：He is the taller of the two brothers. 他是兩兄弟中個頭較高的那個。 （4）no more than （only , not any more than）僅僅，只有 例：His entire school education added up to no more than one year. 他全部接受教育的時間加起來也只有一年。 （5）not more than （at most）至多，不超過 例：He has not more than twenty yuan in his pocket. 他口袋里的錢不超過20元。 形容詞的比較級還可用在某些句型中： （1）the more the more越是就越 The busier he is , the happier he is. （2）more and more 越來越 Its becoming more and more difficult to find a job. （3）all the more 因而更加 As a result , the rich became all the richer. That will make the work all the more difficult. （4）more or less 大體上，或多或少 The question is more or less settled. （5）more （less）than不止，不到 She cant be more than 40. He is more than a friend to me. The lightest weighs less than 50 kilograms. （6）so much the better （worse）就更好，就更糟 If hell help us , so mush the better . If he doesnt work , so much the worse for him. 此外，還有any more , not any longer , no longer , had better 等句型。 3. 最高級的句型 （1）形容詞最高級（名詞）表示范圍的狀語 例：She is the most active student in our class. 她是我們班最活躍的學生。 （2）one of + 形容詞最高級 例：Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in our country. 上海是我國最大城市之一。 （3）序數詞最高級 例：Africa is the second largest continent in the world. 非洲是世界第二大大陸。 （4）否定詞形容詞比較級 例：No one can be more careful than he is. 沒有人比他更加仔細。 （5）形容詞比較級than any other +名詞 例：He is busier than any other worker in his workshop. 他比車間里任何一個工人都忙。 注意：“most +形容詞”的結構可以表示非常高的程度，沒有比較的意思，這種結構用作定語時，可以不用冠詞或用不定冠詞。 例：What you have said is most interesting. 你說的很有趣。 He wrote me a most interesting letter. 他給我寫了一封很有趣的信。 4. 注意表示倍數的比較級的幾種句式 （1）倍數（或份數）as + 形容詞as被比較的對象 例：This room is about two thirds as large as that one. 這個房間大約是那個房間的三分之二。 Asia is four times as large as Europe. 亞洲面積有歐洲4倍之大。 （2）倍數（或分數、百分數）形容詞比較級than +被比較的對象 例：Our school is three times bigger than yours. 我們學校比你們學校大3倍。 （3）倍數（或分數）the size of +被比較的對象 例：The new factory is five times the size of the old one. 新廠的規模是舊廠的5倍。 注意：除了以上一些比較句型外，還有其它一些表示比較的方法。 例：He is twice my age. 他的年齡比我大一倍。 There is only one year between us. 我們之間只差一歲。 5. 易錯形容詞與名詞的搭配 注意：對于這類名詞常用what提問。 例：Whats the population of Beijing ? 北京的人口是多少？副詞的用法：（一）副詞在句中的作用： 副詞在句中主要用作狀語，它可以用來修飾動詞（a），形容詞（b），副詞（c），有時用來修飾整個句子（d）. a. Dont drive too fast . The visitors were warmly welcomed by the hosts. b. You dont know how grateful we are to you. Her eyes were wide open. c. I cant speak so fluently as he does. d. Frankly I dont agree with him. （二）副詞在句中的位置： 1. 大多數副詞可以放在動詞后面， Everything goes smoothly. I remember having seen him somewhere. 2. 頻率副詞通常放在動詞前面或情態動詞，助動詞，be動詞后面。 She often does this. You must always remember this. She is seldom ill. He has never been late. 還有一些副詞也放在這個位置上，如：already , yet , once , nearly , almost , just , really , suddenly , certainly , still , soon , surely , etc I almost forgot about the whole thing. You must really be careful. 上面所談副詞中也有少數可以放在動詞后面。 I remember having seen him once. Such things do happen sometimes. 3. 一些形容整個句子的副詞通常放在句子的開頭。 Actually , obviously , generally speaking , fortunately , unfortunately , strangely , hopefully , first of all , at first , perhaps , certainly , originally , basically Luckily Peter was there. 4. 程度副詞一般都放在它所修飾的詞前面。 Im terribly sorry about it. We meet fairly often. This book is definitely more suitable for children to read than that one. I dont quite agree with you. （三）副詞的修飾作用： 表示程度的修飾語在運用中應注意習慣，還應注意程度的比較。 1. 表示“輕微”程度（a little , a bit , a little bit ） 例：I felt a little tired. 我覺得有一點累。 The clock is a bit slow. 