Theysaythatpridecomesbeforeafall.InthecaseofbothNapoleonandHitler,themanyvictoriestheyenjoyedledthemtobelievethatanythingwaspossible,thatnothingcouldstandintheirway.Russia'sicydefenderwastoprovethemwrong.人道是驕兵必?cái)　＞湍媚闷苼龊拖Ｌ乩諆扇藖?lái)說(shuō)吧，他們所向披靡，便以為自己戰(zhàn)無(wú)不勝，不可阻擋。但俄羅斯的冰雪衛(wèi)士證明他們錯(cuò)了。TheIcyDefenderNilaB.Smith1In1812,NapoleonBonaparte,EmperoroftheFrench,ledhisGrandArmyintoRussia.HewaspreparedforthefierceresistanceoftheRussianpeopledefendingtheirhomeland.HewaspreparedforthelongmarchacrossRussiansoiltoMoscow,thecapitalcity.ButhewasnotpreparedforthedevastatingenemythatmethiminMoscow--theraw,bitter,bleakRussianwinter.冰雪衛(wèi)士奈拉·B·史密斯

1812年，法國(guó)皇帝拿破侖·波拿巴率大軍入侵俄羅斯。他準(zhǔn)備好俄羅斯人民會(huì)為保衛(wèi)祖國(guó)而奮勇抵抗。他準(zhǔn)備好在俄羅斯廣袤的國(guó)土上要經(jīng)過(guò)長(zhǎng)途跋涉才能進(jìn)軍首都莫斯科。但他沒(méi)有料到在莫斯科他會(huì)遭遇勁敵——俄羅斯陰冷凄苦的寒冬。2In1941,AdolfHitler,leaderofNaziGermany,launchedanattackagainsttheSovietUnion,asRussiathenwascalled.Hitler'smilitarymightwasunequaled.HiswarmachinehadmoweddownresistanceinmostofEurope.Hitlerexpectedashortcampaignbut,likeNapoleonbeforehim,wastaughtapainfullesson.TheRussianwinteragaincametotheaidoftheSovietsoldiers.

1941年，納粹德國(guó)元首阿道夫·希特勒進(jìn)攻當(dāng)時(shí)被稱作蘇聯(lián)的俄羅斯。希特勒的軍事實(shí)力堪稱無(wú)敵。他的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)機(jī)器掃除了歐洲絕大部分地區(qū)的抵抗。希特勒希望速戰(zhàn)速?zèng)Q，但是，就像在他之前的拿破侖一樣，他得到的是痛苦的教訓(xùn)。仍是俄羅斯的冬天助了蘇維埃士兵一臂之力。3Inthespringof1812,NapoleonassembledanarmyofsixhundredthousandmenonthebordersofRussia.Thesoldierswerewelltrained,efficient,andwellequipped.ThismilitaryforcewascalledtheGrandArmy.Napoleon,confidentofaquickvictory,predictedtheconquestofRussiainfiveweeks.拿破侖發(fā)起的戰(zhàn)役

1812年春，拿破侖在俄國(guó)邊境屯兵60萬(wàn)。這些士兵受過(guò)良好訓(xùn)練，作戰(zhàn)力強(qiáng)，裝備精良。這支軍隊(duì)被稱為大軍。拿破侖對(duì)馬到成功充滿自信，預(yù)言要在5個(gè)星期內(nèi)攻下俄國(guó)。4Shortlyafterwards,Napoleon'sarmycrossedtheNemanRiverintoRussia.Thequick,decisivevictorythatNapoleonexpectedneverhappened.Tohissurprise,theRussiansrefusedtostandandfight.Instead,theyretreatedeastward,burningtheircropsandhomesastheywent.TheGrandArmyfollowed,butitsadvancemarchsoonbecameboggeddownbyslow-movingsupplylines.

不久，拿破侖的大軍渡過(guò)涅曼河進(jìn)入俄國(guó)。拿破侖期盼著的速?zèng)Q速勝遲遲沒(méi)有發(fā)生。令他吃驚的是，俄國(guó)人并不奮起抵抗。相反，他們一路東撤，沿途焚毀莊稼和民居。大軍緊追不舍，但它的長(zhǎng)驅(qū)直入很快由于糧草運(yùn)輸緩慢而停頓下來(lái)。5InAugust,theFrenchandRussianarmiesengagedatSmolensk,inabattlethatleftovertenthousanddeadoneachside.Yet,theRussianswereagainabletoretreatfartherintoRussianterritory.Napoleonhadwonnodecisivevictory.Hewasnowfacedwithacrucialdecision.ShouldhecontinuetopursuetheRussianarmy?OrshouldhekeephisarmyinSmolenskfortheapproachingwinter?

