BSEN17191:2021

BSIStandardsPublication

Children'sFurniture—Seatingforchildren—Safetyrequirementsandtestmethods

bsi.

BSEN17191:2021BRITISHSTANDARD

Nationalforeword

ThisBritishStandardistheUKimplementationofEN17191:2021.

TheUKparticipationinitspreparationwasentrustedtoTechnicalCommitteeFW/0/2,DomesticandContractFurniture.

Alistoforganizationsrepresentedonthiscommitteecanbeobtainedonrequesttoitscommitteemanager.

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Therecipientisadvisedtoconsiderseekingprofessionalguidancewithrespecttoitsuseofthispublication.

Thispublicationisnotintendedtoconstituteacontract.Usersareresponsibleforitscorrectapplication.

Thispublicationhasbeenpreparedunderamandategiventothe

EuropeanStandardsOrganizationsbytheEuropeanCommissionandtheEuropeanFreeTradeAssociation.ItisintendedtosupportrequirementsoftheEUlegislationdetailedintheEuropeanForeword.AEuropean

Annex,usuallyAnnexZAorZZ,describeshowthispublicationrelatestothatEUlegislation.

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betweenthispublicationandtherelevantUKlegislation.IfthereisnoNationalAnnexofthiskind,therelevantAnnexZAorZZinthebody

oftheEuropeantextwillindicatetherelationshiptoUKregulation

applicableinGreatBritain.ReferencestoEUlegislationmayneedtobereadinaccordancewiththeUKdesignationandtheapplicableUKlaw.

Furtherinformationondesignatedstandardscanbefoundat

/standardsandregulation

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FortheNorthernIrelandmarket,UKlawwillcontinuetoimplementrelevantEUlawsubjecttoperiodicconfirmation.Therefore

AnnexZA/ZZintheEuropeantext,andreferencestoEUlegislation,arestillvalidforthismarket.

UKGovernmentisresponsibleforlegislation.Forinformationon

legislationandpoliciesrelatingtothatlegislation,consulttherelevantpagesof

.uk.

◎TheBritishStandardsInstitution2021

PublishedbyBSIStandardsLimited2021

ISBN9780580511158

ICS97.190;97.140

BRITISHSTANDARD

CompliancewithaBritishStandardcannotconferimmunityfromlegalobligations.

ThisBritishStandardwaspublishedundertheauthorityoftheStandardsPolicyandStrategyCommitteeon31July2021.

Amendments/corrigendaissuedsincepublication

DateTextaffected

BSEN17191:2021

BSEN17191:2021

EUROPEANSTANDARDNORMEEUROPEENNE

EUROP?ISCHENORM

EN17191

July2021

ICS97.140;97.190

EnglishVersion

Children'sFurniture-Seatingforchildren-Safetyrequirementsandtestmethods

Mobilierdepuéricultureetpourenfants-Siègespourenfants-Exigencesdesécuritéetméthodesd'essai

Kinderm?bel-Kindersitzm?bel-SicherheitstechnischeAnforderungenundPrüfverfahren

ThisEuropeanStandardwasapprovedbyCENon30May2021.

CENmembersareboundtocomplywiththeCEN/CENELECInternalRegulationswhichstipulatetheconditionsforgivingthisEuropeanStandardthestatusofanationalstandardwithoutanyalteration.Up-to-datelistsandbibliographicalreferences

concerningsuchnationalstandardsmaybeobtainedonapplicationtotheCEN-CENELECManagementCentreortoanyCENmember.

ThisEuropeanStandardexistsinthreefficialversions(English,French,German).AversioninanyotherlanguagemadebytranslationundertheresponsibilityofaCENmemberintoitsownlanguageandnotifiedtotheCEN-CENELECManagementCentrehasthesamestatusastheofficialversions.

CENmembersarethenationalstandardsbodiesofAustria,Belgium,Bulgaria,Croatia,Cyprus,CzechRepublic,Denmark,Estonia,Finland,France,Germany,Greece,Hungary,Iceland,Ireland,Italy,Latvia,Lithuania,Luxembourg,Malta,Netherlands,Norway,

Poland,Portugal,RepublicofNorthMacedonia,Romania,Serbia,Slovakia,Slovenia,Spain,Sweden,Switzerland,TurkeyandUnitedKingdom.