這個鬧鐘慢了一點。 2. 表示“一定”程度（quite , fairly ） 例：The book is quite good . 這本書相當好。 3. 表示“強調”程度（very , very much , so that , too to , much）。 例：The novel is very interesting. 那部小說很有趣。 George was very （much , very much）delighted to see his aunt. 4. much too + 形容詞是一種表示“強調”程度的結構。 例：You are here much too late. 你來這里太遲了。 下面的過去分詞是形容詞，可用much來修飾： frightened , excited , disappointed , pleased , satisfied , interested , surprised等。 5. 在英語中能用來修飾比較級結構的詞有：a bit , a little , rather , much , many , far , by far , a lot , a great deal , any , still , even 等。 例：The film was far better than I had expected. 這部電影比我預料的要好得多。 Houses are much （far , a lot）more expensive these days. 最近房價比以前要貴得多。 用many和much來修飾比較級時，要注意后面是可數名詞還是不可數名詞；名詞是可數名詞，要用many more ；名詞是不可數名詞要用much more。 比較：I spend much more time on English than I did. 我現在花比以前更多的時間學英語。 I spend many more hours a day on English than I did. 與以前相比，每天我多花了幾個小時學英語。 此外，倍數詞、數量詞短語，也可作比較級結構的修飾語，any修飾比較級形容詞時，多用于否定句或疑問句中。下列詞語可用來修飾形容詞或副詞的最高級。 far , by far , much , nearly , almost 常用的修飾最高級的程度副詞 一般常用的有almost , altogether , by far , far , nearly , practically , quite , the very 等。 區別：far總是放在比較級或最高級之前。 by far可以放在比較級或最高級前或后。 例：This is far the best of all. 這是所有當中最好的。 In our class he is the tallest by far. 在我們班他是個子最高的。 He is by far the taller of the two brothers. 他是兩兄弟當中個子高的那個。（四）兩種形式相似，但意義不同的副詞辨析： hard（艱苦地），hardly（幾乎不），fair（公正），fairly（相當），high（高），highly（高度的），firm（穩定），firmly（完全地），most（非常），mostly（主要地），clear（清晰地），clearly（顯然），near（接近），nearly（幾乎） 例： （五）常用副詞辨析： 1. a bit , a little 辨析：a little 與a bit都有“一點兒，有點兒”的意思，可以修飾形容詞、副詞等，意思相近。 在修飾名詞時，a little 后面可直接接不可數名詞，而a bit 后面須加上of，再接不可數名詞。 另外，not a little 相當于much ，而not a bit 則相當于not at all （一點也不）。 例：Its a little / a bit cold here . 這兒有點冷。 Thats a bit / a little much to pay. 那筆要付的錢多了一些。 There is a little milk in the glass. 或There is a bit of milk in the glass. 玻璃杯里有點兒牛奶。 Im not a little tired. 我很累。 Im not a bit tired. 我一點不累。 2. almost , nearly 辨析：almost 與nearly作“幾乎，差一點，差不多，將近”解。只是nearly 表示的程度和差距比almost 大。 （1）兩者都可以修飾all , every , always 等詞，都可用于否定句中。 （2）在very , pretty , not 后面用nearly , 不用almost。 （3）在any , no , never 前用almost，不用nearly。 （4）與not連用，多用nearly。not nearly表示“遠沒有”之義。 例：We are almost home. 我們就要到家了。 （比較：We are nearly home. 我們快要到家了。） Almost no one （= Hardly anyone ）believed the stranger. 幾乎沒有一個人相信這位陌生人。 It isnt nearly so easy as you think. 這遠遠不如你所想像的那么容易。 fairly , 辨析：fairly 意思為“相當地，適度地，說得過去地”，一般用來表示積極的含義，主要用于“好”的一方面。fairly 與普通副詞相同，即冠詞a / an 不能置其后，必須置其前。 rather一般用來表示消極的含意。 （1）可與too連用。 （2）可與形容詞或副詞比較級連用。 （3）可與動詞連用。 quite 通常側重主觀看法，意為“完全地，幾乎”，用于某些動詞之前。 This test is rather too difficult for me and rather too easy for you. 這次考試對我來說相當難，而對你來說相當容易。 The weather was rather worse than I had expected. 天氣比我所預料的更糟糕。 I rather want to see this film. 我很想去看電影。 I dont quite agree with you. 我并不完全同意你的意見。 對比：This is a fairly easy book. 這是一本相當淺顯的書。（指容易而適當。） This is a rather easy book. 這本書過于淺顯。（指過分容易而不適當。） 前者表示肯定或贊許，后者表示否定或不以為然。 習慣用語：would rather than（寧愿而不），would rather not（寧愿不）連詞的用法：（一）連詞的分類： 連詞主要分為兩類：并列連詞和從屬連詞。并列連詞用來連接平行的詞，詞組，或分句。從屬連詞是用來引起從句的。（二）連詞的用法： 并列連詞： 1. 表示意思轉折的： but , yet , however , nevertheless , It was raining hard . However , he went on with his work . She had failed many times , nevertheless she didnt give up. 2. 表示因果關系的：for , therefore, He broke the law ; therefore he was put in prison. 3. 其他的并列連詞：and , or , either or , neither nor , not only but also , both and , as well as 從屬連詞 1. 