到了8月，法俄兩軍在斯摩棱斯克交戰(zhàn)，這一戰(zhàn)役中，雙方各有上萬(wàn)人陣亡。可是，俄國(guó)人仍能在自己的國(guó)土上繼續(xù)后撤。拿破侖未能取得決定性的勝利。此刻他面臨著一個(gè)重要抉擇。是繼續(xù)追擊俄國(guó)軍隊(duì)，還是把軍隊(duì)駐扎在斯摩棱斯克，在那兒度過(guò)將到的冬天？6NapoleontookthegambleofpressingontoMoscow,448kilometersaway.OnSeptember7,1812,theFrenchandRussianarmiesmetinfiercebattleatBorodino,112kilometerswestofMoscow.Bynightfall,thirtythousandFrenchandforty-fourthousandRussianslaydeadorwoundedonthebattlefield.

拿破侖孤注一擲，決定向遠(yuǎn)在448公里之外的莫斯科進(jìn)發(fā)。1812年9月7日，法俄兩軍在莫斯科以西112公里外的鮑羅季諾激戰(zhàn)。夜幕降臨時(shí)，3萬(wàn)名法國(guó)士兵以及4.4萬(wàn)名俄國(guó)士兵或傷或亡，倒在了戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上。7Again,theRussianarmyretreatedtosafety.NapoleonhadaclearpathtoMoscow,buttheoccupationofthecitybecameanemptyvictory.TheRussiansfledtheircapital.SoonaftertheFrencharrived,aragingfiredestroyedtwo-thirdsofthecity.NapoleonofferedatrucetoAlexanderI,buttheRussianczarknewhecouldbidehistime:"WeshalllettheRussianwinterfightthewarforus."

俄國(guó)軍隊(duì)再次撤往安全之處。拿破侖順利進(jìn)入莫斯科，然而，對(duì)該市的占領(lǐng)成為毫無(wú)意義的勝利。俄國(guó)人棄城而走。法國(guó)人進(jìn)城不久，一場(chǎng)熊熊大火燒毀了整個(gè)城市的三分之二。拿破侖向亞歷山大一世提出停戰(zhàn)，但沙皇深知他可以等待時(shí)機(jī)：“且讓俄羅斯的嚴(yán)冬為我們戰(zhàn)斗吧。”8Napoleonsoonrealizedhecouldnotfeed,clothe,andquarterhisarmyinMoscowduringthewinter.InOctober1812,heorderedhisGrandArmytoretreatfromMoscow.

拿破侖很快意識(shí)到，他無(wú)法在冬天向遠(yuǎn)在莫斯科的軍隊(duì)供應(yīng)糧草、提供御寒衣物和宿營(yíng)之地。1812年10月，他命令大軍撤出莫斯科。9TheFrenchretreatturnedintoanightmare.Fromfieldsandforests,theRussianslaunchedhit-and-runattacksontheFrench.AshortdistancefromMoscow,thetemperaturehadalreadydroppedtominus4degreesCelsius.OnNovember3,thewinter'sfirstsnowcame.Exhaustedhorsesfelldeadintheirtracks.Cannonbecamestuckinthesnow.Equipmenthadtobeburnedforfuel.Soldierstookillandfrozetodeath.TheFrenchsoldiersdraggedon,leavingthedeadalongeverymile.

法軍的撤離成為一場(chǎng)噩夢(mèng)。俄國(guó)人出沒(méi)于田野與森林，采用打了就跑的戰(zhàn)術(shù)，向法國(guó)人發(fā)起攻擊。剛出莫斯科城，氣溫就降到攝氏零下4度。11月3日降下初雪。困乏的馬匹倒地而死。大炮陷入雪中。裝備只得被用作燃料焚燒。士兵們?nèi)静鏊馈７▏?guó)士兵拖著腳步行進(jìn)，一路上留下無(wú)數(shù)死尸。10AstheRussianarmywasgatheringitsstrength,theFrenchhadtofleeRussiatoavoidcertaindefeat.AttheBerezinaRiver,theRussiansnearlytrappedtheretreatingFrenchbyburningthebridgesovertheswollenriver.ButNapoleon,byastrokeofluck,wasabletobuildtwonewbridges.ThousandsofFrenchsoldiersescaped,butatthecostoffiftythousanddead.OnceacrosstheBerezina,thetatteredsurvivorslimpedtowardVilna.