EUROPEANCOMMITTEEFORSTANDARDIZATION

COMITEEUROPEENDENORMALISATION

EUROP?ISCHESKOMITEEFURNORMUNG

CEN-CENELECManagementCentre:RuedelaScience23,B-1040Brussels

◎2021CENAllrightsofexploitationinanyformandbyanymeansreservedworldwideforCENnationalMembers.

Ref.No.EN17191:2021E

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ContentsPage

Europeanforeword 5

1Scope 6

2Normativereferences 6

3Termsanddefinitions 7

4Generalrequirementsandtestconditions 9

4.1General(SeeB.3) 9

4.2Preliminarypreparation 9

4.3Applicationofforces 9

4.4Tolerances 9

4.5Seatingsizes 10

4.6Accessibility 10

4.7Testingrangeofseating 11

4.8Testingseatingadjustableinheight 11

5Testequipmen 11

5.1Entrapmenttestprobes 11

5.1.1Fingerprobeswithhemisphericalend 11

5.1.2Fingerprobeformesh 11

5.1.3Shapeassessmentprobe 12

5.2Vandirregularshapedtemplate 13

5.3Smallpartscylinder 13

5.4Feelergauge 14

5.5Additionalloadingpositiontemplate 14

5.6Anglemeasuringdevic 14

5.7Testmass 16

6Generalsafetyrequirements 16

6.1Hazardsfromglass(seeB.4) 16

6.2Surfaces,edges,cornersandpoints 16

6.3Entrapmenthazards(seeB.5) 16

6.3.1Fingerentrapmenthazards 16

6.3.2Partiallybound,Vandirregularshapedopenings 17

6.4Hazardscausedbyfoldingoftheseating 19

6.4.1Requirements 19

6.4.2Automaticlockingdevices 19

6.5Hazardscausedbydeckchairs(seeB.14) 19

6.5.1General 19

6.5.2Requirements 20

6.5.3Testmethods 20

6.6Hazardfrommovingparts(seeB.6) 21

6.6.1Shearingandcompressionhazardswhensettingupandfolding 21

6.6.2Shearingandcompressionpointsunderinfluenceofpoweredmechanism 21

6.6.3Shearingandcompressionpointsduringuse 21

6.7Hazardsfromenclosure(seeB.7) 2

6.8Entanglementhazards(seeB.8) 22

6.9Chokingandingestionhazards(seeB.9) 23

6.9.1Requirements 23

6.9.2Testmethods 23

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6.9.3Fillingmaterial 24

6.9.4Magnets 26

6.10Suffocationhazards(seeB.10) 26

7Chemicalsrequirements(seeB.11) 27

8Fireandthermalhazards(seeB.12) 27

9Strengthanddurabilityrequirements(seeB.13) 27

9.1Testconditions 27

9.1.1Seatandbackloadingpoint 27

9.1.2Determinationofthebackrestangle(seeB.15) 28

9.1.3Determinationofthenumberofseats 29

9.2Seatingsizeandtestlevels 29

9.3Requirements 29

9.4Strengthanddurabilitytests 30

9.4.1General 30

9.4.2Softseating 30

9.4.3Seatingintendedforveryyoungchildrenonly(seeB.16) 30

10Stabilityrequirements 31

10.1General 31

10.2Alternativerearwardsstabilitytestsforrockingandrecliningchairs 32

10.2.1Rockingchairs 322

10.2.2Recliningchairs 32

10.2.3Summary 33

11Productinformation 33

11.1General 33

11.2Marking 33

11.2.1Requirements 33

11.2.2Durabilityofmarking 33

11.3Purchaseinformation 34

11.4Instructionsforuse 34

11.4.1General 34

11.4.2Warnings 34

11.4.3Additionalinformation 34

AnnexA(informative)Dimensionalguidancefordesigningseatingforchildren 35

AnnexB(informative)Rationalefortheinclusionofthesafetyrequirements 37

B.1Introduction 37

B.2General(seeClause1) 37

B.3Elevatedseatingforveryyoungchildren(see4.1) 37

B.4Hazardsfromglass(see6.1) 37

B.5Entrapmenthazards(see6.3) 38

B.6Hazardsfrommovingparts(see6.6) 38

B.7Hazardsfromenclosure(see6.7) 38

B.8Entanglementshazards(see6.8) 39

B.9Chokingandingestionhazards(see6.9) 39

B.10Suffocationhazards(see6.10) 39

B.11Chemicalhazards(seeClause7) 39

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B.12Fireandthermalhazards(seeClause8) 39