引導時間，原因，條件，讓步，比較，目的，結果等狀語從句的從屬連詞 when , while , as , after , before , since , until , as soon as , once , / because , as , since , now that , seeing that / if , even if , unless , in case , as long as , on condition that / though , although , / than , as as , not as （so） as / so that , in order that / so that , such that / 2. 引導主語，賓語，表語從句的從屬連詞 that , whether , if 介詞的用法： 介詞是英語中搭配最強，也是最活躍的詞類之一，應重點掌握。完形填空、短文改錯均有考查。（一）常用介詞的基本用法及搭配： 常用介詞有at , in , for , of , from , with , by , behind , outside , above , before , after , below , over , under , between , among 等。 at daybreak （在破曉），at this time （moment）（此刻），at one time（同時，過去有個時期），at the beginning （of）（在之初），at the end of （在之末），at noon （在正午），at night （在夜晚），at first （起先），at last （最后）， at once （馬上） at the post office , at the airport , at dawn , at home , at the weekend , at the age of 25 , at the end of , at sunset , at Christmas , at sea , at once , at first , at last , at least , at work , at all , at the same time , at birth , at present , at sight of , at any time , at the most , at the bottom , at the head of , at a time , at times , at the base , at the time of , at the speed of , at a height of , at the top , at college , at breakfast , at the latest in the world , in China , in the evening , in （the）future , in the snow （rain , storm）, in 1997 , in March , in ink , in English , in the newspaper （book , magazine）, in those days , in the past , in all , in fact , in a hurry , in short , in public , in return , in turn , in a word , in detail , in time , in the end , in order to , in danger , in this way , in that case , in a short while , in search of , in place of , in the air , in case , in common , in the hope of , in need of , in other words , in praise of , in silence , in space , in the past , in ones opinion , in modern times , in surprise , in a minute , in the centre of , in the heart of , in the open air , in bed on Monday , on Sundays , on the phone , on foot , on the blackboard , on （in ）the street , on paper , on the head （shoulder , door）, on your right （left）, on business , on Tuesday evening , on my birthday , on the other hand , on fire , on business , on duty , on time , on sale , on TV , on top of , on holiday , on the radio , on show , on earth , on the earth , on board , on the air , on fire , on average , on ones own , and so on by ship （sea , water）, by plane （air）, by bus（bike）, by himself, by chance , by hand , by heart , by mail , by mistake , by phone , by lorry , by law , by accident , by force , by road , year by year , side by side , stone by stone , by now（then） for that reason , for example , for two years , for ever , for the time being , for sale , for free , for one thing , for oneself , for nothing , for a while , for long （be）of much use , die of , be made of , a map of China , a cup of tea（coffee）, a piece of bread , rob sb. of sth ., be fond of , make fun of , be tired of , of ones own , of course , because of , instead of , run out of to the door , to ones surprise （joy , astonishment , satisfaction）, to the east（north） of , key （answer , entrance）to , come up to , add up to , speak to , talk to , be open to the public , to the point , thanks to. （二）容易錯、常考的介詞及搭配 1. be made of （物理變化）由而制成），be made from （化學變化）由而制成），make A into B（把A制成B），be made in （由某地）生產） 2. call on = visit （拜訪），call for sb. （邀約某人）go and pick sb. up / call at a place（拜訪某地） 3. on business（出差）/strike （罷工）/duty（值日）/ holiday（度假）/ fire（失火）/vacation （度假）/watch（警戒）/sale（出售）/leave（請假）/guard（警戒） 4. have some trouble / difficulty （in）doing sth. （在做方面有困難），have a habit（習慣）/idea（想法）/plan（計劃）of doing sth. 5. A is pleased to B , B is pleased with A （對感到高興） 6. get tired of （感到厭煩） 7. with the help of , under the leadership of （在的幫助領導下） 8. by means of （通過），by way of （經由），by heart（記住），by the way（順便說一下） 9. out of question（毫無疑問），out of the question（毫無可能） 10. prevent / stop / keep sb. from doing sth . （阻止某人做某事） 11. be thankful to sb. for sth. （為某事感激某人） 12. steal sth . from sb. rob sb. of sth. 13. insist on doing sth . （堅持做），persist in doing sth. （堅持做），stick to （堅持），go on doing sth. （堅持做） 14. set about doing sth ., set out to do sth. （著手開始做） 15. 注意表身體部位的某些名詞前要加定冠詞。look sb. in the face , hit sb. on the face , lead the cow by the nose 16. do a favour for sb. = do sb. a favour （幫某人一個忙） 17. reply / depend on sb. （依靠某人），live on （以為主食） 18. tell A form B （區分A與B）（三）介詞慣用型 1. above all （首先），after all （畢竟），at all （全然） 2. day after day （日復一日），year after year（年復一年），one after one（一個接著一個），one after another（一個接著另一個） 3. at peace（和平），at home（在家），at war（戰爭），at times（時常），at dinner（吃飯） 4. by oneself （獨自），by all means（盡一切辦法；務必），by chance（偶然），by accident（碰巧），by no means（決不），by means of（用；依靠），by the way（順便） 5. in her teens （在她十幾歲時），in pain（在疼痛），in danger（在危險之中），in need（在需要之中） 6. to ones joy （sorrow , surprise）（使某人高興（悲傷、驚奇）的是） 7. under these conditions（在這些狀況之中） 8. with care（仔細地），with joy / pleasure（高興地），with ones help （在幫助下），with the best wishes （致以最好的祝愿），without difficulty（毫無困難地），without exception （毫無例外），without delay（立即，馬上） 9. according to （依據），along with（和一起），as to （至于），because of（因為），except for（除之外），instead of （代替） 10. out of order （不正常），out of date（舊了），out of trouble （脫離困境），out of question（毫無疑問），out of the question（不可能的），out of sight（看不見），out of debt（還清債務），out of touch（沒有聯系） 11. at the bottom of （在底部），at the center of （在中心），at the end of （在末），at the top of （在頂部），at the cost of （以為代價），at the sight of （看見），at the thought of （想起），at a speed of （以速度） 12. in memory of （為紀念），in favour of （同意），in front of （在前），in the middle of （在中間），in search of （搜索），on the eve of （在前夕） 13. from time to time （不時地），from day to day（天天），from hand to hand（一個傳一個），from side to side（左右地），from car to car（一個車廂一個車廂地），from beginning to end（從頭到尾），from bad to worse（越來越差），from hand to mouth（僅能糊口），from head to foot（從頭到腳），from start to finish（自始至終），from one to another（挨個地）二. 典型例題分析： 1. Wait till you are _ . Its better to be sure than sorry. A. inspiredB. satisfiedC. calmD. certain 2. How can I get to the island ? You cant get there _ by swimming. A. more thanB. other thanC. rather thanD. less than 3. Now that you like car so much , why not drive it back ? Well , I cant afford _ car. A. that big aB. a that bigC. that a bigD. a big that 4. Oh , boy , why are you killing your time this way ? Cant you find something _ doing at all ? A. usefulB. valuableC. worthD. good 5. When we arrived , we found the meeting room crowded with _ students. A. quite a fewB. only a fewC. a fewD. few 6. The big earthquake is still on . _ clothing is _ needed in the mountain village. A. Many ; muchB. Much ; badly C. A good many ; ratherD. A great deal of ; very 7. Among them I like this kind of food _ , for it is _ sugar and water. A. best ; mostlyB. best ; most C. most ; bestD. most ; mostly 8. If I have to choose between Jane and Rose ,