正當(dāng)俄羅斯軍隊(duì)集聚兵力之時(shí)，法國(guó)人卻不得不逃離俄國(guó)，以避免注定的失敗。在別列茲那河，俄國(guó)人焚燒了漲水的河道上的橋梁，差點(diǎn)將后撤的法軍困于河邊。僥幸的是，拿破侖居然突擊造起兩座橋。成千上萬(wàn)法國(guó)士兵得以逃脫，但卻損失了5萬(wàn)人。渡過(guò)別列茲拿河，潰不成軍的幸存者一瘸一拐地向維爾紐行進(jìn)。11OfthesixhundredthousandsoldiersNapoleonhadledintoRussia,lessthanonehundredthousandcameback.TheweakenedFrencharmycontinueditsretreatwestward15.Celsiusa.（溫度）攝氏（的）16.conquestn.conquering,defeat征服，戰(zhàn)勝e.g.HitlerbadlymiscalculatedwhenheassumedtheconquestoftheUSSRwouldbesimple.17.counterattackn.attackmadeinresponsetoanenemy'sattack反攻e.g.Thearmybeganitscounterattackthismorning.18.cruciala.veryimportant至關(guān)重要的e.g.Amazingly,oursoccerteamwonthevictoryinthecrucialfinalgame.19.czarn.沙皇20.decisivea.producingadefiniteresultorconclusion;havingorshowingtheabilitytodecidequickly決定性的；果斷的e.g.MostofthedecisivelandcampaignsofWorldWarIoccurredonthecontinentofEurope.21.declarationn.formallyannouncing;aformalannouncement宣布；宣言e.g.Theopeningspeechessoundedmorelikedeclarationsofwarthanofferingsofpeace.22.defendern.保衛(wèi)者e.g.Hehadtobeatseveraldefenderstoscore.23.devastatinga.causinggreatdestruction毀滅性的e.g.Thousandsofrefugeesaretrappedbydevastatingwar,draughtandfamine.24.diefrom/ofhaveasthecauseofdeath死于e.g.Someanimalsdiedofstarvationinthesnow.25.dragonmoveslowlyandwitheffort;continueendlesslyandtediously緩慢費(fèi)力地走；拖延e.g.Thesecompensationcaseshavealreadydraggedonforoneyear.26.efficienta.abletoworkwellorproducingasatisfactoryresultwithoutwastingtimeorresources效率高的e.g.Remoteterminalsinthehome,connectedtodatabanks,makethehomethemostefficientplacetoworkinmanycases.27.emperorn.therulerofanempire皇帝；君主e.g.theRomanemperors28.empiren.帝國(guó)e.g.theRomanEmpire29.engagev.beginfightingwithsb.;(causeto)takepartinordo;occupyorattractsb.'sinterest,etc.與……交戰(zhàn)；使從事；占用（時(shí)間、精力等）engage(sb.)insth.(causeto)takepartinsth.（使）（某人）從事某事e.g.Theyarecurrentlyengagedinlengthytradenegotiations.30.exilen.thestateofbeingsentawayfromone'snativecountryorhome,esp.forpoliticalreasons;forcedabsence流放；流亡vt.e.g.Helivedinexilefornearlysixyears.31.gamblen.athingonedoeswithariskoflossandachanceofprofit賭博takeagambletakearisk冒險(xiǎn)e.g.Thecompanytookagamblebycuttingthepriceoftheirproducts,anditpaidoff.32.Germann.德國(guó)人；德語(yǔ)a.德國(guó)（人）的33.heroica.havingthecharacteristicsofahero;verybrave英雄的；英勇的e.g.Thesoldiersavedthegirlatthecostofhisownlife.Hisheroicdeedswereappreciatedbyallthepeopleinthecommunity.34.hit-and-runa.hittingandthenescaping打了就跑的35.homelandn.one'snativecountry祖國(guó)；家鄉(xiāng)e.g.Manyemigrantsareplanningtoreturntotheirhomeland.36.inthecaseofasfaras...isconcerned至于，就……來(lái)說(shuō)e.g.Theriseininterestratewillbedisastrousinthecaseofsmallfirms.37.instructvt.giveordersordirectionsto(sb.);teach(sb.)指示，命令；講授e.g.ThefamilyhasinstructedsolicitorstosueThomsonforcompensation.38.invasionn.anenteringorbeingenteredbyanattackingmilitaryforce入侵；侵略e.g.OnHitler'sorders,theinvasionofPolandbeganonSeptember1,1939.39.launchvt.start;send(sth.)onitscourse開(kāi)始；發(fā)射e.g.Beginningintheearly1960s,humanslaunchedprobestoexploreotherplanets.40.lightninga.veryquickorsudden閃電式的，極快的n.