B.13Strengthanddurabilityhazards(seeClause9) 39

B.14Hazardsduetounintentionalfolding(see6.4and6.5) 40

B.15Determinationofthebackrestangle(see9.1.2) 40

B.16Seatingintendedtobeusedbyyoungchildrenonly(see9.4.3) 40

AnnexC(informative)Guidanceforapplicabletestsaccordingtoseatingsize 41

AnnexZA(informative)RelationshipbetweenthisEuropeanStandardandthesafety

requirementsofDirective2001/95/ECaimedtobecovered 42

Bibliography ………………………49

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Europeanforeword

Thisdocument(EN17191:2021)hasbeenpreparedbyTechnicalCommitteeCEN/TC207“Furniture”,thesecretariatofwhichisheldbyUNI.

ThisEuropeanStandardshallbegiventhestatusofanationalstandard,eitherbypublicationofanidenticaltextorbyendorsement,atthelatestbyJanuary2022,andconflictingnationalstandardsshallbewithdrawnatthelatestbyJanuary2022.

Attentionisdrawntothepossibilitythatsomeoftheelementsofthisdocumentmaybethesubjectofpatentrights.CENshallnotbeheldresponsibleforidentifyinganyorallsuchpatentrights.

ThisdocumenthasbeenpreparedunderastandardizationrequestgiventoCENbytheEuropeanCommissionandtheEuropeanFreeTradeAssociationandsupportsessentialrequirementsofEUDirective2001/95/CE.

ForrelationshipwithEUDirective2001/95/CE,seeinformativeAnnexZA,whichisanintegralpartofthisdocument.

Anyfeedbackandquestionsonthisdocumentshouldbedirectedtotheusers'nationalstandardsbody.AcompletelistingofthesebodiescanbefoundontheCENwebsite.

AccordingtotheCEN-CENELECInternalRegulations,thenationalstandardsorganisationsofthefollowingcountriesareboundtoimplementthisEuropeanStandard:Austria,Belgium,Bulgaria,Croatia,Cyprus,CzechRepublic,Denmark,Estonia,Finland,France,Germany,Greece,Hungary,Iceland,Ireland,Italy,Latvia,Lithuania,Luxembourg,Malta,Netherlands,Norway,Poland,Portugal,RepublicofNorthMacedonia,Romania,Serbia,Slovakia,Slovenia,Spain,Sweden,Switzerland,TurkeyandtheUnitedKingdom.

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1Scope

Thisdocumentspecifiessafetyrequirementsandtestmethodsforseatingspecificallyintendedforchildrenwhoareabletowalkandsitbythemselves.

Itappliestoseatingintendedtobeplacedonthefloorfordomesticandnon-domesticuseincludingindaycarecentresandforindoorandoutdooruse.

NOTE1Seatingincludesbutisnotlimitedtochairs,benches,stools,beanbags,deckchairs,rockingchairs,recliningchairs,armchairs,foldablechairsandswivelchairs.

Itappliestotheseatingfunctiononly.Iftheseatinghasadditionalfunctionsorcanbeconvertedintootherproducts,therelevantEuropeanStandardscould,inaddition,apply.(SeeB.2).

Itdoesnotapplytochildren'shighchairs,childcarearticlessuchasreclinedcradlesandseatingineducationalinstitutionsforwhichotherEuropeanStandardsexist.

NOTE2SeatingineducationalinstitutionsarecoveredbytheEuropeanStandardsEN1729-1andEN1729-2.Itdoesnotapplytoswingchairs,wheelchairs,electricalsafetyorseatingforchildrenwithspecialneeds.Thedocumentcontains4annexesasfollows:

-AnnexA(informative)-Dimensionalguidancefordesigningseatingforchildren;

-AnnexB(informative)-Rationalefortheinclusionofthesafetyrequirements;

-AnnexC(informative)-Guidanceforapplicabletestsaccordingtoseatingsize;

-AnnexZA(informative)-RelationshipbetweenthisEuropeanStandardandthesafetyrequirementsofDirective2001/95/ECaimedtobecovered.