閃電e.g.Policemadealightningraidonthehouse.41.limpvi.walkwithdifficulty,esp.whenonefootorlegishurt一瘸一拐地走；跛行n.e.g.Iinjuredmyankleandhadtolimp.42.minusprep.belowzero;madelessby零下；減a.negative;slightlylowerthanthemarkstated負(fù)的；減的；稍低的e.g.Tomorrow'stemperaturewillbeaslowasminustendegreescentigrade.43.mudn.softwetearth爛泥e.g.Thecargotstuckinthemud.44.Nazin.納粹，國(guó)社黨分子e.g.TheNazisweremembersoftheright-wingNationalSocialistGermanWorkers'Party,foundedinGermanyin1919andbroughttopowerin1933underAdolfHitler.45.nightfalln.dusk黃昏；傍晚e.g.Wehopetobebackbynightfall.46.occupationn.theseizureandcontrolofacountryorareas;(one's)trade,profession,orbusiness占領(lǐng)；職業(yè)e.g.DuringtheJapaneseoccupationofChina,millionsofinnocentChinesepeoplewerekilledbyJapanesesoldiers.47.offensiven.aggressiveaction,attack進(jìn)攻a.usedfororconnectedwithattack;causingsb.tofeelupset,orannoyed;veryunpleasant進(jìn)攻的；冒犯的；使人不快的e.g.TheRedArmybroughtitswinteroffensivetoasuccessfulconclusion.48.presson/aheadcontinuedoingsth.inadeterminedway（不顧困難）繼續(xù)進(jìn)行e.g.Ourschoolauthoritiesarekeentopressonwitheducationalreform.49.rawa.coldandwet;notcooked,refined,processed,organizedoranalyzed陰冷的；生的；未加工的e.g.TheeventstookplaceonarawFebruarymorning.50.reckonv.count;consider;think計(jì)算；認(rèn)為bereckonedwithbetakenintoconsideration被加以考慮e.g.Alltheseproblemshadtobereckonedwithastheyarose.51.regionn.area地區(qū)e.g.Whenexaminingalargegeographicunit,geographersoftendivideitintosmallerregions.52.rendervt.cause(sb./sth.)tobeinaspecifiedcondition使成為e.g.Hundredsofpeoplewererenderedhomelessbytheearthquake.53.retreatvi.movebackorwithdrawwhenfacedwithdangerordifficulty退卻n.e.g.Weadoptedthefollowingstrategies:Whentheenemyadvances,weretreat;whentheyretreat,wepursue.54.scorchvt.burnanddestroy;causetobecomedryandbrown,esp.fromtheheatofthesun燒光，使成焦土；烤焦e.g.Iscorchedmydresswiththeiron.55.severityn.thequalityofbeingsevere;harshness猛烈；嚴(yán)重e.g.Thebrokenwindowsanddoorsofthehouseaddedtotheseverityofthewinter.56.siegen.amilitaryoperationinwhichanarmytriestocaptureatown,etc.bysurroundingitandstoppingthesupplyoffood,etc.tothepeopleinside圍困e.g.Thecitywasundersiegeforsixmonths.57.stand/get/beinthewaypreventfromdoingsth.擋道；妨礙e.g.Manyteacherscomplainthattheycan'tmakeanyimprovementinteachingmethodsastheexistingexamsystemisintheway.58.stragglern.落伍士兵；掉隊(duì)者59.stroken.一次；一回；一下；一擊e.g.Hewonacarinthelotterylastweek.That'shisfirststrokeofgoodluck.60.swollena.grownbigger,wider,etc.thanusual;expanded漲水的；腫脹的；擴(kuò)大的e.g.ThedoctorsaysI'vegotswollenglands.61.tacticn.(usu.pl)aplanormethodusedtoachievesth.oftenagainstanopponent戰(zhàn)術(shù)62.tattereda.wearingtornandraggedclothes衣衫襤褸的e.g.Atatteredflagflutteredinthebreeze.63.thankstobecauseof由于，因?yàn)閑.g.Thankstoherfinancialsupport,thetwochildrenintheremotevillagecouldgotoschool.64.tiden.aregularriseandfallinthelevelofthesea;adirectioninwhichopinion,events,luck,etc.seemtomove潮汐；潮流，趨勢(shì)turnthetide(against)changewhatlookslikedefeatintovictory(over)徹底改變形勢(shì)（造成對(duì)……不利），扭轉(zhuǎn)潮流e.g.Thetideofopinionseemedtobeturnedagai