2Normativereferences

Thefollowingdocumentsarereferredtointhetextinsuchawaythatsomeoralloftheircontentconstitutesrequirementsofthisdocument.Fordatedreferences,onlytheeditioncitedapplies.Forundatedreferences,thelatesteditionofthereferenceddocument(includinganyamendments)applies.

EN71-1:2014+A1:2018,Safetyoftoys-Part1:Mechanicalandphysicalproperties

EN71-2:2020,Safetyoftoys-Part2:Flammability

EN71-3:2019+A1:2021,Safetyoftoys-Part3:Migrationofcertainelements

EN1022:2018,Furniture-Seating-Determinationofstability

EN1728:2012,1Furniture-Seating-Testmethodsforthedeterminationofstrengthanddurability

EN1729-2:2012+A1:2015,Furniture-Chairsandtablesforeducationalinstitutions-Part2:Safetyrequirementsandtestmethods

EN14988:2017+A1:2020,Children'shighchairs-Requirementsandtestmethods

1AsimpactedbyEN1728:2012/AC:2013.

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7

ENISO13936-2:2004,Textiles-Determinationoftheslippageresistanceofyarnsataseaminwoven

fabrics-Part2:Fixedloadmethod(ISO13936-2:2004)

3Termsanddefinitions

Forthepurposesofthisdocument,thefollowingtermsanddefinitionsapply.

ISOandIECmaintainterminologicaldatabasesforuseinstandardizationatthefollowingaddresses:

—IECElectropedia:availableat

/;

-ISOOnlinebrowsingplatform:availableat

/obp.

3.1

medianplane

verticalplanerunningfromfronttorearthroughthecentreoftheseat,dividingtheseatingintotwopartsNote1toentry:Inmostinstancesthetwopartsaresymmetrical.

Note2toentry:SeeFigure1.

Key

1Medianplane

Figure1-Medianplane

3.2

seatheight

verticaldistanceinthemedianplanebetweenthefloor,orthehighestpointofthefootrestincaseoftall

chairs,andthehighestpointonthefrontoftheseatNote1toentry:See4.5.

3.3

tallchair

chairwheretheheightofseatfromthefloorishigherthantheseatheightspecifiedinthesizemarkandwithafootrest

Note1toentry:See4.5andFigure2.

Note2toentry:SizemarksarespecifiedinTableA.1.

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3.4

deckchair

foldableseatingthatcanbesettooneormorepositionsbymeansofalockingsystematthetransversebarandwhichhasasuspended,flexibleseat/back

Note1toentry:Figure13showsanexampleofatypicallockingmechanismofadeckchair.

Note2toentry:RefertoB.14.

3.5

lockingdevice

componentthatmaintainspart(s)oftheproductinthepositionofuse

EXAMPLESLatch,hook,over-centrelock

[SOURCE:EN14988:2017+A1:2020,3.6]

3.6

lockingmechanism

assemblyconsistingofoneormorelockingdevice(s)andoneormoreoperatingdevice(s)[SOURCE:EN14988:2017+A1:2020,3.9]

3.7

automaticlockingdevice

mechanismwhichengageswithouttheguidanceoftheuser

3.8

operatingdevice

partofthelockingmechanism(s)designedtobeactivatedbythecarerbyoneormoreaction(s)

[SOURCE:EN14988:2017+A1:2020,3.7]

3.9

softseating

seatingwithnointernalsupportorframe,composedofafabric,vinyl,leatherorsimilarcover,overasoftfilling(suchasfoam,air,orpolystyrenebeads)

Note1toentry:Beanbags,andinflatableandfoamseatingareconsideredtobesoftseating.

3.10

surfaceflash

rapidspreadofflameoverthesurfaceofamaterialwithoutignitionofitsbasestructureatthesametime

3.11

seatwidth

horizontaldistancebetweenverticallinesthroughthesideedgesoftheseatsurfaceatadistanceequaltohalfoftheseatdepth(t?)

Note1toentry:SeeFigureA.2.

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4Generalrequirementsandtestconditions

4.1General(SeeB.3)

Size1seatingasspecifiedin4.5thatallowsachildtobeelevatedtotheheightofadiningtableshallalsofulfiltherequirementsofEN14988:2017+A1:2020orshallbeclearlysoldasnotintendedforchildrenlessthan3yearsold.

NOTEWordsinitalicsinClause4aredefinedinClause3(Termsanddefinitions).

4.2Preliminarypreparation

Theseatingshallbetestedasdelivered.Knock-down-readytoassemble/flatpackseatingshallbeassembledaccordingtothemanufacturer'sinstructions.Iftheinstructionsallowtheseatingtobeassembledorcombinedindifferentconfigurations,themostadversecombinationshallbeusedforeachtest.Knock-downfittingsshallbetightenedbeforetesting.Furthertighteningshallnottakeplaceunlessspecificallyrequiredbythemanufacturer.Iftheconfigurationhastobechangedtoproducetheworst-caseconditions,thisshallberecordedinthetestreport.

Unlessotherwisespecifiedbythemanufacturer,thesamplefortestshallbestoredinindoorambientconditionsforatleast24himmediatelypriortotesting.

Thetestsshallbecarriedoutatindoorambientconditions.

Beforebeginningthetesting,visuallyinspecttheunitthoroughly.Recordanydefectssothattheyarenotassumedtohavebeencausedbythetests.

4.3Applicationofforces

Thetestforcesindurabilityandstaticloadtests(9.4)shallbeappliedsufficientlyslowlytoensurethatnegligibledynamicloadisapplied.Theforcesindurabilitytestsshallbeappliedsufficientlyslowlytoensurethatkineticheatingdoesnotoccur.

Unlessotherwisestated:

-staticforcesshallbemaintainedfor(10±2)s;

-durabilityforcesshallbemaintainedfor(2±1)s.

Theforcesmaybereplacedbymasses.Therelationship10N=1kgshallbeused.

4.4Tolerances

Unlessotherwisestated,thefollowingtolerancesareapplicabletothetestequipment:

—Forces:±5%ofthenominalforce;

-Velocities:±5%ofthenominalvelocity;

—Masses:±1%ofthenominalmass;

—Dimensions:±1mmofthenominaldimension;

—Angles:±2°ofthenominalangle.

Theaccuracyforthepositioningofloadingpadsandimpactplatesshallbe±5mm.

NOTEForthepurposesofuncertaintymeasurement,testresultsarenotconsideredtobeadverselyaffectedwhentheabovetolerancesaremet.

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4.5Seatingsizes

Theseatingshallbetestedwithreferencetotheseatheight(3.2),seeTable1.

Dimensionsinmillimetres

Table1-Seatingsizes

Size

Size1seating

Size2seating

Size3seating

Seatheight(H)

H≤270

270<H≤360

H>360

NOTEAnnexAincludesdimensionalguidancefordesigningseatingforchildren.Seatheightismeasuredaccordingto3.2andFigure2.

a)Seatheightfortallchairsb)SeatheightforallotherseatingKey

HSeatheight

1Thefootrest

Figure2-Seatheight

Theseatheightshallbemeasuredwiththeseat(andfootrestifany)unloaded.Forseatingwhereitisnotpossibletodetermineasize(e.g.beanbags),itshallbetestedassize1seatingforalltests,exceptthestrengthanddurabilitytests(accordingto9.4)forwhichitshallbetestedassize3seating.

4.6Accessibility

Forthepurposeofthisdocument,allpartsofthefullyassembledseatingareconsideredaccessibletothechild.

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4.7Testingrangeofseating

Ifseatinginarangeofsizesismanufacturedwithidenticalconstructiondetails,itisonlynecessarytocarryoutthecompletestrength,durabilityandstabilitytestsonthelargestsizeintherange,plusadditionalstabilitytestsonthesmallestsizeintherange.Intheeventoffailureofanyseatingintheabovetestprogramme,thecompletetestprogrammeshallbecarriedoutoneachseatingsizemarkindividually.

4.8Testingseatingadjustableinheight

Iftheheightoftheseatingcanbeadjusted,itisnecessarytocarryoutthecompletestrength,durabilityandstabilitytestswiththeseatinginitshighestposition,plusadditionalstabilitytestswiththeseatinginitslowestposition.

5Testequipment

5.1Entrapmenttestprobes

5.1.1Fingerprobeswithhemisphericalend

Probeswithhemisphericalendsmadeofplasticsorotherhard,smoothmaterial,mountedonaforce-measuringdevice,seeFigure3.

Dimensionsinmillimetres

Key

1hemisphericalend

2Linearoundcircumference

3mmand12mm,18mmand25mm

Figure3-Fingerprobewithhemisphericalend

5.1.2Fingerprobeformesh

Aprobewithadiameterofmm,mountedonaforce-measuringdevice,withtheendasspecifiedinFigure4,madeofplasticsorotherhard,smoothmaterial.Theendradiusshallbe(2,8±0,2)mm.

Dimensionsinmillimetres

Figure4-Fingerprobeformesh

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5.1.3Shapeassessmentprobe

Probemadeofplasticsorotherhard,smoothmaterialwiththedimensionsshowninFigure5.

Dimensionsinmillimetres

Key

Asideview

Btopview

Cfaceview

Disometricview

Figure5—Shapeassessmentprobe

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5.2Vandirregularshapedtemplate

Templatemadefromplasticsorotherhard,smoothmaterialwiththedimensionsgiveninFigure6.

Dimensionsinmillimetres

Key

1B

2A

portionportion

Figure6-Vandirregularshapedtemplate

5.3Smallpartscylinder

CylinderhavingthedimensionsasshowninFigure7.

Dimensionsinmillimetres

Figure7—Smallpartscylinder

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5.4Feelergauge

Feelergaugewithathicknessof(0,4±0,02)mmandaninsertionedgeradiusofapproximately3mm,(seeFigure8).

Dimensionsinmillimetres

Figure8-Feelergauge

5.5Additionalloadingpositiontemplate

InderogationtoEN1728:20121andEN1022:2018,theloadingpositiontemplateforseating-wheretheseatandbackaremadeofonesuspendedorhangingpieceofflexiblematerial(e.g.textile)shallbeacylinderwithamassof(1±0,5)kgandadiameterof(70±10)mm.

5.6Anglemeasuringdevice

Anarticulatedsteeldeviceusedtomeasuretheanglebetweentheseatandthebackrest(seeFigure9)withatotalmassof(9±0,1)kgandtoleranceondimensionsof±2mm.

Alledgesshallbechamfered.

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Dimensionsinmillimetres

A-A

C

C

Key

1Parttobeplacedontotheseatsurface

2Parttobeplacedontothebackrest

3Hingepin

DDiameter:6mm

EMass:(4,495±0,05)kgFMass:(4,501±0,05)kg

GMassofhingeaxle:(17±0,5)g,length79,5mm

Figure9-Anglemeasuringdevice

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5.7Testmass

Arigidcylinder(200±5)mmindiameterand(300±5)mminheight,havingamassof(15+0,1/-0)kgandwithitscentreofgravityinthecentreofthecylinder.Alledgesshallhavearadiusof(5±1)mm.

6Generalsafetyrequirements

6.1Hazardsfromglass(seeB.4)

Thereshallbenoglassinseatingforchildren.

6.2Surfaces,edges,cornersandpoints

Allpartsshallbedesignedsothatphysicalinjuryanddamageareavoided.Thisrequirementisfulfilledwhen:

-theedgesoftheseat,backrestandarmrests,whichareincontactwiththechildwhensittingintheseating,areroundedorchamfered;

-theedgesofhandlesareroundedinthedirectionoftheforceapplied;

-allotheraccessibleedgesandcornersaresmooth,roundedorchamferedandwithnoburrs;

-thereisnopointedorprotrudingsurfacethatconstitutesapuncturehazard;

-roughsurfacesshallnotcauseinjuryduringuse.

6.3Entrapmenthazards(seeB.5)

6.3.1Fingerentrapmenthazards

Requirements

Whentestedinaccordancewith

,there

shallbenocompletelyboundopeningsinrigidmaterialsthatletthe7mmprobe(see5.1.1)enterunlessthedepthofpenetrationislessthan10mmorunlesstheshapeassessmentprobe(see5.1.3)enters.

Whenmeasuredinaccordancewith

,it

shallnotbepossibleforthe7mmfingerprobeformesh(see5.1.2)topenetratetheholesofthemeshtothe7mmdiametersection.

Testmethod

Checkwhetherthe7mmprobe(see5.1.1)withanappliedforceofupto30Ninanypossibledirectioncanenter10mmormoreintoanyopening.Ifthe7mmprobeenters10mmormorethentheshapeassessmentprobe(5.1.3)shallalsoenter10mmormorewithanappliedforceofupto5N.

Checkwhetherthefingerprobeformesh(see5.1.2),penetratesholesinthemeshtothe7mmdiametersectionwithanapplied